Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an anabolic hormone with several biological activities, such as proliferation, mitochondrial protection, cell survival, tissue growth and development, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrogenic and antiaging. This hormone plays an important role in embryological and postnatal states, being essential for normal foetal and placental growth and differentiation. During gestation, the placenta is one of the major sources of IGF-1, among other hormones. This intrauterine organ expresses IGF-1 receptors and IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs), which control IGF-1 activities. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the second most frequent cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, defined as the inability to achieve the expected weight for gestational age. Different studies have revealed that IUGR infants have placental dysfunction and low circulating levels of insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGFBPs. Such data suggest that IGF-1 deficiency in gestational state may be one of the major causes of foetal growth retardation. The aim of this review is to study the epidemiology, physiopathology and possible causes of IUGR. Also, it intends to study the possible role of the placenta as an IGF-1 target organ. The purpose is to establish if IUGR could be considered as a novel condition of IGF-1 deficiency and if its treatment with low doses of IGF-1 could be a suitable therapeutic strategy.
The original version of this chapter was revised: The spelling of the third author's name was corrected. The erratum to this chapter is available at DOI: 10.1007/112_2016_1.
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/112_2016_1
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Abbreviations
- ALS:
-
Acid-labile subunit
- CG:
-
Chorionic gonadotropin
- CRH:
-
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- CSF:
-
Cerebrospinal fluid
- CTGF:
-
Connective tissue growth factor
- Cyr61:
-
Cysteine-rich protein 61
- ESM-1:
-
Endothelial cell-specific molecule
- FSH:
-
Follicle-stimulating hormone
- GH:
-
Growth hormone
- GHBP:
-
Growth hormone binding protein
- GHRH:
-
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
- GnRH:
-
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- HPA:
-
Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal gland axis
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IGF-1R:
-
IGF-1 receptor
- IGF-2:
-
Insulin-like growth factor 2
- IGFBP-rPs:
-
IGFBP-related proteins
- IGFBPs:
-
IGF binding proteins
- IGFs:
-
Insulin-like growth factors
- IUGR:
-
Intrauterine growth restriction
- LDL:
-
Low-density lipoprotein
- LH:
-
Luteinising hormone
- MAP:
-
Mitogen-activated protein
- NGAS:
-
Neonatal growth assessment score
- NovH:
-
Human nephroblastoma overexpression gene
- PAPP-A:
-
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
- PGAS:
-
Prenatal growth assessment score
- PI3K:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PL:
-
Placental lactogen
- PLGF:
-
Placental growth factor
- PSF:
-
Prostacyclin-stimulating factor
- PSG:
-
Pregnancy-specific β-glycoprotein
- TAF:
-
Tumour adhesion factor
- TSC 1:
-
Tuberous sclerosis protein 1
- TSC 2:
-
Tuberous sclerosis protein 2
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express our gratitude to MCs Gabriel Amador Aguirre, Ing. Karl Steinmetz, Dr. Mariano García-Magariño Alonso, Dr. Luis Espinosa Sierra and Joshua S. Williams for their invaluable help. This work was possible thanks to the financial help of “Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales” and “Tecnológico de Monterrey”.
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Martín-Estal, I., de la Garza, R.G., Castilla-Cortázar, I. (2016). Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) as a Novel Condition of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency. In: Nilius, B., de Tombe, P., Gudermann, T., Jahn, R., Lill, R., Petersen, O. (eds) Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Vol. 170. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/112_2015_5001
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