[go: up one dir, main page]

Skip to main content

Is NLP-based Test Automation Cheaper Than Programmable and Capture &Replay?

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC 2022)

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the use of Natural-Language Processing (NLP) for supporting software test automation. This paper investigates the adoption of NLP in web testing. To this aim, a case study has been conducted to compare the cost of the adoption of a NLP testing approach, with respect to more consolidated approaches, i.e., programmable testing and capture and replay testing, in two testing tasks: test cases development and test case evolution/maintenance. Even if preliminary, results show that NLP testing is quite competitive with respect to the more consolidated approaches since the cumulative testing effort of a NLP testing approach, computed considering both development and evolution efforts, is almost always lower than the one of programmable testing and capture &replay testing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://testsigma.com/.

  2. 2.

    https://testrigor.com/.

  3. 3.

    https://testproject.io/.

  4. 4.

    https://cucumber.io/docs/gherkin.

  5. 5.

    https://www.selenium.dev.

  6. 6.

    https://martinfowler.com/bliki/PageObject.html.

  7. 7.

    Being a commercial tool, we think it is better not to disclose its identity. In all cases, the other NLP tools considered were also very similar to the one chosen.

  8. 8.

    https://expresscart.markmoffat.com/documentation.html (last access: February 2022).

  9. 9.

    https://shopizer-ecommerce.github.io/documentation/#/starting (last access: February 2022).

  10. 10.

    https://bigprof.com/appgini/applications/online-inventory-manager (last access: February 2022).

  11. 11.

    https://appgini.en.softonic.com/.

  12. 12.

    https://projects.spring.io/spring-petclinic.

References

  1. Carvalho, G., Falcão, D., Barros, F., Sampaio, A., Mota, A., Motta, L., Blackburnc, M.: Nat2testscr: Test case generation from natural language requirements based on scr specifications. Sci. Comput. Program. 95, 275–297 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2014.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cauchi, A., Colombo, C., Francalanza, A., Micallef, M., Pace, G.: Using gherkin to extract tests and monitors for safer medical device interaction design. In: 8th Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (SIGCHI), ACM, June 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2933242.2935868

  3. Colombo, C., Micallef, M., Scerri, M.: Verifying web applications: from business level specifications to automated model-based testing. Electron. Proc. Theor. Comput. Sci. 141, 14–28 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.141.2

  4. Ebert, C., Gallardo, G., Hernantes, J., Serrano, N.: DevOps. IEEE Softw. 33(3), 94–100 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2016.68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Fischbach, J., Vogelsang, A., Spies, D., Wehrle, A., Junker, M., Freudenstein, D.: SPECMATE: automated creation of test cases from acceptance criteria. In: 13th International Conference on Software Testing, Validation and Verification (ICST), IEEE, October 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/icst46399.2020.00040

  6. García, B., Gallego, M., Gortázar, F., Organero, M.: A survey of the selenium ecosystem. Electronics 9, 1067 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071067

  7. Garousi, V., Bauer, S., Felderer, M.: NLP-assisted software testing: a systematic mapping of the literature. Inf. Softw. Technol. 126, 106321 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106321

  8. Gupta, A., Mahapatra, R.P.: A circumstantial methodological analysis of recent studies on NLP-driven test automation approaches. In: Udgata, S.K., Sethi, S., Srirama, S.N. (eds.) Intelligent Systems. LNNS, vol. 185, pp. 155–167. Springer, Singapore (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6081-5_14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Leotta, M., Clerissi, D., Ricca, F., Tonella, P.: Capture-replay vs. Programmable web testing: an empirical assessment during test case evolution. In: Proceedings of 20th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE 2013), pp. 272–281. IEEE (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/WCRE.2013.6671302

  10. Leotta, M., Clerissi, D., Ricca, F., Tonella, P.: Visual vs. DOM-based web locators: an empirical study. In: Casteleyn, S., Rossi, G., Winckler, M. (eds.) ICWE 2014. LNCS, vol. 8541, pp. 322–340. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08245-5_19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Leotta, M., Clerissi, D., Ricca, F., Tonella, P.: Approaches and tools for automated end-to-end web testing. Adv. Comput. 101, 193–237 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adcom.2015.11.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Li, L., et al.: Clustering test steps in natural language toward automating test automation. In: 28th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, ACM, November 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3417067

  13. Longo, D.H., Vilain, P., da Silva, L.P.: Measuring test data uniformity in acceptance tests for the FitNesse and gherkin notations. J. Comput. Sci. 17(2), 135–155 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2021.135.155

  14. Malik, M., Sindhu, M., Abbasi, R.: Test oracle using semantic analysis from natural language requirements. In: 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SCITEPRESS (2020). https://doi.org/10.5220/0009471903450352

  15. Marchetto, A., Ricca, F., Torchiano, M.: Comparing “traditional” and web specific fit tables in maintenance tasks: a preliminary empirical study. In: 12th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering. IEEE, April 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/csmr.2008.4493327

  16. Pribisalic, M.: Automatic generation of test cases from use-case specification using natural language processing. In: 33rd Bled eConference - Enabling Technology for a Sustainable Society, pp. 725–734 (2020). https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.52

  17. Ricca, F., Marchetto, A., Stocco, A.: Ai-based test automation: a grey literature analysis. In: IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW), pp. 263–270 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTW52544.2021.00051

  18. Tahvili, S., Hatvani, L., Ramentol, E., Pimentel, R., Afzal, W., Herrera, F.: A novel methodology to classify test cases using natural language processing and imbalanced learning. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 95, 103878 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2020.103878

  19. Wang, C., Pastore, F., Goknil, A., Briand, L.C.: Automatic generation of acceptance test cases from use case specifications: an NLP-based approach. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 48(2), 585–616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2020.2998503

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maurizio Leotta .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Leotta, M., Ricca, F., Stoppa, S., Marchetto, A. (2022). Is NLP-based Test Automation Cheaper Than Programmable and Capture &Replay?. In: Vallecillo, A., Visser, J., Pérez-Castillo, R. (eds) Quality of Information and Communications Technology. QUATIC 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1621. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14179-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14179-9_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14178-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14179-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics