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Activity maps of multi-source mudslides from the Daunia Apennines (Apulia, southern Italy)

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Abstract

Multi-source mudslides are common in the Daunia Apennines, i.e., the Apulian sector of the Southern Apennines of Italy, and play an important role in the historical evolution of the landscape, with significant impact on the social and economic activities of the area. They also represent the most relevant geological hazard along the front of the Apennine Chain and expose to a considerable risk the local population and infrastructures. The outer sector of the Daunia Apennines is part of the foreland thrust belt system, made up of fissured fine-grained materials, belonging to the Daunia tectonic unit formations. Concerning landslide typology, the most frequent slope movements are represented by flows and composite mudslides, the latter typically starting as slumps evolving from flows. This paper deals with the production of landslide activity maps of three case studies of composite mudslides from the front of the Daunia Apennines. The maps were produced integrating traditional interpretation of multi-year aerial photograph coverage and field surveys with the available digital elevation models to analyze surface morphology. Each landslide activity map corresponds to multi-temporal landslide inventories compiled for the last 15–20 years. This paper outlined that in the last 20 years the front of the Daunia Apennines underwent a significant reactivation of slope failure phenomena after years of quiescence, or of limited activity. The three case studies clearly confirm that: (i) the active portions of the mudslides are located inside or near preexisting slope failures, and (ii) the spatial distribution of instability phenomena is strictly dependent upon the presence of older, larger and dormant, phenomena. Landslide activity maps are an important tool for the evaluation of landslide susceptibility and hazard in the study area, and for quantitative geomorphological analyses it aimed at understanding the long-term geomorphological evolution of this portion of the Southern Apennines. Moreover, we argue that high-quality multi-temporal inventories could have positive effects on all derivative products and analyses, including erosion studies and landscape modeling, susceptibility and hazard assessments, and risk evaluations as well.

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Fig. 1

modified from Pieri et al. 1997). The red inset marks the area shown in c; c simplified geologic map of the foreland and thrust belt system in the northern Apulia region (modified and redrawn after Pieri et al. 2011)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

source areas, showing outcrops of the Flysch di Faeto Fm.; b downhill view of the main flow, with presence in the central part of a pond; c lateral failure in materials of the Flysch Rosso Fm.; d view of the mudslide toe

Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

source areas and formation of a narrow flow above the old dormant mudslide mass. Shallow landsliding processes were active along the left flank. c Year 2011: there is continuation in the activity, and development of further active lateral flows on the left flank. Other source areas become active, too. d Year 2013: advancement of the main flow, whilst the activity in the lateral landslides seems decreasing. e Year 2015: overall decrease in activity, but with the main source areas and flow channel still active

Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

source areas and the formation of a narrow flow above the dormant area. Shallow landsliding processes were active along the left flank. c Year 2011: continuation in the activity, and development of active lateral flows on the left flank. d Year 2013: strong advancement of the main flow (about 250 m in two years). Other source areas become active, too. e Year 2015: same configuration as in 2013, with only minor changes detected during the field survey

Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

source flow. Shallow landsliding processes are widened too. c Year 2006: advancement of the main flow, and development of small-sized active lateral flows on the left flank. d Year 2013: strong advancement of the main flow (about 400 m in 7 years). Other source areas become active too. e Year 2015: same configuration as in 2013, with only minor changes detected

Fig. 14

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Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Code availability

QGis freeware software website: https://www.qgis.org/en/site/.

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Acknowledgements

We thank two anonymous reviewers and the Editor in Chief James Goff for their criticisms and suggestions that definitely improved the overall quality of the paper.

Funding

This research was supported by the POR-Puglia 2014–2020 project: “Monitoring geomorphological instability processes due to natural or anthropogenic phenomena in the Apulia region” grant to Autorità di Bacino Distrettuale dell’Appennino meridionale.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Autorità di Bacino Distrettuale dell’Appennino Meridionale - Sede Puglia, c/o INNOVAPUGLIA (Ex Tecnopolis CSATA) Str. Prov. per Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy

    Luigi Spalluto, Antonio Fiore & Maria Nilla Miccoli

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy

    Luigi Spalluto & Mario Parise

  3. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica, Via Amendola, 122, 70126, Bari, Italy

    Mario Parise

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  1. Luigi Spalluto
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Spalluto, L., Fiore, A., Miccoli, M.N. et al. Activity maps of multi-source mudslides from the Daunia Apennines (Apulia, southern Italy). Nat Hazards 106, 277–301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04461-3

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