Abstract
The current research examined whether users of an augmented virtuality (AV) system, in which real coins and a real coin machine are integrated within a virtual system, will be less inclined to spend money compared to users in a virtual system. Two studies using a virtual grocery store simulation were performed to answer this question. In the first study, 65 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to two between-participants groups: a virtual system group, in which the coins were virtual, and an AV system group. The results demonstrated that participants in the AV system group invested less money than participants in the virtual system group. In the second study, 51 children aged 5–10 years were randomly assigned to the two above-mentioned groups and assigned the same task. In contrast, the results from this study demonstrated that participants in the AV system group invested much more money than participants in the virtual system group, and their decisions were made more quickly. It is possible that the children enjoyed playing the game in the AV version and did not pay attention to the possible results. The effect of different virtuality levels on financial decision-making processes, however, should be further explored.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abu-Safieh SF (2011) Virtual reality simulation of architectural clues’ effects on human behavior and decision making in fire emergency evacuation. In: Schreckenberg M, Sharma SD (eds) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Springer, Boston, pp 337–347
Adegoke AS, Oladokun TT, Ayodele TO, Agbato SE, Jinadu AA (2021) DEMATEL method of analysing the factors influencing the decision to adopt virtual reality technology by real estate firms in Lagos property market. Smart Sustain Built Environ. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-09-2020-0135
Cantlon JF, Libertus ME, Pinel P, Dehaene S, Brannon EM, Pelphrey KA (2009) The neural development of an abstract concept of number. J Cogn Neurosci 21(11):2217–2229. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21159
Chown J, Chown JF (1994) A history of money: from AD 800. Psychology Press, Hove
De-Juan-Ripoll C, Soler-Domínguez JL, Chicchi Giglioli IA, Contero M, Alcaniz M (2020) The spheres & shield maze task: a virtual reality serious game for the assessment of risk taking in decision making. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 23(11):773–781. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0761
Engert W, Fung B, Hendry S (2018). Is a cashless society problematic? (No. 2018–12). Bank of Canada: Toronto, ON, Canada.
Gofe TE, Tulu DR (2019) Determinants of customers e-payment utilization in commercial bank of Ethiopia the case of Nekemte town. J Asian Bus Strategy 9(2):120–132. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1006.2019.92.120.132
Jain P, Singhal S (2019) Digital wallet adoption: a literature review. Int J Manag Stud 6(1):2231–2528. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v6si1/01
Karlsson I, Bernedixen J, Ng AH, Pehrsson L (2017) Combining augmented reality and simulation-based optimization for decision support in manufacturing. In: Proc 2017 Winter simulation conf, pp 3988–3999. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2017.8248108.
Keeling G (2017) Commentary: Using virtual reality to assess ethical decisions in road traffic scenarios: applicability of value-of-life-based models and influences of time pressure. Front Behav Neurosc 11:247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00247
Lea SE, Webley P, Walker CM (1995) Psychological factors in consumer debt: money management, economic socialization, and credit use. J Econ Psychol 16(4):681–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(95)00013-4
Lu X, Davis SR (2015) How sounds influence peoples safety decisions-human interaction with a virtual reality simulator. ISARC Pro Int Symp Autom Robotics Construct 32:1–7. https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2015/0116
Milgram S (1963) Behavioral study of obedience. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 67(4):371–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525
Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans Inform Syst 77(12):1321–1329
Moura FT, Nobis C (2017) Virtual reality and the decision making process of German senior travellers: a cross-media comparison. CAUTHE 2017: Time for big ideas? Re-thinking the field for tomorrow. 619.
Neges M, Adwernat S, Abramovici M (2018) Augmented virtuality for maintenance training simulation under various stress conditions. Procedia Manuf 19:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.01.024
De Paolis, LT, Aloisio G, Pulimeno M (2011) An augmented reality application for the enhancement of surgical decisions. In: 4th Int Conf Adv Comput-Hum Interact (ACHI 2011), February 23–28, 2011.
Pigny PO, Dominjon L (2019). Using CNNs for users segmentation in video see-through augmented virtuality. In: 2019 IEEE international conference on artificial intelligence and virtual reality (AIVR), IEEE, pp. 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIVR46125.2019.00048
Quiggin AH (1949) Trade routes, trade, and currency in East Africa (No. 5). Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, Zambia.
Regenbrecht H, Ott C, Wagner M, Lum T, Kohler P, Wilke W, Mueller E (2003) An augmented virtuality approach to 3D videoconferencing. In: Proc second IEEE and ACM int symp. Mixed and Augmented Reality, pp. 290–291.
Salmanowitz N (2018) The impact of virtual reality on implicit racial bias and mock legal decisions. J Law Biosci 5(1):174–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy005
Schor JB (1998) The overspent american: upscaling, downshifting, and the new consumer. Basic Books, New York
Siegler RS, Booth JL (2004) Development of numerical estimation in young children. Child Dev 75:428–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00684.x
Sihi D (2018) Home sweet virtual home: the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies in high involvement purchase decisions. J Res Interact Mark 12(4):398–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2018-0019
Skulmowski A, Bunge A, Kaspar K, Pipa G (2014) Forced-choice decision-making in modified trolley dilemma situations: a virtual reality and eye tracking study. Front Behav Neurosci 8:426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00426
Slater M, Antley A, Davison A, Swapp D, Guger C, Barker C, Pistrang N, Sanchez-Vives MV (2006) A virtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments. PloS one 1(1):e39. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000039
Sütfeld LR, Gast R, König P, Pipa G (2017) Using virtual reality to assess ethical decisions in road traffic scenarios: applicability of value-of-life-based models and influences of time pressure. Front Behav Neurosci 11:122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00122
Treepong B, Wibulpolprasert P, Mitake H, Hasegawa S (2017) The development of an augmented virtuality for interactive face makeup system. In: Cheok A, Inami M, Romão T (eds) Advances in computer entertainment technology, vol 10714. Springer, Cham
Wang X, Gong Y (2007) Augmented virtuality space: Enriching virtual design environments with reality. In: 13th Int Conf Virtual Syst Multimed (VSMM'07), Brisbane, Australia.
Wu H, Ashmead DH, Bodenheimer B (2009) Using immersive virtual reality to evaluate pedestrian street crossing decisions at a roundabout. In: Proc 6th Symp Appl Percept Graph Vis. ACM pp. 35–40 https://doi.org/10.1145/1620993.1621001.
Xu F, Spelke ES (2000) Large number discrimination in 6-month-old infants. Cognition 74(1):B1–B11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00066-9
Funding
This research was supported in part by the Council for Higher Education Foundation, Israel.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors do not have any conflict of interests.
Human and animal rights
The research involved human participants and was approved by the ORT Braude College’s ethical committee.
Infomed consent
Participants or their legal guardians signed an informed consent form.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yuviler-Gavish, N., Horesh, E., Shamilov, E. et al. The effect of augmented virtuality on financial decision-making among adults and children. Virtual Reality 26, 1001–1008 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-021-00610-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-021-00610-6