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Landsat ETM+ Images in the Estimation of Seasonal Lake Water Quality in Boreal River Basins

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Abstract

We investigated the use of Landsat ETM+ images in the monitoring of turbidity, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and Secchi disk transparency (ZSD) in lakes of two river basins located in southern Finland. The ETM+ images were acquired in May, June, and September 2002 and were corrected for atmospheric disturbance using the simplified method of atmospheric correction (SMAC) model. The in situ measurements consisted of water sampling in the largest lake of the region, routine monitoring results for the whole study area, and ZSD observations made by volunteers. The ranges of the water quality variables in the dataset were as follows: turbidity, 0.6–25 FNU; absorption coefficient of CDOM at 400 nm, 1.0–12.2 m−1; ZSD, 0.5–5.5 m; and chlorophyll a concentration, 2.4–80 μg L−1. The estimation accuracies of the image-specific empirical algorithms expressed as relative errors were 23.0% for turbidity, 17.4% for CDOM, and 21.1% for ZSD. If concurrent in situ measurements had not been used for algorithm training, the average error would have been about 37%. The atmospheric correction improved the estimation accuracy only slightly compared with the use of top-of-atmospheric reflectances. The accuracy of the water quality estimates without concurrent in situ measurements could have been improved if in-image atmospheric parameters had been available. The underwater reflectance simulations of the ETM+ channel wavelengths using water quality typical for Finnish lakes (data from 1113 lakes) indicated that region-specific algorithms may be needed in other parts of the country, particularly in the case of ZSD. Despite the limitations in the spectral and radiometric resolutions, ETM+ imagery can be an effective aid, particularly in the monitoring and management of small lakes (<1 km2), which are often not included in routine monitoring programs.

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Acknowledgment

This study was partly funded by the Karjaanjoki LIFE project (INNOWA, LIFE00 ENV/FIN/000668).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, Helsinki, 00251, Finland

    Kari Kallio, Jenni Attila, Pekka Härmä & Timo Pyhälahti

  2. Laboratory of Space Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3000, Helsinki, 02015, Finland

    Sampsa Koponen

  3. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Tähteläntie 62, Sodankyla, 99600, Finland

    Jouni Pulliainen

  4. Municipality of Vihti, P.O. Box 13, Nummela, 03101, Finland

    Ulla-Maija Hyytiäinen

Authors
  1. Kari Kallio
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  2. Jenni Attila
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  3. Pekka Härmä
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  4. Sampsa Koponen
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  5. Jouni Pulliainen
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  6. Ulla-Maija Hyytiäinen
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  7. Timo Pyhälahti
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Correspondence to Kari Kallio.

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Kallio, K., Attila, J., Härmä, P. et al. Landsat ETM+ Images in the Estimation of Seasonal Lake Water Quality in Boreal River Basins. Environmental Management 42, 511–522 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9146-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9146-y

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