Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has first emerged in 1987 with the invention of stereolithography. The AM is an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that takes the information from a computer-aided design (CAD) and builds parts in a layer-by-layer style. As this technology offers many advantages such as manufacturing of complex geometries, reducing manufacturing cost and energy consumption, it has transformed manufacturing from the mass production to the mass customization. Also, it has found wide applications in several fields although some drawbacks. This paper presents the state of the art of the different AM processes, the material processing issues, and the post-processing operations. A comparison between AM and conventional processes is presented as well. We finish by presenting some prospects of this technology such as hybrid manufacturing and 4D printing.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ISO (2015). ASTM 52900:2015 Additive manufacturing—general principles—terminology. Available from https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso-astm:25900:ed-1:v1:en
Boyard N (2015) Méthodologie de conception pour la réalisation de pièces en Fabrication Additive. L’École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers
Kruth J (1991) Material incress manufacturing by rapid prototyping techniques. CIRP Ann 40(2):603–614
Kianian, B (2017) Wohlers Report 2017: 3D printing and additive manufacturing state of the industry. Annual worldwide progress report. Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Wikimedia Commons. (2017) Stereolithography apparatus vector.svg. Available from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stereolithography_apparatus_vector.svg
Mitteramskogler G, Gmeiner R, Felzmann R et al (2014) Light curing strategies for lithography-based additive manufacturing of customized ceramics. Addit Manuf 1:110–118
Zhang X, Jiang XN, Sun C (1999) Micro-stereolithography of polymeric and ceramic microstructures. Sensors Actuators A Phys 77(2):149–156
Stratasys (2018) The 3D Printing Solutions Company—history. Available from www.stratasys.com/corporate/about-us
CustomPart.Net (2018). http://www.custompartnet.com
Sun Q, Rizvi GM, Bellehumeur CT, Gu P (2008) Effect of processing conditions on the bonding quality of FDM polymer filaments. Rapid Prototyp J 14(2):72–80
Bikas H, Stavropoulos P, Chryssolouris G (2016) Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches: a critical review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 83:389–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7576-2
Wong KV, Hernandez A (2012) A review of additive manufacturing. ISRN Mech Eng 2012:1–10
Thompson SM, Bian L, Shamsaei N, Yadollahi A (2015) An overview of direct laser deposition for additive manufacturing; part I: transport phenomena, modeling and diagnostics. Additive Manufacturing 8:36–62
Budding A, Vaneker THJ (2013) New strategies for powder compaction in powder-based rapid prototyping techniques. Procedia CIRP 6:527–532
Manfredi D, Calignano F, Ambrosio EP, Krishnan M, Canali R, Biamino S, Pavese M, Fino P, Badini C, Atzeni E, Luliano L (2013) Direct metal laser sintering: an additive manufacturing technology ready to produce lightweight structural parts for robotic applications. Metall Ital 105(10):15–24
Mellor S (2014) An implementation framework for additive manufacturing. University of Exeter
Gong X, Anderson T, Chou K (2014) Review on powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing technology. Manuf Rev 1:2
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B (2015) Directed energy deposition processes. In: Additive manufacturing technologies. Springer, New York, NY
Sakly, A.: Fabrication additive de pièces à base d’alliages métalliques complexes. Université de Lorraine-École Doctorale RP2E, 2013
Singh R (2011) Process capability study of a rapid polyjet printing for plastic components. J Mech Sci Technol 25:1011–1015
CustomPartNet (2018) 3D printing. Available from http://www.custompartnet.com/wu/3d-printing
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B (2015) Post-processing. In: Additive manufacturing technologies. Springer, New York, NY
Stratasys (2018) Finishing processes—bead blasting. Available from http://www.stratasys.com/solutions/finishing-processes/bead-blasting
Sames WJ, List FA, Pannala S, Dehoff RR, Babu SS (2016) The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing. Int Mater Rev 61:315–360
Flynn JM, Shokrani A, Newman ST, Dhokia V (2016) Hybrid additive and subtractive machine tools—research and industrial developments. Int. J. Mach. Manuf. 101:79–101
ABLE Electropolishing. (2014) Electropolishing—the final step in prototyping
W.J. Sames, F. Medina, W.H. Peter, S.S. Babu, and R.R. Dehoff, Effect of process control and powder quality on Inconel 718 produced using Electron beam melting, John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2014, Effect of process control and powder quality on Inconel 718 produced using electron beam melting
Kruth JP, Mercelis P, Froyen L, Rombouts M (2005) Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp. J. 11(1):26–36
Kruth JP, Mercelis P, Froyen L, Rombouts M (2005) Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 11(1):26–36
Rivera S, Panera M, Miranda D, Belzunce V (2010) Development of dense and cellular solids on CrCoMo alloy for orthopedic application. Procedia Engineering 10:2979–2987
Gu D, Shen Y (2008) Processing conditions and microstructural features of porous 316L stainless steel components by DMLS. Applied Surface Science 255:1880–1887
Zein I, Hutmacher DW, Tan KC, Teoh SH (2002) Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 23((4):1169–1185
Ang C, Leong KF, Chua CK (2006) Investigation of the mechanical properties and porosity relationships in fused deposition modelling-fabricated porous structures. Rapid Prototyp J:100–105
Liu H, Sparks T, Liou F, Dietrich DM Residual stress and deformation modelling for metal additive manufacturing processes. Proc. World Congr. Mech. Chem. Mater. Eng. (MCM 2015):2015
Guo N, Leu MC (2013) Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs. Front Mech Eng 8(3):215–243
Wilkes J, Hagedorn YC, Meiners W, Wissenbach K (2013) Additive manufacturing of ZrO2–Al2O3 ceramic components by selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 19(1):51–57
Sood AK, Ohdar RK, Mahapatra SS (2010) Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts. Mater Des 31(1):287–295
D. Manfredi, F. Calignano, E.P. Ambrosio, M. Krishnan et al. (2014) Direct metal laser sintering: an additive manufacturing technology ready to produce lightweight structural parts for robotic applications. La Metallurgia Italiana 105(10): 15–25, ISSN 0026-0843
Arcam. (2016) Arcam expands Alcoa’s 3D printing technology portfolio. Delivers Arcam Q20plus
Arcam. (2016) LAI International Additive Manufacturing team has selected Arcam EBM technology. Available from http://www.arcamgroup.com/investor-relations/press-releases/2016/2/cisionarticle/E6CAB666DF41B1B9
Hedges, M., Marin, A. B.: 3D aerosol jet printing—adding electronics functionality to RP/RM. DDMC 2012 conference, 14-15.3.12, Berlin, 2012
Optomec (2017) LENS blisk repair solution
Giffi, C. A., Gangula, B., Illinda, P.: 3D opportunity in the automotive industry: additive manufacturing hits the road contents. 2014
Materialise (2018) The Areion by Formula Group T: The world’s first 3D printed race car. Available from http://www.materialise.com/en/cases/areion-by-formula-group-t-worlds-first-3d-printed-race-car
Stratasys (2018) BMW: manufacturing jigs and fixtures with FDM. Available from http://www.stratasys.com/resources/%20case-studies/automotive/bmw
Mok SW, Nizak R, Fu SC, Ho KK, Qin L, Saris DBF, Chan KM, Malda J (2016) From the printer: potential of three-dimensional printing for orthopaedic applications. J Orthop Transl 6:42–49
Stratasys (2018) Applications de pointe—Produire des éléments IRM avec la FDM. Available from http://www.stratasys.com/fr/applications/applications-avancees/composants-mri
Arcam (2016) JUST ADD: Arcam—the innovative leader in additive manufacturing solutions for the production of orthopedic implants and aerospace components
Stratasys (2018) Clinical training models. Available from http://www.stratasys.com/industries/medical/clinical-training-models
Kang H-W, Lee SJ, Ko IK, Kengla C, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2016) A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nat Biotech 34(3):312–319
Finnie I, Altan T, Dornfeld DA, Eagar TW, German RM, Jones MG (1995) Unit manufacturing process: issues and opportunities in research. National Academy of Sciences
Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B (2015) Introduction and basic principles. In: Additive manufacturing technologies. Springer, New York, NY
Lieneke T, Denzer V, Adam GAO, Zimmer D (2016) Dimensional tolerances for additive manufacturing: experimental for fused deposition modeling. Procedia CIRP 43:286–291
Lieneke, T., Adam, G. A. O., Leuders, S., Knoop, F., Josupeit, S, Delfs, P, Funke, N, Zimmer, D: Systematical determination of tolerances for additive manufacturing by measuring linear dimensions. In: 26th Annu Int Solid Free Fabr Symp, pp. 371–384, 2015
Bonnard, R.: Proposition de chaine numerique pour la fabrication additive. Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 2010
Pandey PM, Reddy NV, Dhande SG (2003) Slicing procedures in layered manufacturing: a review. Rapid Prototyp J 9(5):274–288
Wang DX, Guo DM, Jia ZY, Leng H (2006) Slicing of CAD models in color STL format. Comput Ind 57(1):3–10
Pei E (2014) 4D printing—revolution or fad? Assem Autom 34(2):123–127
Stratasys (2018) 4D printing: revolutionizing material form and control. Available from http://www.stratasys.com/industries/education/research/4d-printing-project
R. Bogue. Assembly automation, 29/3, shape-memory materials: a review of technology and applications, pp. 214–219. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Self-Assembly Lab. (2018) Available from http://www.selfassemblylab.net/research_projects.php
Ge Q, Dunn CK, Qi HJ, Dunn ML (2014) Active origami by 4D printing. Smart Mater Struct 23:15
Bogue R (2009) Shape-memory materials: a review of technology and applications. Assem Autom 29:214–219
Khoo ZX, Ee J, Mei Teoh JE, Liu Y, Chua CK, Yang S, An J (2015) 3D printing of smart materials : a review on recent progresses in 4D printing. Virtual Phys. PRO 10:103–122
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bahnini, I., Rivette, M., Rechia, A. et al. Additive manufacturing technology: the status, applications, and prospects. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97, 147–161 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1932-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1932-y