Abstract
The year 2020 began with the advent of a novel coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2, which triggered the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak globally. It is the third extremely pathogenic and highly contagious coronavirus that has arisen in humans since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). As it is a respiratory disease that has never been seen before and can spread broadly and rapidly, it gained worldwide attention without the standard of diagnosis and control. The development of therapeutic approaches is essential in preventing future outbreaks and curing infections. In the end, the outbreak could be contained by a reliable vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection, and there’s an immediate need to find initiatives to ensure patients’ health and prevent possible deaths. To prevent and control the next outbreak and pandemic relating to these interfaces, we summarize the existing state of awareness around COVID-19 by addressing prevention steps and monitoring treatment protocols that can help manage both existing and future outbreak risks. Finally, we strongly support for the fastest strategy to develop a vaccine that may be immune towards any new mutations which this virus could trigger in the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Yang, Y. Zheng, X. Gou, K. Pu, Z. Chen, Q. Guo, R. Ji, H. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhou, Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 94, 91–95 (2020)
A.R. Sahin, 2019 Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A review of the current literature. Eurasian J. Med. Investig. 4, 1–7 (2020)
J.S. Guy, Turkey coronavirus is more closely related to avian infectious bronchitis virus than to mammalian coronaviruses: A review. Avian Pathol. 29, 207–212 (2000)
F. Patrucco, F. Gavelli, R. Shi, N. De Vita, A. Pavot, L.M. Castello, P. Ravanini, P.E. Balbo, Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Panminerva Med. 62(2), 73–74 (2020)
H. Laude, K. Van Reeth, M. Pensaert, Porcine respiratory coronavirus: Molecular features and virus-host interactions. Vet. Res. 24, 125–150 (1993)
S.L. Sawicki, S.G. Siddell, Comparative perception of COVID-19 transcript. J. Virol. 81, 20–29 (2007)
D. Cavanagh, Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Vet. Res. 38, 281–297 (2007)
J. Pang, M.X. Wang, I.Y.H. Ang, et al., Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A systematic review. J. Clin. Med. 9, 623 (2020)
S.R. Weiss, S. Navas-Martin, Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69, 635–664 (2005)
E.J. Snijder, M.C. Horzinek, Toroviruses: Replication, evolution and comparison with other members of the coronavirus-like superfamily. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 2305–2316 (1993)
J.M.A. Van Den Brand, S.L. Smits, B.L. Haagmans, Pathogenesis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Pathol. 235, 175–184 (2015)
C.C. Bergmann, T.E. Lane, S.A. Stohlman, Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: Host-virus stand-off. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 121–132 (2006)
L. Zhang, Y. Liu, Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J. Med. Virol. 92, 479–490 (2020)
M.M.C. Lai, Of genome. Policy Anal. 04, 33–36 (2000)
S. Perlman, Review of pathological and immunological aspects. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 440, 503–513 (1998)
P. Spychalski, A. Błażyńska-Spychalska, J. Kobiela, Estimating case fatality rates of COVID-19. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 774–775 (2020)
J. Phua, L. Weng, L. Ling, M. Egi, C. Lim, J.V. Divatia, B.R. Shrestha, Y.M. Arabi, J. Ng, Review Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir. 2019, 1–12 (2020)
A. Cortegiani, G. Ingoglia, M. Ippolito, A. Giarratano, S. Einav, A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J. Crit. Care 57, 279–283 (2020)
T. Singhal, A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J. Pediatr. 87, 281–286 (2020)
D.M.G. Halpin, R. Faner, O. Sibila, J.R. Badia, A. Agusti, Do chronic respiratory diseases or their treatment affect the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Lancet Respir. Med. 8, 436–438 (2020)
J. Yazdany, A.H.J. Kim, Use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic: What every clinician should know. Ann. Intern. Med. 172(11), 754–755 (2020)
A. Murphy, Z. Abdi, I. Harirchi, M. Mckee, E. Ahmadnezhad, Correspondence and Iran’s capacity to. Lancet Public Health 2667, 30083 (2020)
X.H. Jin, K.I. Zheng, K.H. Pan, Y.P. Xie, M.H. Zheng, COVID-19 in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The Lancet Haematology 7(4), e351–e352 (2020)
B. Owens, Excitement around hydroxychloroquine for treating COVID-19 causes challenges for rheumatology. Lancet Rheumatol. 9913, 30089 (2020)
X. Yao, F. Ye, M. Zhang, et al., In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome main point: Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2, 1–25 (2020)
C. Vardavas, K. Nikitara, COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tob. Induc. Dis. 18, 1–4 (2020)
D. Zhou, S.-M. Dai, Q. Tong, COVID-19: A recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 75(7), 1667–1670 (2020)
C. Sohrabi, Z. Alsafi, N.O. Neill, M. Khan, A. Kerwan, Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource Centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource Centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’s public news and information (2020)
J. Liu, R. Cao, M. Xu, X. Wang, H. Zhang, H. Hu, Y. Li, Z. Hu, W. Zhong, M. Wang, Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discov. 6, 6–9 (2020)
S.A. Rasmussen, J.C. Smulian, J.A. Lednicky, T.S. Wen, D.J. Jamieson, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017
O. Mitjà, B. Clotet, Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Lancet Glob. Health 8(5), e639–e640 (2020)
R. Viner, S. Russell, H. Croker, J. Packer, J. Ward, C. Stansfield, O. Mytton, R. Booy, School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: A rapid narrative systematic review. SSRN Electron. J. 2019, 1–8 (2020)
H. Wang, T. Li, P. Barbarino, et al., Dementia care during COVID-19. Lancet 6736, 19–20 (2020)
R. Verity, L.C. Okell, I. Dorigatti, et al., Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3099, 1–9 (2020)
P.M. De Salazar, A.R. Taylor, Article used experimental data to measure the bias of visitor-derived COVID-19 prevalence rate in Wuhan, China. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3099, 1–6 (2020)
W. Zhang, Y. Zhao, F. Zhang, Q. Wang, T. Li, Z. Liu, The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China. Clin. Immunol. 214, 108393 (2020)
H. Topic, Can Chinese medicine be used for prevention of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A review of historical classics, research evidence and current prevention programs. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 26, 243–250 (2020)
Y. Yang, S. Islam, J. Wang, Y. Li, X. Chen, Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A review and perspective. Int. J. Biol. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45538
Y. Yan, W.I. Shin, Y.X. Pang, Y. Meng, J. Lai, C. You, The first 75 days of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: Recent advances. Prev. Treat 17(7), 2323 (2020)
D.M. Roden, R.A. Harrington, Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 treatment. Circulation 141(24), e906–e907 (2020)
H. Fan, L. Wang, W. Liu, X. An, Z. Liu, X. He, L. Song, Y. Tong, Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019-novel coronavirus-related coronavirus model. Chin. Med. J. 133, 1051–1056 (2020)
H. Zhu, N. Sze, A. Mak, Y. Yan, Y. Zhu, Novel coronavirus treatment with ribavirin: Groundwork for an evaluation concerning COVID - 19. J. Med. Virol. 92(7), 740–746 (2020)
T. Tian, Y. Doctor, J. Dan, Q. Doctor, W. Yan, Z. Doctor, Y. Wang, A. Gui, Q. Wang, A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus—A possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option. J. Med. Virol. 92, 556–563 (2020)
J. Storz, R. Rott, G. Kaluza, Enhancement of plaque formation and cell fusion of an enteropathogenic coronavirus by trypsin treatment. Infect. Immun. 31, 1214–1222 (1981)
C. Sargiacomo, F. Sotgia, M.P. Lisanti, COVID-19 and chronological aging: Senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging 12, 6511–6517 (2020)
L. Yang, Y. Ren, Moral obligation, public leadership, and collective action for epidemic prevention and control: Evidence from the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(8), 2731 (2020)
Z. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Lu, F. Chen, W. Zhang, Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 14(1), 64–68 (2020)
X. Yao et al., In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71, 732–739 (2020)
H.B. Harmful, Clinical infectious diseases, 2019–2020 (2020)
J. Wu, W. Li, X. Shi, et al., Early antiviral treatment contributes to alleviate the severity and improve the prognosis of patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J. Intern. Med. 288(1), 128–138 (2020)
A.H. De Wilde, V.S. Raj, D. Oudshoorn, et al., MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited by cyclosporin A or interferon-a treatment. J. Gen. Virol. 94(Pt 8), 1749–1760 (2013)
Z. Min, C. Jun, F. Fu, et al., Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J. Pediatr. 16, 240–246 (2020)
F. Violi, D. Pastori, R. Cangemi, P. Pignatelli, L. Loffredo, Hypercoagulation and antithrombotic treatment in coronavirus 2019: A new challenge. Thromb. Haemost. 120(6), 949–956 (2020)
M.R. Basiri, Treatments and morbidity prevention of Covid-19. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 8, 89–90 (2020)
J. Dyall, C.M. Coleman, B.J. Hart, et al., Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58, 4885–4893 (2014)
B.S. Chhikara, B. Rathi, J. Singh, Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19: Infection, prevention and clinical advances of the prospective chemical drug therapeutics. Chem. Biol. Lett. 7, 63–72 (2020)
A.K. Panda, S. Kar, A.K. Dixit, Ayurveda consensus develop strategies for prevention of COVID-19. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. Sci. 5(1), 96–107 (2020)
S. White, M. Omer, G.N. Mohamma, International knowledge, attitude and practice on prevention of airborne and droplet infections during the outbreak of corona virus among the college students in University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia, Reviewed By Introduction. Med. Sci. 11, 20773–20776 (2020)
J.F. Burke, Letter: The coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic: A neurosurgical treatment algorithm. Neurosurgery 87, E50–E57 (2020)
H. Lu, Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci. Trends 14, 69–71 (2020)
Z. Yang, J. Liu, Y. Zhou, X. Zhao, Q. Zhao, J. Liu, The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Infect. 81, 13–20 (2020)
B.D. Vakser, O.P. Pishchulina, Prevention of marginal corona discharges in the insulation of high-voltage electric machines. Russ. Electr. Eng. 80, 136–138 (2009)
L. Zha, S. Li, L. Pan, B. Tefsen, Y. Li, N. French, L. Chen, G. Yang, E.V. Villanueva, Corticosteroid treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Med. J. Aust. (2020). https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50577
D. Vauzour, A. Rodriguez-mateos, G. Corona, M.J. Oruna-concha, J.P.E. Spencer, Mechanisms of action. Nutrients 2(11), 1106–1131 (2010)
K.L. Shen, Y.H. Yang, Diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: A pressing issue. World J. Pediatr. 16, 219–221 (2020)
S.A. Baron, C. Devaux, P. Colson, Teicoplanin: An alternative drug for the treatment of coronavirus COVID-19? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55, 105944 (2020)
End-winding CING, Jf/ ‘fa/$77 5. 106273017, 16–18 (1948)
H. Liang, G. Acharya, Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow? Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 99, 439–442 (2020)
N. Tang, H. Bai, X. Chen, J. Gong, D. Li, Z. Sun, Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J. Thromb. Haemost. 18, 1094–1099 (2020)
K. Shen, Y. Yang, T. Wang, D. Zhao, Y. Jiang, R. Jin, Y. Zheng, Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: Experts’ consensus statement. World J. Pediatr. 16, 223–231 (2020)
M. Kawase, K. Shirato, L. Van Der Hoek, F. Taguchi, S. Matsuyama, Simultaneous treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with serine and cysteine protease inhibitors prevents severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. J. Virol. 86, 6537–6545 (2012)
N. Lee, K.C.A. Chan, D.S. Hui, et al., Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’s public news and information. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2004.07.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thakur, A., Kumar, A. (2022). Management of Future Outbreak Risks (Prevention, Control and Treatment). In: Garg, L., Chakraborty, C., Mahmoudi, S., Sohmen, V.S. (eds) Healthcare Informatics for Fighting COVID-19 and Future Epidemics. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72752-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72752-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72751-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72752-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)