Abstract
Field mulching and deficit irrigation are applied more frequently in the North China Plain for higher water use efficiency. In order to explore the physiological response of winter wheat to mulching materials under different irrigation amounts, a field experiment with three mulching (no mulching, NM; transparent film mulching, TFM; and straw mulching, SM) and two drip irrigation (full and deficit irrigation, FI and DI) treatments were set up. Soil water content, leaf gas exchange parameters, leaf abscisic acid content, and stomatal morphological parameters were measured. The results showed that the soil water content of TFM and SM treatments were higher than that of NM treatment by 12.4%–29.8% and 6.1%–7.1% under FI, respectively. Because of the lower value and larger differences among treatments of soil water content at the filling stage treatment effects on gas exchange parameters were significant. Comparing to NM treatment under FI, the stomatal conductance of TFM and SM treatments under FI increased by 95.9% and 97.9%, respectively; however, the gas exchange parameters of TFM and SM treatments under DI had significantly different responses. In a manner that the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of TFM treatment increased by 21.7% and 71.7%, while that of SM treatment decreased by 27.2% and 36.1%. Those changes of the gas exchange parameters were accompanied with the change of stomatal morphological parameters and ABA. Line correlations were found between stomatal conductance and leaf abscisic acid content, net photosynthetic rate, and the stomatal perimeter. To sum up, the changes in leaf abscisic acid content and stomatal morphological characteristics mediated the responses of leaf gas exchange parameters to different treatments. The results also suggested that if one needs to reduce the irrigation amounts, transparent plastic film mulching instead of straw mulching should be applied to compensate for the drawback of the lower soil water content.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Find the latest articles, discoveries, and news in related topics.Data Availability
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
References
Ahmed S, Nawata E, Sakuratani T (2006) Changes of endogenous ABA and ACC, and their correlations to photosynthesis and water relations in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczak cv. KPS1) during waterlogging. Environ Exp Bot 57(3):278–284
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements—FAO irrigation and drainage paper 56. Rome Italy: Food Agric Org United Nations 300:D05109
Boyle RKA, McAinsh M, Dodd IC (2016) Stomatal closure of Pelargonium x hortorum in response to soil water deficit is associated with decreased leaf water potential only under rapid soil drying. Physiol Plant 156(1):84–96
Bucher FS, Auerswald K, Grün-Wenzel C, Higgins SI et al (2017) Stomatal traits relate to habitat preferences of herbaceous species in a temperate climate. Flora 229:107–115
Chang Z, Wang X, Chen W et al (2021) Effects of deficit regulation at different growth stages on stomatal characteristics, growth process and biomass of green peppers. Water Saving Irrig 4:55–64
Chen Q (2011) Effects of soil moisture content and anti-transpiration agents on stomatal development and physiological process of Maize. Northwest A & F University, Xianyang
Chen W, Liu C, Li Y et al (2014) Flag leaf vein traits in winter wheat varieties (lines) and their correlation with stomatal traits. Chin J Ecol 33:1839–1846
Chen SY, Niu JF, Zhang XY, Shao LW, Yao ZG, Li JB (2022) Temperature effects of straw mulching on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of winter wheat. Chin J Eco-Agric 30(5):820–830. https://doi.org/10.12357/cjea.20220120
Chen SY, Zhang XY, Pei D (2007) Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation and yield of winter wheat: field experiments on the North China Plain. Ann Appl Biol 150:261–268
Ejaz I, Pu X, Naseer MA et al (2023) Cold and drought stresses in wheat: a global meta-analysis of 21st century. J Plant Growth Regul. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-10960-x
Feng Z, Kobayashi K, Ainsworth EA (2008) Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 14(11):2696–2708
Han Y, Wang J, Zhang Y et al (2023) Effects of regulated deficit irrigation and elevated CO2 concentration on the photosynthetic parameters and stomatal morphology of two maize cultivars. J Plant Growth Regul 42:2884–2892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10754-7
Lendent JF, Jouret MF (1978) Relationship between stomatal frequencies, yield components and morphological characters in collections of winter wheat cultivars. Biol Plant 20(4):287–292
Li M, Wang CY, Song JQ et al (2008) Evolutional trends of leaf stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics in wheat evolutions. Acta Ecol Sin 28(11):5385–5391
Liao Q, Gu SJ, Kang SZ, Du TS, Tong L, Wood JD, Ding RS (2022) Mild water and salt stress improve water use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance via osmotic adjustment in field maize. Sci Total Environ 805:150364
Li SX, Wang ZH, Li SQ, Gao YJ, Tian XH (2013) Effect of plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch, and maize growth on water loss by evaporation in dryland areas of China. Agric Water Manag 116:39–49
Liu X (2022) The effects of biochar and alternate irrigation on herbaceous crops growth, physiology and water use efficiency. Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Xianyang
Liu XF, Pan YZ, Zhu XF et al (2018) Drought evolution and its impact on the crop yield in the North China Plain. J Hydrol 564:984–996
Meng L, Li LL, Chen WF, Xu ZJ (1999) Effects of water stress on stomatal density, length and net photosynthetic rate in rice leaves. J Shenyang Agric Univ 30:477–480
Negin B, Yaaran A, Kelly G, Zait Y, Moshelion M (2019) Mesophyll ABA restrains early growth and flowering but does not directly suppress photosynthesis. Plant Physiol 180(2):910–925
Nilsen ET, Orcutt DM (2000) The physiology of Plants under Stress (M). Wiley, New York, pp 105–109
Ozturk A, Aydin F (2004) Effect of water stress at various growth stages on some quality characteristics of winter wheat. J Agron Crop Sci 190(2):93–99
Parwez R, Aftab T, Gill SS, Naeem M (2022) Abscisic acid signaling and crosstalk with phytohormones in regulation of environmental stress responses. Environ Exp Bot 199:104885
Pathoumthong P, Zhang Z, Roy S, Habti AE (2022) Rapid non-destructive method to phenotype stomatal traits. Plant Biol 19:1–9
Raghavendra AS, Gonunta VK, Christman A et al (2010) ABA perception and signalling. Trends Plant Sci 15(7):395–401
Römermann C, Bucher SF, Hahn M, Bernhardt-Römermann M (2016) Plant functional traits—fixed facts or variable depending on the season? Folia Geobot 51:143–159
Sack L, Buckley TN (2016) The developmental basis of stomatal density and flux. Plant Physiol 171:2358–2363
Sack L, Cowan PD, Jaikumar N, Holbrook NM (2003) The ‘hydrology’ of leaves: co-ordination of structure and function in temperate woody species. Plant Cell Environ 26:1343–1356. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2003.01058.x
Shahinnia F, Le Roy JL, Laborde B, Sznajder B et al (2016) Genetic association of stomatal traits and yield in wheat grown in low rainfall environments. BMC Plant Biol 2016:1–14
Sharkey TD, Bernacchi CJ, Farquhar GD, Singsaas EL (2007) Fitting photosynthetic carbon dioxide response curves for C3 leaves. Plant Cell Environ 30(9):1035–1040
Sharp RE (2002) Interaction with ethylene changing views on the role of abscisic acid in root and shoot growth responses to water stress. Plant Cell Environ 25(2):211–222
Sheng Y, Zhao C, Jia H (2006) Effect of water stress on photosynthetic and biology character of winter wheat. J Soil Water Conserv 20:193–196
Sun SJ, Jiang H, Chen ZJ et al (2019) Effects of surface layer accumulated temperature on major rows traits of spring maize when un-mulched or under clear or black plastic film mulches. Acta Pratacul Sin 28(2):61–72
Tatsumi K, Kuwabara Y, Motobayashi T (2019) Monthly variability in the photosynthetic capacities, leaf mass per area and leaf nitrogen contents of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants and their correlations. J Agric Meteorol 75(2):111–119
Von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT (2016) Strategies for improving C4 photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 31:125–134
Wall S, Vialet-Chabrand S, Davey P, Van Rie J, Galle A, Cockram J et al (2022) Stomata on the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces contribute differently to leaf gas exchange and photosynthesis in wheat. New Phytol 235(5):1743–1756
Wang SG, Li ZQ, Jia SS et al (2013) Relationships of wheat leaf stomatal traits with wheat yield and drought-resistance. Chin J Appl Ecol 24:1609–1614
Wang Y, Li B, Du MW et al (2012) Mechanism of phytohormone involvement in feedback regulation of cotton leaf senescence induced by potassium deficiency. J Exp Bot 63(16):5887–5901
Wang XX, Wang WC, Huang JL et al (2018b) Diffusional conductance to CO2 is the key limitation to photosynthesis in salt-stressed leaves of rice (Oryza sativa). Physiol Plant 163(1):45–58
Wang JD, Zhang YQ, Gong SH et al (2018a) Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and yield for drip-irrigated winter wheat with straw mulching in North China Plain. Field Crop Res 217:218–228
Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang J et al (2019) Photosynthetic response of water-saving and yield-increasing of mulched drip irrigation for spring maize (Zea mays L.) in northeast China. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng 35:90–97
Wu HX, Guo LL, Hao LH et al (2018) Effects of water and CO2 concentration on stomatal traits, leaf gas exchange, and biomass of winter wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01570
Xu ZZ, Zhou GS (2008) Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass. J Exp Bot 59(12):3317–3325
Xue FL, Liu WL, Cao HL et al (2021) Stomatal conductance of tomato leaves is regulated by both abscisic acid and leaf water potential under combined water and salt stress. Physiol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13441
Yang YH, Ding JL, Zhang YH et al (2018) Effects of tillage and mulching measures on soil moisture and temperature, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat. Agric Water Manag 201:299–308
Yang ZQ, Tan W, Liu ZX, Chen YQ (2015) Effect of soil water stress on stomatal characters of greenhouse tomato leaves. Chin J Ecol 34:1234–1240
Ye ZP, Zheng Z, Kang HJ et al (2019) Stomatal and non-stomatal limiting characteristics of flag leaf photosynthesis of medium maturity indica rice at early heading stage under natural conditions. J Ecol 2019(4):9
Yu XF, Zhang XC, Fan YJ et al (2017) Effects of shading on stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Gansu Agric Sc Technol 6:31–36
Zahra N, Wahid A, Hafeez MB, Ullah A et al (2021) Grain development in wheat under combined heat and drought stress: plant responses and management. Environ Exp Bot 188:104517
Zhang SQ, Outlaw WH, Aghoram K (2001) Relationship between changes in the guard cell abscisic-acid content and other stress-related physiological parameters in intact plants. J Exp Bot 52(355):301–308
Zhang YQ, Wang JD, Gong SH, Sui J (2017) Photosynthetic response of yield enhancement by nitrogen fertilization in winter wheat fields with drip irrigation. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng 31:170–177
Zhang CJ, Wang S, Song YL, Cai WY (2014) Research of drought risk assessment for winter wheat in northern China. J Arid Meteorol 32:883–893
Zhang YQ, Wang JD, Gong SH et al (2021) Straw mulching improves soil water content, increases flag leaf photosynthetic parameters and maintaines the yield of winter wheat with different irrigation amounts. Agric Water Manag 249(1):106809
Zhang ZW, Wu JZ, Huang M et al (2022) Effects of drought stress on the photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat with different drought resistance. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica 37:67–77
Zhao SL, Chen WF, Xu ZJ (2010) The effects of drought stress on stomatal characters of rice leaf 170–174
Zheng YP, Chang ZJ, Han Y, Lu YZ (2021) Effects of soil water deficit and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on leaf photosynthesis of winter wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica 48:2920
Zheng YP, Xu M, Hou RX et al (2013) Effects of experimental warming on stomatal traits in leaves of maize (Zea may L.). Ecol Evol 3(9):3095–3111
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2022YFD1900801), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52279054, 52130906, 51979288), and the Special Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (SKL2022TS08), Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (2021–2025).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, Y.Z. and J.W.; methodology and formal analysis, S.Q., J.W., C.W., and Y.Z.; investigation, S.Q., Y.M., and C.W.; writing and original draft preparation, S.Q.; writing, reviewing, and editing of the manuscript, Y.Z., J.W., C.W, Y.M. S.G., and B.Z; supervision, S.G.; funding acquisition, Y.Z., J.W., and S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Boon Chin Tan.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Qin, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, J. et al. Response of Leaf Gas Exchange Parameters to Mulching Materials in Wheat Field was Mediated by Stomatal Morphology and ABA Content. J Plant Growth Regul 43, 1985–1998 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11240-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11240-y