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Generalist birds govern the seed dispersal of a parasitic plant with strong recruitment constraints

  • Plant-microbe-animal interactions - Original research
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Abstract

Mistletoes constitute instructive study cases with which to address the role of generalist consumers in the study of plant–animal interactions. Their ranges of safe sites for recruitment are among the most restricted of any plant; therefore, frugivores specializing in mistletoe have been considered almost indispensable for the seed dispersal of these parasitic plants. However, the absence of such specialists in numerous regions inhabited by many mistletoe species raises the question of whether unspecialized vectors may successfully disperse mistletoe seeds to narrowly defined safe sites. Using the European mistletoe Viscum album subsp. austriacum as a study case, we recorded a broad range of 11 bird species that disperse mistletoe seeds. For these species, we studied the mistletoe-visitation rate and feeding behavior to estimate the quantity component of dispersal effectiveness, and the post-foraging microhabitat use, seed handling, and recruitment probabilities of different microhabitats as a measure of the quality component of effectiveness. Both endozoochory and ectozoochory are valid dispersal mechanisms, as the seeds do not need to be ingested to germinate, increasing seed-dispersal versatility. Thrushes were the most effective dispersers, although they were rather inefficient, whereas small birds (both frugivores and non-frugivores) offered low-quantity but high-quality services for depositing seeds directly upon safe sites. As birds behave similarly on parasitized and non-parasitized hosts, and vectors have broad home ranges, reinfection within patches and the colonization of new patches are ensured by an ample assemblage of generalist birds. Thus, a parasitic plant requiring precision in seed dispersal can rely on unspecialized dispersers.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ramón Ruiz Puche for his excellent work in the field, Tomás A. Carlo for his constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript, Julia Koricheva, David M. Watson and Rafael Arruda for their helpful comments as reviewers of the manuscript, and David Nesbitt for checking the English of this paper. We thank the Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucía) and the Director of the Sierra de Baza Natural Park for permission for the field work. This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) projects MUERDAME CGL2008-04794 and CLAVINOVA CGL2011-29910 and a FPI grant BES-2009-023219 to A. M. G. from the Spanish MICINN.

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  1. Department of Ecology, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain

    Ana Mellado & Regino Zamora

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  1. Ana Mellado
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  2. Regino Zamora
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Correspondence to Ana Mellado.

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Communicated by Julia Koricheva.

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Mellado, A., Zamora, R. Generalist birds govern the seed dispersal of a parasitic plant with strong recruitment constraints. Oecologia 176, 139–147 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3013-8

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