Summary
We study the relation between knowledge and space. That is, we analyze how much shared memory space is needed in order to learn certain kinds of facts. Such results are useful tools for reasoning about shared memory systems. In addition we generalize a known impossibility result, and show that results about how knowledge can be gained and lost in message passing systems also hold for shared memory systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Attiya H, Bar-Noy A, Dolev D, Peleg D, Reischuk R: Renaming in an asynchronous environment. J ACM 37(3): 524–548 (1990)
Chandy KM, Misra J: How processes learn. Distrib Comput 1: 40–52 (1986)
Dwork C, Moses Y: Knowledge and common knowledge in a Byzantine environment I: crash failures. In: Theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge: Proceedings of the 1986 Conference, pp 149–169, Morgan Kaufmann 1986
Fagin R, Halpern JY, Vardi M: A model theoretic analysis of knowledge. J ACM 38(2): 382–428 (1991)
Fischer MJ, Immerman, N: Foundations of knowledge for distributed systems. In: Theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge: Proceedings of the 1986 Conference, pp 171–185, Morgan Kaufmann 1986
Fischer MJ, Lynch NA, Paterson MS: Impossibility of distributed consensus with one faulty process. J ACM 32(2): 374–382 (1985)
Fischer MJ, Zuck LD: Reasoning about uncertainty in fault-tolerant distributed systems. In: Joseph M (ed), Formal techniques in real-time and fault-tolerant systems. Lect Notes Comput Sci, vol 331. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1988, pp 142–158
Fischer MJ, Moran S, Rudich S, Taubenfeld G: The wakeup problem. In: Proc 22st ACM Symp on Theory of Computing, pp 106–116, 1990. See also Technion Report #644, Computer Science Department, The Technion 1990
Hadzilacos V: A knowledge theoretic analysis of atomic commitment protocols. In: Proc 6th ACM Symp on Principles of Database Systems, pp 129–134, 1987
Halpern JY: Using reasoning about knowledge to analyze distributed systems. Annu Rev Comput Sci 2: 37–68 (1987)
Halpern JY, Fagin R: A formal model of knowledge, action, and communication in distributed systems: preliminary report. In: Proc 4th ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 224–236, 1985
Halpern JY, Moses Y: Knowledge and common knowledge in a distributed environment. J ACM 37(3): 549–587 (1990)
Halpern JY, Zuck LD: A little knowledge goes a long way: simple knowledge-based derivations and correctness proofs for a family of protocols. J ACM 39(3): 449–478 (1992)
Katz S, Taubenfeld G: What processes know: definitions and proof methods. In: Proc 5th ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 249–262, 1986
Lamport L: Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. Commun ACM 21(7): 558–565 (1978)
Lehmann D: Knowledge, common knowledge and related puzzles. In: Proc 3rd ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 62–67, 1984
Loui MC, Abu-Amara H: Memory requirements for agreement among unreliable asynchronous processes. Advances in Computing Research, 4: 163–183, 1987
Mazer MS: A knowledge-theoretic account of negotiated commitment. Tech Rep CSRI-237, Computer Systems Research Institute, University of Toronto, PhD Thesis 1989
Michel R: A categorical approach to distributed systems expressibility and knowledge. In: Proc 8th ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 129–143, 1989
Moran S, Wolfsthal Y: An extended impossibility result for asynchronous complete networks. Inf Process Lett 26: 141–151 (1987)
Moses Y, Roth G: On reliable message diffusion. In: Proc 8th ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 119–127, 1989
Moses Y, Tuttle MR: Programming simultaneous actions using common knowledge. Algorithmica 3: 121–169 (1988)
Neiger G, Toueg S: Substituting for real time and common knowledge in asynchronous distributed system. In: Proc 6th ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 281–293, 1987
Parikh R, Ramanujam R: Distributed processes and the logic of knowledge. In: Parikh R (ed). Proc Workshop on Logic of Programs, pp 256–268, 1985
Taubenfeld G: Impossibility results for decision protocols. Tech Rep 445, Technion, 1987. Revised version appeared as Technion TR-#506, 1988.
Taubenfeld G: On the nonexistence of resilient consensus protocols. Inf Process Lett 37: 285–289 (1991)
Taubenfeld G, Katz S, Moran S: Impossibility results in the presence of multiple faulty processes. In: 9th FCT-TCS Conference, Bangalore, India, 1989, Lecture Notes Comput Sci, vol 405 Veni Madhavan CE (ed), Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 109–120, 1989 (to appear in Inf Comput)
Taubenfeld G, Moran S: Possibility and impossibility results in a shared memory environment. In: 3rd Int Workshop on Distributed Algorithms, 1989. Lect Notes Comput Sci, vol 392, Bermond JC, Raynal M (eds), Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 254–267, 1989
Tuttle M: Knowledge and distributed computation. Tech Rep MIT/LCS/TR-477, Department of Computer Science, MIT, 1990. PhD Thesis
Wang D-W, Zuck LD: Tight bounds for the sequence transmission problem. In: Proc 8th ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp 73–83, 1989
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Michael Merritt received a B.S. degree in Philosophy and in Computer Science from Yale College in 1978, the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Information and Computer Science in 1980 and 1983, respectively, from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Since 1983 he has been a member of technical staff at AT & T Bell Laboratories, and has taught as an adjunct or visiting lecturer at Stevens Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Columbia University. In 1989 he was program chair for the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. His research interests include distributed and concurrent computation, both algorithms and formal methods for verifying their correctness, cryptography, and security. He is an editor for Distributed Computing and for Information and Computation, recently co-authored a book on database concurrency control algorithms, and is a member of the ACM and of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
Gadi Taubenfeld received the B.A., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology), in 1982, 1984 and 1988, respectively. From 1988 to 1990 he was a research scientist at Yale University. Since 1991 he has been a member of technical staff at AT & T Bell Laboratories. His primary research interests are in concurrent and distributed computing.
A preliminary version of this work appeared in the Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, pages 189–200, Montreal, Canada, August 1991
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Merritt, M., Taubenfeld, G. Knowledge in shared memory systems. Distrib Comput 7, 99–109 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02280839
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02280839