Abstract
Low-to-high hierarchical convolutional features can significantly improve edge detection. This paper proposes a feature decoder-based algorithm that employs a Feature Decoder Network (FDN) to extract more information within limited Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) features. Previous studies applied convolutional elements by weight fusion, but we measure a feature decoder as a pyramid by qualifying convolutional layers. The feature decoder fuses CNN features of adjacent layers to judge the edge and non-edge pixels, which can learn the relationship and distinction between low-level edge hierarchies and high-level semantic hierarchies. Furthermore, we use Gaussian blur labels to train the network to optimize network convergence and training. From the experimental results, our proposed algorithm performs better on the BSDS500 (average accuracy (AP) of 0.865) and NYUD (OIS F-measure of 0.775) datasets compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms, including RCF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arbelaez P, Maire M, Fowlkes C, Malik J (2011) Contour detection and hierarchical image segmentation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33(5):898–916
Arbelaez P, Pont-Tuset J, Barron J, Marques F, Malik J (2014) Multiscale combinatorial grouping. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 328–335
Bertasius G, Shi J, Torresani L (2015) DeepEdge: a multiscale bifurcated deep network for top-down contour detection. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 4380–4389
Bertasius G, Shi J, Torresani L (2015) High-for-low and lowfor-high: efficient boundary detection from deep object features and its applications to high-level vision. In: Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis pp. 504–512
Canny J (1987) A computational approach to edge detection. In: Readings Comput Vis pp. 184–203
Chen L, Papandreou G, Kokkinos I, Murphy K, Yuille A (2017) Deeplab: semantic image segmentation with deep convolutional nets, atrous convolution, and fully connected crfs. CoRR IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 40(4):834–848
Cheng M, Liu Y, Hou Q, Bian J, Torr P, Hu S, Tu Z (2016) HFS: hierarchical feature selection for efficient image segmentation. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 867c882
Choi Y, Choi M, Kim M, Ha J, Kim S, Choo J (2018) Stargan: unified generative adversarial networks for multi-domain image-to-image translation. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 8789–8797
Comaniciu D, Meer P (2002) Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(5):603–619
Dollar P, Zitnick C (2014) Fast edge detection using structured forests. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 37(8):1558–1570
Dollar P, Tu Z, Belongie S (2006) Supervised learning of edges and object boundaries. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognitpp. 1964–1971
Duda R, Hart P (1974) Pattern classification and scene analysis. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 19(4):462–463
Fang T, Fan Y, Wu W (2020) Salient contour detection on the basis of the mechanism of bilateral asymmetric receptive fields. Signal Image Video Process. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-020-01689-1
Felzenszwalb P, Huttenlocher D (2004) Efficient graphbased image segmentation. Int J Comput Vis 59(2):167–181
Ferrari V, Fevrier L, Jurie F, Schmid C (2007) Groups of adjacent contour segments for object detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 30(1):36–51
Ganin Y, Lempitsky V (2014) N4-fields: neural network nearest neighbor fields for image transforms. In: Asian Conf Comput Vis pp. 536–551
Gupta S, Arbelaez P, Malik J (2013) Perceptual organization and recognition of indoor scenes from RGB-d images. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 564–571
Gupta S, Girshick R, Arbelaez P, Malik J (2014) Learning rich features from RGB-d images for object detection and segmentation. In: Euro Conf Comput Vis pp. 345–360
Hallman S, Fowlkes C (2015) Oriented edge forests for boundary detection. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 1732–1740
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 770–778
He J, Zhang S, Yang M, Shan Y, Huang T (2019) Bi-directional cascade network for perceptual edge detection. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 3828–3837
Jia Y, Shelhamer E, Donahue J, Karayev S, Long J, Girshick R, Guadarrama S, Darrell T (2014) Caffe: convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. In: Proc ACM Int Conf Multi pp. 675–678
Lim J, Zitnick C, Dollar P (2013) Sketch tokens: a learned mid-level representation for contour and object detection. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 3158–3165
Liu Y, Cheng M, Hu X, Wang K, Bai X (2017) Richer convolutional features for edge detection. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 3000–3009
Long J, Shelhamer E, Darrell T (2015) Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 3431–3440
Maninis K, Pont-Tuset J, Arbeláez P, Van-Gool L (2016) Convolutional oriented boundaries. In: Euro Conf Comput Vis pp. 580–596
Mottaghi R, Chen X, Liu X, Cho N, Lee S, Fidler S, Urtasun R, Yuille A (2014) The role of context for object detection and semantic segmentation in the wild. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 891–898
Poma X, Riba E, Sappa A (2020) Dense extreme inception network: towards a robust cnn model for edge detection. In: IEEE Winter Conf Appl Comput Vis pp. 1923–1932
Ren X, Bo L (2012) Discriminatively trained sparse code gradients for contour detection. Int Conf Neural Informa Process Syst pp. 584–592.
Ren Z, Shakhnarovich G (2013) Image segmentation by cascaded region agglomeration. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 2011–2018
Shen W, Wang X, Wang Y, Bai X, Zhang Z (2015) DeepContour: a deep convolutional feature learned by positivesharing loss for contour detection. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 3982–3991
Silberman N, Hoiem D, Kohli P, Fergus R (2012) Indoor segmentation and support inference from RGB-d images. In: Euro Conf Comput Vis pp. 746–760
Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2014) Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556
Sobel I (1972) Camera models and machine perception. Ph.d Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford
Tang P, Wang H, Kwong S (2017) G-MS2F: GoogLeNet based multi-stage feature fusion of deep CNN for scene recognition. Neurocomputing 225:188–197
Wang X, Wu C, Xiang K, Xiang S, Chen W (2018) An experimental comparison of superpixels detection methods for contour detection. Mach Vis Appl 29(4):677–687
Xie S, Tu Z (2015) Holistically-nested edge detection. In: Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis pp. 1395–1403
Xu D, Ouyang W, Alameda-Pineda X, Ricci E, Wang X, Sebe N (2017) Learning deep structured multi-scale features using attention-gated crfs for contour prediction. Int Conf Neural Informa Process Syst pp. 3961–3970
Yang J, Yang M (2016) Top-down visual saliency via joint CRF and dictionary learning. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 39(3):576–588
Yang K, Li C, Li Y (2014) Multifeature-based surround inhibition improves contour detection in natural images. IEEE Trans Image Process 23(12):5020–5032
Yang J, Price B, Cohen S, Lee H, Yang M (2016) Object contour detection with a fully convolutional encoder-decoder network. In: Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit pp. 193–202
Acknowledgments
The work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61501154). The authors would like to thank Yun Liu for his kind and help in the writing process.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fang, T., Zhang, M., Fan, Y. et al. Developing a feature decoder network with low-to-high hierarchies to improve edge detection. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 1611–1624 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09800-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09800-x