Synonyms
Freshwater resources; Runoff
Definition
Water resources mainly correspond to freshwater which can be utilized by human beings for irrigation, industrial purposes, and domestic uses. Even though the stocks of water in natural and artificial reservoirs are helpful to increase the available water resources for human society, the flow of water should be mainly regarded as water resources since water is a naturally circulating resource that is constantly recharged. Maximum (potential) availability of renewable freshwater resources under given climatic condition has been traditionally regarded as precipitation minus evapotranspiration, which corresponds to runoff. However, transpiration from soil moisture through crops is contributing to human society and the flux is regarded as water resources as well. Therefore, evapotranspiration from soil moisture in croplands is called as green water nowadays, and conventional water resources withdrawn from rivers, surface water, and...
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Alcamo, J., Henrichs, T., and Rösch, T., 2000. World Water in 2025 – Global Modeling and Scenario Analysis for the World Commission on Water for the 21st Century, Techincal Report. Kassel: Centre for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel.
Allan, J. A., 1998. Virtual water: a strategic resource. Global solution to regional deficits. Groundwater, 36(4), 545–546.
Alsdorf, D. E., and Lettenmaier, D. P., 2003. Tracking fresh water from space. Science, 301, 1491–1494.
Baumgartner, F., and Reichel, E., 1975. The World Water Balance: Mean Annual Global, Continental and Maritime Precipitation, Evaporation and Runoff. Munchen: Ordenbourg, p. 179.
Birkett, C. M., Mertes, L. A. K., Dunne, T., Costa, M. H., and Jasinski, M. J., 2002. Surface water dynamics in the Amazon basin: application of satellite radar altimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D20), 8059, doi:10.1029/2001JD000609.
Crutzen, P. J., 2002. Geology of mankind-the Anthropocene. Nature, 415, 23.
Dirmeyer, P. A., Dolman, A. J., and Sato, N., 1999. The pilot phase of the global soil wetness project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80, 851–878.
Dirmeyer, P. A., Gao, X. A., Zhao, M., Guo, Z. C., Oki, T., and Hanasaki, N., 2006. GSWP-2 multimodel analysis and implications for our perception of the land surface. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 1381–1397.
Entekhabi, D., Njoku, E., Houser, P., Spencer, M., Doiron, T., Smith, J., Girard, R., Belair, S., Crow, W., Jackson, T., Kerr, Y., Kimball, J., Koster, R., McDonald, K., O’Neill, P., Pultz, T., Running, S., Shi, J. C., Wood, E., and van Zyl, J., 2004. The Hydrosphere State (HYDROS) mission concept: an Earth system pathfinder for global mapping of soil moisture and land freeze/thaw. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 42(10), 2184–2195.
Falkenmark, M., and Rockström, J., 2004. Balancing Water for Humans and Nature. London: Earthscan, p. 247.
Falloon, P. D., and Betts, R. A., 2006. The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations. Atmospheric Science Letters, 7, 62–68.
Frappart, F., Ramillien, G., Biancamaria, S., Mognard, N., and Cazenave, A., 2005. Evolution of high-latitude snow mass derived from the GRACE gravimetry mission (2002–2004). Geophysical Research Letters, 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL024778.
Haddeland, I., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Skaugen, T., 2006. Effects of irrigation on the water and energy balances of the Colorado and Mekong river basins. Journal of Hydrology, 324, 210–223.
Han, S.-C., Kim, H., Yeo, I.-Y., Yeh, P. J.-F., Oki, T., Seo, K.-W., Alsdorf, D., and Luthcke, S. B., 2009. Dynamics of surface water storage in the Amazon inferred from measurements of inter-satellite distance change. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L09403, doi:10.1029/2009GL037910.
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., and Oki, T., 2006. A reservoir operation scheme for global river routing models. Journal of Hydrology, 327, 22–41.
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., and Tanaka, K., 2008a. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources -Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 12, 1007–1025.
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., and Tanaka, K., 2008b. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources -Part 2: Applications and assessments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 12, 1027–1037.
Hanasaki, N., Inuzuka, T., Kanae, S., Oki, T., 2010. An estimation of global virtual water flow and sources of water withdrawal for major crops and livestock products using a global hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology, 384, 232–244. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.09.028
Hirabayashi, Y., and Kanae, S., 2009. First estimate of the future global population at risk of flooding. Hydrological Research Letters, 3, 6–9.
Hoekstra, A. Y., and Chapagain, A. K., 2007. Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management, 21, 35–48.
Kerr, Y., Font, J., Waldteufel, P., and Berger, M., 2000. The second of ESA’s opportunity missions: the soil moisture and ocean salinity mission – SMOS. ESA Earth Observation Quarterly, 66, 18f.
Kim, H., Yeh, P., Oki, T., and Kanae, S., 2009. Role of rivers in the seasonal variations of terrestrial water storage over global basins. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L17402, doi:10.1029/2009GL039006.
Korzun, V. I., 1978. World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth. Paris: UNESCO. Studies and Reports in Hydrology, Vol. 25.
Miller, J. R., Russell, G. L., and Caliri, G., 1994. Continental-scale river flow in climate models. Journal of Climate, 7, 914–928.
Ngo-Duc, T., Oki, T., and Kanae, S., 2007. A variable streamflow velocity method for global river routing model: model description and preliminary results. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 4, 4389–4414.
Niu, G.-Y., and Yang, Z. L., 2006. Assessing a land surface model’s improvements with GRACE estimates. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L07401, doi:10.1029/2005GL025555.
Oki, T., 1999. The global water cycle. In Browning, K., and Gurney, R. (eds.), Global Energy and Water Cycles. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 10–27.
Oki, T., and Kanae, S., 2004. Virtual water trade and world water resources. Water Science and Technology, 49(7), 203–209.
Oki, T., and Kanae, S., 2006. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science, 313(5790), 1068–1072.
Oki, T., and Sud, Y. C., 1998. Design of total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP) a global river channel network. Earth Interactions, 2, 1–37.
Oki, T., Musiake, K., Matsuyama, H., and Masuda, K., 1995. Global atmospheric water balance and runoff from large river basins. Hydrological Processes, 9, 655–678.
Oki, T., Kanae, S., and Musiake, K., 1996. River routing in the global water cycle, GEWEX News, 6, WCRP, International GEWEX Project Office, 4–5
Oki, T., Nishimura, T., and Dirmeyer, P., 1999. Assessment of annual runoff from land surface models using total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 77, 235–255.
Oki, T., Agata, Y., Kanae, S., Saruhashi, T., Yang, D. W., and Musiake, K., 2001. Global assessment of current water resources using total runoff integrating pathways. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46, 983–995.
Oki, T., Entekhabi, D., and Harrold, T., 2004. The global water cycle. In Sparks, R., and Hawkesworth, C. (eds.), State of the Planet: Frontiers and Challenges in Geophysics. Washington, DC: AGU. Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol. 150, p. 414.
Prigent, C., Papa, F., Aires, F., Rossow, W. B., and Matthew, E., 2007. Global inundation dynamics inferred from multiple satellite observations, 1993–2000. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D12107, doi:10.1029/2006JD007847.
Reichle, R., and Koster, R., 2005. Global assimilation of satellite surface soil moisture retrievals into the NASA Catchment land surface model. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L02404, doi:10.1029/2004GL021700.
Rodell, M., et al., 2004. The global land data assimilation system. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85, 381–394.
Shen, Y., Oki, T., Utsumi, N., Kanae, S., and Hanasaki, N., 2008. Projection of future world water resources under SRES scenarios: water withdrawal. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53(1), 11–33.
Swenson, S., Wahr, J., and Milly, P. C. D., 2003. Estimated accuracies of regional water storage variations inferred from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE). Water Resources Research, 39(8), 1223, doi:10.2002WR001808.
Syed, T. H., Famiglietti, J. S., Chen, J., Rodell, M., Seneviratne, S. I., Viterbo, P., and Wilson, C. R., 2005. Total basin discharge for the Amazon and Mississippi river basins from GRACE and a land-atmosphere water balance. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L24404, doi:10.1029/2005GL024851.
Tapley, B. D., Bettadpur, S., Ries, J. C., Thompson, P. F., and Watkins, M. M., 2004. GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system. Science, 305(5683), 503–505.
Trenberth, K. E., Smith, L., Qian, T., Dai, A., and Fasullo, J., 2007. Estimates of the global water budget and its annual cycle using observational and model data. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8, 758–769.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., and Lammers, R. B., 2000. Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289, 284–288.
Wahr, J., Swenson, S., Zlotnicki, V., and Velicogna, I., 2004. Time variable gravity from GRACE: first results. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L11501, doi:10.1029/2004GL019779.
Yeh, P. J.-F., Famiglietti, J., Swenson, S. C., and Rodell, M., 2006. Remote sensing of groundwater storage changes using gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE). Water Resources Research, 42, W12203, doi:10.1029/2006WR005374.
Yoshimura, K., Oki, T., Ohte, N., and Kanae, S., 2004. Colored moisture analysis estimates of variations in 1998 Asian monsoon water sources. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 82, 1315–1329.
Zaitchik, B., and Rodell, M., 2009. Forward-looking assimilation of MODIS-derived snow-covered area into a land surface model. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 10, 130–148.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Oki, T., Yeh, P.JF. (2014). Water Resources. In: Njoku, E.G. (eds) Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_193
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_193
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-36698-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-36699-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences