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Data Capture

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Springer Handbook of Geographic Information

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

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Abstract

Numerous methods for capturing geospatial data exist. This chapter focuses on those most commonly applied for geographic information systems, namely photogrammetry and remote sensing. In addition, important new trends such as geosensor networks and indoor mapping are addressed. Section 9.1 discusses passive sensors. Firstly, digital photogrammetric mapping cameras are explained followed by an overview of multispectral sensing techniques as well as thermal imaging. Section 9.2 treats active sensors and explains imaging by RADAR and airborne LIDAR.

An introduction to modern navigation methods is provided in Sect. 9.3, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measuring 3-D position and inertial navigation systems measuring the attitude. Sensor orientation describing the geometric relation between the output of a sensor (an image) and the object space (the Earth) is dealt with in Sect. 9.4. Geometric models as well as the methods for finding the appropriate parameters are also described. As a basis for automatic processes, an introduction to feature matching is included. Section 9.5 discusses two important results of photogrammetry and remote sensing for geographic information systems: digital surface models and orthophotos. The chapter concludes with geosensor networks (Sect. 9.6), indoor mapping and paper maps. The discussion of paper maps, their transformation to a digital representation, and the related accuracy issues is also presented.

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Abbreviations

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

AAT:

Automated aerial triangulation

ALS:

airborne laser scanning

AT:

aerial triangulation

BLUE:

Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

C/A:

coarse-acquisition

CCD:

Charge Coupled Device

CPU:

central processing unit

CRS:

coordinate reference system

CW:

Continuous wave

DBS:

distributed spatial database system

DEM:

digital elevation model

DGPS:

Differential Global Positioning System

DIN:

Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., German Institute for Standardization

DSM:

digital surface model

DTG:

dynamically tuned gyros

DTM:

digital terrain model

DoG:

difference of Gaussians

ECEF:

Earth-centered Earth-fixed

EGNOS:

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

EKF:

extended Kalman filter

EM:

Electromagnetic

EM:

expectation maximization

EO:

exterior orientation

FOG:

fiber optical gyros

FOV:

field of view

GAGAN:

GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation

GCP:

ground control point

GDF:

Geographic Data Files

GIS:

Geographic Information System

GLAS:

geoscience laser altimeter

GLONASS:

Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema

GNSS:

Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS:

Global Positioning System

GSD:

Ground sample distance

GSN:

geosensor networks

ID:

identifier

IFOV:

instantaneous field of view

IIF:

Image Interchange Format

IMU:

inertial measurement unit

INS:

Integrated Navigation System

IO:

interior orientation

IR:

Implementing Rules

ISEO:

integrated sensor orientation

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

ISPRS:

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

InSAR:

Interferometric SAR

LIDAR:

light detection and ranging, Laser Scanning

LMM:

linear mixing model

LSR:

Local space rectangular

MEMS:

microelectromechanical system

MIT:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MS:

multispectral

MSS:

Multi-Spectral Scanner

MTSAT:

Meteorological Satellite

NCC:

normalized cross-correlation

PAI:

Positional Accuracy Improvement

PCA:

Principle Component Analysis

PD:

principal distance

PP:

principal point

PPP:

Precise Point Positioning

PRF:

Pulse repetition frequency

RADAR:

Radio Detection and Ranging

RAM:

random-access memory

RANSAC:

random sample consensus

RAR:

real aperture RADAR

RFID:

Radio Frequency Identification

RGB:

red, green, blue

RLG:

ring laser gyros

RTK:

Real Time Kinematic

SAR:

synthetic aperture Radar

SBAS:

satellite-based augmentation system

SIFT:

scale invariant feature transform

SLA:

shuttle laser altimeter

SLAM:

simultaneous localization and mapping

SLR:

Satellite laser ranging

SLR:

Side Looking RADAR

SNR:

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SPP:

Single Point Positioning

SPS:

Sensor Planning Service

SQL:

Structured Query Language

SRTM:

Shuttle RADAR Topography Mission

SW:

swath width

TIN:

Triangulated Irregular Network

TLS:

terrestrial laser scanning

VNIR:

Visible/near infrared

WAAS:

Wide Area Augmentation System

WGS84:

World Geodetic System 1984

ifp:

Institute for Photogrammetry

l-ENU:

east–north–up

l-NED:

north–east–down

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Photogrammetrie (ifp), Universität Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24 D, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany

    Michael Cramer

  2. University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Str. 2, 17033, Neubrandenburg, Germany

    Wolfgang Kresse

  3. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Station 18, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Jan Skaloud

  4. Department Institute for Photogrammetry, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 24, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany

    Norbert Haala

  5. Department of Spatial Information Science & Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, 04473, Orono, ME, USA

    Silvia Nittel

  6. Department for Mathematics and Informatics, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Str. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Jan O. Wallgrün

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  1. Michael Cramer
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  6. Jan O. Wallgrün
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Correspondence to Michael Cramer , Wolfgang Kresse , Jan Skaloud , Norbert Haala , Silvia Nittel or Jan O. Wallgrün .

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  1. University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Str. 2, 17033, Neubrandenburg, Germany

    Wolfgang Kresse

  2. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 8615 Westwood Center Drive, 22182-2214, Vienna, VA, USA

    David M. Danko

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Cramer, M., Kresse, W., Skaloud, J., Haala, N., Nittel, S., Wallgrün, J.O. (2011). Data Capture. In: Kresse, W., Danko, D. (eds) Springer Handbook of Geographic Information. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72680-7_9

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