Texas studies in literature and language, Mar 1, 2024
Guy Debord's Situationist theory, developed in the 1950s, analyzed how consumable goods i... more Guy Debord's Situationist theory, developed in the 1950s, analyzed how consumable goods increasingly express and mediate social relations in capitalism. Debord supported the understanding that art should no longer be privileged and asserted that it should be included in a single unified revolutionary practice. British playwright Howard Brenton is among the playwrights who were most affected by the Situationist movement. Brenton is known to have had sympathy for (or been sympathetic to) French Situationist political thought, especially in his early works. This study focuses on Brenton’s plays Magnificence (1973) and Sore Throats (1979), examining the resonance of Situationist political theory in shaping Brenton’s creative output while also considering the incorporation of the aggro effect in his narratives.
Faculty of Letters Journal of Social Sciences, 2023
Daniel Defoe's masterpiece, Robinson Crusoe, has never been studied from the point of view of the... more Daniel Defoe's masterpiece, Robinson Crusoe, has never been studied from the point of view of the contrasting beliefs of Leavers and Takers first coined by Daniel Quinn in his novel Ishmael in 1992, which is believed to remain central throughout the story. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of these mindsets, exploring their effects on the protagonist's journey. The Leavers embrace a harmonious existence with nature, valuing sustainability and interdependence with the environment, while the Takers adopt a dominant stance, seeking to exploit nature's resources for human progress. Crusoe's character development portrays a transition from a conventional Taker to a Leaver as he recognizes the importance of sustainable practices and interconnectedness of life. The study also investigates the wider implications of Leaver and Taker concepts in societal and environmental contexts as seen in Robinson Crusoe. It explores Crusoe's intercultural exchange with a native companion on the island, symbolizing the clash between Leaver and Taker mentalities. This encounter challenges the characters' preconceptions and provides insights into cultural diversity's impact on individual perspectives. Robinson Crusoe offers a thought-provoking exploration of Leaver and Taker concepts, prompting readers to ponder their connection with the other societies and the potential for harmonious coexistence. The novel encourages contemplation of humanity's role within the natural world, rendering it a compelling narrative with timeless significance beyond its historical setting.
AVRASYA Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sep 2020
New writing, In-Yer-Face theatre, rising masculinity, grunge, the rave scene, and hip-hop dominat... more New writing, In-Yer-Face theatre, rising masculinity, grunge, the rave scene, and hip-hop dominated the world of music, literature, and drama in the nineties. In 1990s sexuality became a prominent subject matter not only in the political world and on television, but also on the theater stage. Anthony Neilson whose works are associated in criticism with the phenomenon variously described as In-Yer-Face theatre put The Censor on the stage in England in 1997. The Censor is not the playwright and director Anthony Neilson’s first experiential play; however, it was his most sensational and taboo-breaking one thanks to its infamous pornographic scene and a theme around sexual trauma, affection, loss, and death. It is a fact that there is a limitation of studies that focus on the relationship between Anthony Neilson’s dramaturgy and postmodernism. Therefore, this work aims to explore Neilson's Censor from a new perspective that will enable the postmodern elements and features of Neilson's work to be viewed from a moral point of view, which envisages analysing the postmodern situation through Zygmunt Bauman's views. To do this, firstly, this work limits its analysis to the discovery of the playwright’s In-Yer-Face theatre via The Censor. Secondly, after presenting the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman’s views over morality, it analyses morality behind the notion of fluid in The Censor through the focus on ordinary postmodern man and his/her moral and ethical condition by following the postmodernist zeitgeist around Zygmunt Bauman’s moral sociology.
Keywords: Anthony Neilson, Moral Sociology, Postmodernism, The Censor, Zygmunt Bauman
Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları dergisi, Jun 30, 2020
Dünya edebiyatının önde gelen tragedya örneklerinden biri olan Shakespeare’in Macbeth adlı oyunu,... more Dünya edebiyatının önde gelen tragedya örneklerinden biri olan Shakespeare’in Macbeth adlı oyunu, olay örgüsü kadar karakterlerinin kurgulanış şekliyle de ön plana çıkar. Bu çalışmada Macbeth’in ana kahramanları olan Kral Duncan, Macbeth ve Lady Macbeth’in kurgulanmasında yararlanıldığı düşünülen ana kaynaklar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Oyunun yazıldığı dönemde toplumsal hayatta çok önemli bir yere sahip olan İncil’deki Âdem ile Havva ve Ahav ile İzebel karakterlerinin ve hikâyelerinin Kral Duncan, Macbeth ve Lady Macbeth karakterlerinin kurgulanmasında etkileri incelenir. Shakespeare’in içinde yaşadığı dönemin ve toplumun genel özelliklerinden büyük oranda etkilendiği ve İncil’deki hikâyeleri iyi bildiği ve eserlerinde kullandığı öngörüsü çalışmanın ana dayanağını oluşturmaktadır. Buna dayanarak, Macbeth’in olay örgüsünün temel kaynağı kabul edilen Holinshed Chronicles’da var olan karakterler ile oyunda karşımıza çıkan karakterlerin özellikleri arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar ortaya konulur. Bu farklılıkların ortaya çıkışında İncil’de karşımıza çıkan karakterlerin rolü üzerinde durulur. Bu benzerlik ve farklılıkların Shakespeare tarafından hangi amaçla ön plana çıkarıldığı ve bunun İncil’le var olan ilişkisi değerlendirilerek çalışmanın sonuncunda ulaşılan veriler ortaya konulacaktır.
Atlas international referred journal on social sciences, 2018
Since the second half of the twentieth century, writers and scientists in different fields have a... more Since the second half of the twentieth century, writers and scientists in different fields have a great interest in the subject of Black Humor, which is used as a tool to survive. As we have seen in our study, Black Humor is seen as a means both to forget and to cause the others to forget the troubles following great disasters or wars. One of these
writers, Howard Barker, in his play The Castle (1985), addresses the state of mankind through Black Humor and criticizes contemporary society with a story in Medieval Europe. The rigid hierarchies of the societies, the terrible massacres of wars, the loss of the united identity, or the shocking effects of modern society are seen ridiculed,
acknowledging on the one hand the state of humanity as bleak and confirming the uniqueness of the individual on the other. We encounter one of the most beautiful examples of black humor when a landowner who returns to his home after taking part in a holy war to save to Jerusalem, the holy city of Christianity and Judaism, to see that his land was occupied by a new system of thinking and a new sense of life. The only thing that the reader and the audience can do in this situation is to laugh, because the only defense mechanism against the existing pains is the Black Humor.
Keywords: Black Humour, The Castle, Howard Barker, Crusades, Laughter
Literature is a mirror which is held up to nature and human life. In other words, literary works ... more Literature is a mirror which is held up to nature and human life. In other words, literary works which take their subjects openly from human life have majorly influenced the improvement of society, shaping civilizations, and changing political frameworks and revealed injustice and forms of violence. That’s why, we have chosen a work of literature, a play, to deal with child abuse and neglect that may be caused by physical, emotional, or sexual harm, and can happen anywhere regardless of culture, ethnicity, or income group. Five Kinds of Silence by Shelagh Stephenson (2004) shows to the audience through three women who are obliged to continue their lives in fear of their husband or father that legal system cannot appreciate the wrath the women feel as a result of years of persistent abuse. The play also shows that even the murder of the abuser is not the end of the psychological torture that the abuse causes. The play is the criticism of the view that the end of the physical abuse is...
In this paper, Migration-Terrorism relationship/non-relationship in the example of Mersin provinc... more In this paper, Migration-Terrorism relationship/non-relationship in the example of Mersin province is described in a paradoxical framework. While it was a small fishing town with 650 inhabitants in 1850s, the population of Mersin today has reached about 1,787,649 (according to estimated data for 2017) and become one of the largest metropolitan city of Turkey. The population of Mersin, which was 843,931 in 1980, has nearly doubled in the last 30 years (1.647.899 in 2010). So, what was the most important reason for this rapid increase? Among the most important factors is undoubtedly the phenomenon of terror. Appearing after the end of ASALA (Armenian terrorist organization), the PKK terrorist organization has been at the top of Turkey's agenda for the last 40 years. The terror ravaging eastern and southeastern Anatolian provinces, people's lack of safety of life and property or evacuation of villages and settlements by security forces for security reasons have caused massive m...
Howard Brenton who is one of the leading socialist playwrights of contemporary British Literature... more Howard Brenton who is one of the leading socialist playwrights of contemporary British Literature has written more than thirty plays most of which are concerned with the question of violence. Though individual acts of violence have a great impact on both the members of the society and the structure of the society as a whole, they are transitory and can be predicted and somewhat eliminated. But collective violence which occurs especially between the different groups in the society has much more lasting impact than the individual violence. Especially the collective violence committed by the state is the most important and the most dangerous of all. Brenton focuses on this type of violence in his plays, especially in The Churchill Play, which constitutes the subject of this study . In this play, he deals with the exercise of state powers on its own society, negative consequences of social and economic inequalities. With the help of this play Brenton shows us that violence is the ultim...
Yeni Yazin, Yuze Vurumcu Tiyatro, yukselen erkeklik, grunge, cilgin sahne ve hip-hop doksanlarda ... more Yeni Yazin, Yuze Vurumcu Tiyatro, yukselen erkeklik, grunge, cilgin sahne ve hip-hop doksanlarda muzik, edebiyat ve drama dunyasina hâkim oldu. Doksanlar yalnizca siyasi dunyada ve televizyonlarda degil, ayni zamanda tiyatro sahnelerinde de cinsel konulara ulasilabilecegini gosterdi. Eserleri elestirel anlamda Yuze Vurumcu Tiyatro olarak tanimlanan tiyatro ile iliskilendirilen Anthony Neilson, Sansurcu isimli oyununu 1997’de sahneye koydu. Sansurcu, oyun yazari ve yonetmen Anthony Neilson’un ilk deneyimsel oyunu degildir; ancak, kotu unlu pornografik sahnesi ile cinsel travma, sevgi, kayip ve olum konularina odakli temasi sayesinde en sansasyonel ve tabulari yikan eseridir. Anthony Neilson’un dramaturgisi ve Postmodernizm arasindaki iliskiye odaklanan calismalarin sinirli oldugu bir gercektir. Bu nedenle, bu calisma, Neilson'un Sansurcu’sunu, Zygmunt Bauman’in gorusleri araciligiyla postmodern durumu analiz etmeyi ongoren, Neilson'un calismasindaki postmodern unsurlari ve oy...
In the second half of the 20th century, a relatively small group of influential Paris-based intel... more In the second half of the 20th century, a relatively small group of influential Paris-based intellectuals led by Guy Debord whose origin had an avant-garde artistic tradition started a new revolt against the established vision of reality in the world: they were called Situationists (1957–1972). All through the 1950s and 1960s, the situationists claimed that the alienation of the people to both themselves and the society, accompanied by the alienation of labour in the 19th century, was due to production, but in the 20th century, it changed form and became rooted in consumption. To them, consumption is the force to define happiness and to conceal all other opportunities for freedom and selfhood. The concepts behind ‘culture’ were as much dangerous as those behind the industry. Guy Debord has named this new dominant social order, where all realities have turned into abstract images, ‘the Society of Spectacle’. Martin Crimp deals with the similar problems in his plays and focuses on the influence of addiction to consumerism on human beings and thus we will examine in this study if Crimp’s No one Sees the Video can be reread under the light of Debord’s book The Society of Spectacle and the concepts he offered in this book such as recuperation and ‘détournement’, and ‘Spectacle.
Keywords: No one Sees the Video, Guy Debord, Martin Crimp, Spectacle, Détournement
Günümüzün önde gelen çalışma alanlarından biri olan 'madun' kavramı ilk kez Antonio Gramsci tara... more Günümüzün önde gelen çalışma alanlarından biri olan 'madun' kavramı ilk kez Antonio Gramsci tarafından 1930'larda hegemonya kavramıyla ilintili olarak kullanılmıştır. Madun kavramı o günden bu yana başta edebiyat olmak üzere birçok sosyal bilim alanında sıkça işlenen konular arasına girmiş ve özellikle postkolonyal dönemde ayrı bir anlam ve önem kazanmıştır. Spivak'ın gündeme getirdiği Hint toplumu merkezli madun sorunsalı dünya çapında geniş yankı uyandırmış ve pek çok edebi eserin konusunu oluşturmuştur. Postkolonyal dönemde çeşitli tartışmalara yol açan eserler vermiş olan, V.S. Naipaul'un Magic Seeds adlı romanı madunların nasıl ezildiğini ve susturulduğunu ve bu durumu ortaya çıkaran mekanizmaları irdeleyen önemli bir eserdir. Romanın ana karakteri Hint asıllı Willie'nin Hindistan'da köylülerin haklarını savunmak için başlatılan devrim hareketine katılmaya karar vermesi ile başlayan süreçte,birbirinden farklı ancak işleyişi birbirine bağlı iki dünya olduğunu fark ederiz. Bunlar yönetenlerin dünyası ile yönetilenlerin dünyası, ezenlerin dünyası ile ezilenlerin dünyası, egemen olanların dünyası ile madunların dünyası şeklinde betimlenebilir. Eserde karşımıza çıktığı üzere, üst sınıfların temelde köylülerden oluşan madunlar adına giriştikleri devrim hareketleri aslında madunlar üzerindeki tahakkümün devam ettirilmesinin başka bir yoludur. Naipaul'un diğer eserlerindeki kahramanlarından farklı olarak Willie başka bir şey daha anlar: Bu iki dünya birlikte var olduğu için onları birbirinden ayırmaya çabalamak boşunadır. Hindistan'daki köylülerin yani madunların fikri ve desteğini almadan onlar adına daha üst sınıfların devrim hareketine girişmeleri başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmaya mahkûmdur. Bu nedenle eserin sonunda Willie hangi dünyaya ait olduğu sorusunun cevabını bulur. Bu çalışmayla, Hindistan'daki bir devrim hareketine katılarak bu iki dünyayı yıkıp yeniden tek bir dünya haline getirmeye çalışan kahramanın yaşadıkları aracılığı bu durumu ortaya çıkaran süreçlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. ABSTRACT The concept of 'subaltern', which is one of the leading fields of study today, was first used by Antonio Gramsci in the 1930s in relation to the concept of hegemony. Since then, the concept of Subaltern has become one of the subjects of many social sciences, especially literature, and has gained a distinct meaning and importance, especially in the postcolonial period. In particular, the Indian society-based subaltern problem raised by Spivak has had wide repercussions around the world and has been the subject of many literary works. V. S. Naipaul's novel Magic Seeds, who has given several controversial works in the field of postcolonial literature, is an important work that examines how the subalterns were crushed and silenced and the mechanisms that brought about this situation. Thanks to Willie, the main character of Magic Seed, we realize that we live in two worlds that are different from each other but whose functioning is connected. They can be described as the world of the rulers and the world of the ruled, the world of the oppressors and the world of the oppressed, the world of the dominant ones and the world of the subalterns. As we see in the work, the revolutionary movements of the upper classes on behalf of the subalterns, which consist mainly of peasants, are actually another way of continuing domination over the subalterns. Unlike the protagonists in Naipaul's other works, Willie understands something else: as these two worlds co-exist, striving to separate these two worlds is futile. It is doomed to fail that the higher classes attempt a revolutionary movement on their behalf without the idea and support of the peasants in India. Thus, at the end of the work, Willie figures out the answer to the question of which world he belongs to. This study aims to examine the processes that brought about this situation through the experiences of our hero, who joined a revolutionary movement in India and tried to destroy these two worlds and make them one world again.
SOCIAL AND HUMANITIES SCIENCES Theory, Current Researches and New Trends, 2020
One of the central subject matters in Brick Lane that Monica Ali
focuses on implicitly is the fac... more One of the central subject matters in Brick Lane that Monica Ali focuses on implicitly is the fact that Orientalism has served to feed the rage against the Islamic world for centuries even though the 9/11 attacks have intensified negative feelings against Muslims across the world. The narrative underlines the perception that Orientalist views have motivated the Western countries to plunder, exploit, slaughter innocent Muslims in India, Iraq and Palestine and reduce these countries to poverty. Thus, it is not so surprising to observe the strong reactions which the Muslim immigrants in Britain exhibit against the Western world as a result of the attacks of the Western nations against the Muslim communities in the Middle East as well as psychological oppression and discriminatory propaganda to which they are frequently exposed in Britain. In the novel, the author conveys this notion in the speech of the Questioner who expresses in a meeting of Muslims: “Our chairman is a man of peace. I am also a man peace. Islam is a peaceful religion. But what do you do if someone comes to fight you? Do you run away?” (p.348). Thus, the author implies the 215 idea that certain Orientalist visions and ideologies of the Western world have often established barriers between themselves and the Muslim world, and especially their policies that have led a lot of innocent children and women to be killed in the Middle East countries have reinforced the Muslim citizens’ determination to precipitate their anti-Western counter-attacks. Out of the narrative, it may be drawn that the 9/11 attacks need to be investigated in detail and illuminated as there is not concrete evidence which proves that Muslims perpetrated such a crime. The writer offers referring to the rules of Islam which forbid killing innocent people believing in other religions.
ATLAS Journal International Refereed Journal On Social Sciences, 2020
ÖZET Bazı eleştirmenler tarafından farklı bir edebi tür olarak görülen Fars, genellikle bir komed... more ÖZET Bazı eleştirmenler tarafından farklı bir edebi tür olarak görülen Fars, genellikle bir komedi alt türü olarak kabul edilir. Karakterlerden ziyade duruma bağlı olmasına rağmen, diğer tüm komedi türleri gibi mutlu bir sonla bittiği için, biz bu çalışmamızda, Aristoteles'in Komedya ve Tragedya arasındaki ayrımını temel alarak bunu bir komedi alt türü olarak kabul ettik. Bu çalışmada, esas olarak Fars'ın farklı özelliklerine odaklanan mevcut tanımları ve seçkin sözlüklerdeki açıklamaları temel alarak, yeterli ve kapsayıcı bir tanım yaratmayı deneyeceğiz. Sonra onu diğer komedi türlerinden ayıran özellikleri açıklığa kavuşturmaya ve her birini ayrıntılı olarak açıklamaya çalışacağız. Bunu yaparken, önce Fars'ın Avrupa ve İngiltere'de tarihinin ve gelişiminin kısa bir özetini vereceğiz. Sonraki bölümde, karakterlerin, olay örgüsünün ve diğer özelliklerinin onu bir Fars örneği olarak etiketlemek için uygun olup olmadığını belirlemek için Joe Orton'un şaheseri kabul edilen What the Butler Saw (1969) oyununu yakından inceleyeceğiz. Sonuç bölümünde oyundan topladığımız verileri değerlendireceğiz ve ne ölçüde bir Fars olarak kabul edilebileceğini göstermeye çalışacağız. ABSTRACT Farce, regarded by some critics as a distinct literary genre, is generally accepted to be a subtype of comedy. We will accept it to be a sub-genre of comedy as it also has a happy ending as all the other types of comedy based on Aristotle's distinction between Comedy and Tragedy, we will consider it as a comedy sub-genre, though it depends on situation rather than characters. In this study we will try to create a substantial definition for it depending on the present definitions first, which focus mainly on different features of farce, and explanations in the outstanding dictionaries. Then we will try to clarify the features that distinguish it from the other types of comedy and explain them in detail. Doing this we will give a brief summary of its history and development in Europe and Britain. In the following part we will closely examine Joe Orton's masterpiece What the Butler Saw (1969) to determine whether the characters, plot, and other characteristics of it are suitable for labelling it as an example of farce. In the conclusion part we will evaluate the data that we have gathered from the play, and we will show to what extend it can be regarded as a farce.
THE BIBLICAL ROOTS OF KING DUNCAN, MACBETH, AND LADY MACBETH IN SHAKESPEARE'S MACBETH ABSTRACT Sh... more THE BIBLICAL ROOTS OF KING DUNCAN, MACBETH, AND LADY MACBETH IN SHAKESPEARE'S MACBETH ABSTRACT Shakespeare's Macbeth, one of the leading tragedies of world literature, stands out with its plot as well as the way its characters are set up. This study will focus on the main sources which are considered to have been used in the formation of Macbeth's main protagonists, King Duncan, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the study, the effects of the Biblical characters, Adam and Eve, and Ahab and Izebel, and their stories on the creation of the characters of King Duncan, Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth will be examined. The prediction that Shakespeare was influenced greatly by the general characteristics of the society and the period in which he lived and that he knew the stories in the Bible and used them in his works will form the main basis of the study. Based on this, the similarities and differences between the characters in Holinshed Chronicles, which is considered to be the main source of Macbeth's plot, and the characters in Macbeth will be suggested. The role of the characters in the Bible in the emergence of these differences will be emphasized. For what purpose these similarities and differences are brought to the fore by Shakespeare, and their relationship with the Bible will be evaluated and the data obtained at the end of the study will be revealed.
Texas studies in literature and language, Mar 1, 2024
Guy Debord's Situationist theory, developed in the 1950s, analyzed how consumable goods i... more Guy Debord's Situationist theory, developed in the 1950s, analyzed how consumable goods increasingly express and mediate social relations in capitalism. Debord supported the understanding that art should no longer be privileged and asserted that it should be included in a single unified revolutionary practice. British playwright Howard Brenton is among the playwrights who were most affected by the Situationist movement. Brenton is known to have had sympathy for (or been sympathetic to) French Situationist political thought, especially in his early works. This study focuses on Brenton’s plays Magnificence (1973) and Sore Throats (1979), examining the resonance of Situationist political theory in shaping Brenton’s creative output while also considering the incorporation of the aggro effect in his narratives.
Faculty of Letters Journal of Social Sciences, 2023
Daniel Defoe's masterpiece, Robinson Crusoe, has never been studied from the point of view of the... more Daniel Defoe's masterpiece, Robinson Crusoe, has never been studied from the point of view of the contrasting beliefs of Leavers and Takers first coined by Daniel Quinn in his novel Ishmael in 1992, which is believed to remain central throughout the story. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of these mindsets, exploring their effects on the protagonist's journey. The Leavers embrace a harmonious existence with nature, valuing sustainability and interdependence with the environment, while the Takers adopt a dominant stance, seeking to exploit nature's resources for human progress. Crusoe's character development portrays a transition from a conventional Taker to a Leaver as he recognizes the importance of sustainable practices and interconnectedness of life. The study also investigates the wider implications of Leaver and Taker concepts in societal and environmental contexts as seen in Robinson Crusoe. It explores Crusoe's intercultural exchange with a native companion on the island, symbolizing the clash between Leaver and Taker mentalities. This encounter challenges the characters' preconceptions and provides insights into cultural diversity's impact on individual perspectives. Robinson Crusoe offers a thought-provoking exploration of Leaver and Taker concepts, prompting readers to ponder their connection with the other societies and the potential for harmonious coexistence. The novel encourages contemplation of humanity's role within the natural world, rendering it a compelling narrative with timeless significance beyond its historical setting.
AVRASYA Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sep 2020
New writing, In-Yer-Face theatre, rising masculinity, grunge, the rave scene, and hip-hop dominat... more New writing, In-Yer-Face theatre, rising masculinity, grunge, the rave scene, and hip-hop dominated the world of music, literature, and drama in the nineties. In 1990s sexuality became a prominent subject matter not only in the political world and on television, but also on the theater stage. Anthony Neilson whose works are associated in criticism with the phenomenon variously described as In-Yer-Face theatre put The Censor on the stage in England in 1997. The Censor is not the playwright and director Anthony Neilson’s first experiential play; however, it was his most sensational and taboo-breaking one thanks to its infamous pornographic scene and a theme around sexual trauma, affection, loss, and death. It is a fact that there is a limitation of studies that focus on the relationship between Anthony Neilson’s dramaturgy and postmodernism. Therefore, this work aims to explore Neilson's Censor from a new perspective that will enable the postmodern elements and features of Neilson's work to be viewed from a moral point of view, which envisages analysing the postmodern situation through Zygmunt Bauman's views. To do this, firstly, this work limits its analysis to the discovery of the playwright’s In-Yer-Face theatre via The Censor. Secondly, after presenting the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman’s views over morality, it analyses morality behind the notion of fluid in The Censor through the focus on ordinary postmodern man and his/her moral and ethical condition by following the postmodernist zeitgeist around Zygmunt Bauman’s moral sociology.
Keywords: Anthony Neilson, Moral Sociology, Postmodernism, The Censor, Zygmunt Bauman
Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları dergisi, Jun 30, 2020
Dünya edebiyatının önde gelen tragedya örneklerinden biri olan Shakespeare’in Macbeth adlı oyunu,... more Dünya edebiyatının önde gelen tragedya örneklerinden biri olan Shakespeare’in Macbeth adlı oyunu, olay örgüsü kadar karakterlerinin kurgulanış şekliyle de ön plana çıkar. Bu çalışmada Macbeth’in ana kahramanları olan Kral Duncan, Macbeth ve Lady Macbeth’in kurgulanmasında yararlanıldığı düşünülen ana kaynaklar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Oyunun yazıldığı dönemde toplumsal hayatta çok önemli bir yere sahip olan İncil’deki Âdem ile Havva ve Ahav ile İzebel karakterlerinin ve hikâyelerinin Kral Duncan, Macbeth ve Lady Macbeth karakterlerinin kurgulanmasında etkileri incelenir. Shakespeare’in içinde yaşadığı dönemin ve toplumun genel özelliklerinden büyük oranda etkilendiği ve İncil’deki hikâyeleri iyi bildiği ve eserlerinde kullandığı öngörüsü çalışmanın ana dayanağını oluşturmaktadır. Buna dayanarak, Macbeth’in olay örgüsünün temel kaynağı kabul edilen Holinshed Chronicles’da var olan karakterler ile oyunda karşımıza çıkan karakterlerin özellikleri arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar ortaya konulur. Bu farklılıkların ortaya çıkışında İncil’de karşımıza çıkan karakterlerin rolü üzerinde durulur. Bu benzerlik ve farklılıkların Shakespeare tarafından hangi amaçla ön plana çıkarıldığı ve bunun İncil’le var olan ilişkisi değerlendirilerek çalışmanın sonuncunda ulaşılan veriler ortaya konulacaktır.
Atlas international referred journal on social sciences, 2018
Since the second half of the twentieth century, writers and scientists in different fields have a... more Since the second half of the twentieth century, writers and scientists in different fields have a great interest in the subject of Black Humor, which is used as a tool to survive. As we have seen in our study, Black Humor is seen as a means both to forget and to cause the others to forget the troubles following great disasters or wars. One of these
writers, Howard Barker, in his play The Castle (1985), addresses the state of mankind through Black Humor and criticizes contemporary society with a story in Medieval Europe. The rigid hierarchies of the societies, the terrible massacres of wars, the loss of the united identity, or the shocking effects of modern society are seen ridiculed,
acknowledging on the one hand the state of humanity as bleak and confirming the uniqueness of the individual on the other. We encounter one of the most beautiful examples of black humor when a landowner who returns to his home after taking part in a holy war to save to Jerusalem, the holy city of Christianity and Judaism, to see that his land was occupied by a new system of thinking and a new sense of life. The only thing that the reader and the audience can do in this situation is to laugh, because the only defense mechanism against the existing pains is the Black Humor.
Keywords: Black Humour, The Castle, Howard Barker, Crusades, Laughter
Literature is a mirror which is held up to nature and human life. In other words, literary works ... more Literature is a mirror which is held up to nature and human life. In other words, literary works which take their subjects openly from human life have majorly influenced the improvement of society, shaping civilizations, and changing political frameworks and revealed injustice and forms of violence. That’s why, we have chosen a work of literature, a play, to deal with child abuse and neglect that may be caused by physical, emotional, or sexual harm, and can happen anywhere regardless of culture, ethnicity, or income group. Five Kinds of Silence by Shelagh Stephenson (2004) shows to the audience through three women who are obliged to continue their lives in fear of their husband or father that legal system cannot appreciate the wrath the women feel as a result of years of persistent abuse. The play also shows that even the murder of the abuser is not the end of the psychological torture that the abuse causes. The play is the criticism of the view that the end of the physical abuse is...
In this paper, Migration-Terrorism relationship/non-relationship in the example of Mersin provinc... more In this paper, Migration-Terrorism relationship/non-relationship in the example of Mersin province is described in a paradoxical framework. While it was a small fishing town with 650 inhabitants in 1850s, the population of Mersin today has reached about 1,787,649 (according to estimated data for 2017) and become one of the largest metropolitan city of Turkey. The population of Mersin, which was 843,931 in 1980, has nearly doubled in the last 30 years (1.647.899 in 2010). So, what was the most important reason for this rapid increase? Among the most important factors is undoubtedly the phenomenon of terror. Appearing after the end of ASALA (Armenian terrorist organization), the PKK terrorist organization has been at the top of Turkey's agenda for the last 40 years. The terror ravaging eastern and southeastern Anatolian provinces, people's lack of safety of life and property or evacuation of villages and settlements by security forces for security reasons have caused massive m...
Howard Brenton who is one of the leading socialist playwrights of contemporary British Literature... more Howard Brenton who is one of the leading socialist playwrights of contemporary British Literature has written more than thirty plays most of which are concerned with the question of violence. Though individual acts of violence have a great impact on both the members of the society and the structure of the society as a whole, they are transitory and can be predicted and somewhat eliminated. But collective violence which occurs especially between the different groups in the society has much more lasting impact than the individual violence. Especially the collective violence committed by the state is the most important and the most dangerous of all. Brenton focuses on this type of violence in his plays, especially in The Churchill Play, which constitutes the subject of this study . In this play, he deals with the exercise of state powers on its own society, negative consequences of social and economic inequalities. With the help of this play Brenton shows us that violence is the ultim...
Yeni Yazin, Yuze Vurumcu Tiyatro, yukselen erkeklik, grunge, cilgin sahne ve hip-hop doksanlarda ... more Yeni Yazin, Yuze Vurumcu Tiyatro, yukselen erkeklik, grunge, cilgin sahne ve hip-hop doksanlarda muzik, edebiyat ve drama dunyasina hâkim oldu. Doksanlar yalnizca siyasi dunyada ve televizyonlarda degil, ayni zamanda tiyatro sahnelerinde de cinsel konulara ulasilabilecegini gosterdi. Eserleri elestirel anlamda Yuze Vurumcu Tiyatro olarak tanimlanan tiyatro ile iliskilendirilen Anthony Neilson, Sansurcu isimli oyununu 1997’de sahneye koydu. Sansurcu, oyun yazari ve yonetmen Anthony Neilson’un ilk deneyimsel oyunu degildir; ancak, kotu unlu pornografik sahnesi ile cinsel travma, sevgi, kayip ve olum konularina odakli temasi sayesinde en sansasyonel ve tabulari yikan eseridir. Anthony Neilson’un dramaturgisi ve Postmodernizm arasindaki iliskiye odaklanan calismalarin sinirli oldugu bir gercektir. Bu nedenle, bu calisma, Neilson'un Sansurcu’sunu, Zygmunt Bauman’in gorusleri araciligiyla postmodern durumu analiz etmeyi ongoren, Neilson'un calismasindaki postmodern unsurlari ve oy...
In the second half of the 20th century, a relatively small group of influential Paris-based intel... more In the second half of the 20th century, a relatively small group of influential Paris-based intellectuals led by Guy Debord whose origin had an avant-garde artistic tradition started a new revolt against the established vision of reality in the world: they were called Situationists (1957–1972). All through the 1950s and 1960s, the situationists claimed that the alienation of the people to both themselves and the society, accompanied by the alienation of labour in the 19th century, was due to production, but in the 20th century, it changed form and became rooted in consumption. To them, consumption is the force to define happiness and to conceal all other opportunities for freedom and selfhood. The concepts behind ‘culture’ were as much dangerous as those behind the industry. Guy Debord has named this new dominant social order, where all realities have turned into abstract images, ‘the Society of Spectacle’. Martin Crimp deals with the similar problems in his plays and focuses on the influence of addiction to consumerism on human beings and thus we will examine in this study if Crimp’s No one Sees the Video can be reread under the light of Debord’s book The Society of Spectacle and the concepts he offered in this book such as recuperation and ‘détournement’, and ‘Spectacle.
Keywords: No one Sees the Video, Guy Debord, Martin Crimp, Spectacle, Détournement
Günümüzün önde gelen çalışma alanlarından biri olan 'madun' kavramı ilk kez Antonio Gramsci tara... more Günümüzün önde gelen çalışma alanlarından biri olan 'madun' kavramı ilk kez Antonio Gramsci tarafından 1930'larda hegemonya kavramıyla ilintili olarak kullanılmıştır. Madun kavramı o günden bu yana başta edebiyat olmak üzere birçok sosyal bilim alanında sıkça işlenen konular arasına girmiş ve özellikle postkolonyal dönemde ayrı bir anlam ve önem kazanmıştır. Spivak'ın gündeme getirdiği Hint toplumu merkezli madun sorunsalı dünya çapında geniş yankı uyandırmış ve pek çok edebi eserin konusunu oluşturmuştur. Postkolonyal dönemde çeşitli tartışmalara yol açan eserler vermiş olan, V.S. Naipaul'un Magic Seeds adlı romanı madunların nasıl ezildiğini ve susturulduğunu ve bu durumu ortaya çıkaran mekanizmaları irdeleyen önemli bir eserdir. Romanın ana karakteri Hint asıllı Willie'nin Hindistan'da köylülerin haklarını savunmak için başlatılan devrim hareketine katılmaya karar vermesi ile başlayan süreçte,birbirinden farklı ancak işleyişi birbirine bağlı iki dünya olduğunu fark ederiz. Bunlar yönetenlerin dünyası ile yönetilenlerin dünyası, ezenlerin dünyası ile ezilenlerin dünyası, egemen olanların dünyası ile madunların dünyası şeklinde betimlenebilir. Eserde karşımıza çıktığı üzere, üst sınıfların temelde köylülerden oluşan madunlar adına giriştikleri devrim hareketleri aslında madunlar üzerindeki tahakkümün devam ettirilmesinin başka bir yoludur. Naipaul'un diğer eserlerindeki kahramanlarından farklı olarak Willie başka bir şey daha anlar: Bu iki dünya birlikte var olduğu için onları birbirinden ayırmaya çabalamak boşunadır. Hindistan'daki köylülerin yani madunların fikri ve desteğini almadan onlar adına daha üst sınıfların devrim hareketine girişmeleri başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmaya mahkûmdur. Bu nedenle eserin sonunda Willie hangi dünyaya ait olduğu sorusunun cevabını bulur. Bu çalışmayla, Hindistan'daki bir devrim hareketine katılarak bu iki dünyayı yıkıp yeniden tek bir dünya haline getirmeye çalışan kahramanın yaşadıkları aracılığı bu durumu ortaya çıkaran süreçlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. ABSTRACT The concept of 'subaltern', which is one of the leading fields of study today, was first used by Antonio Gramsci in the 1930s in relation to the concept of hegemony. Since then, the concept of Subaltern has become one of the subjects of many social sciences, especially literature, and has gained a distinct meaning and importance, especially in the postcolonial period. In particular, the Indian society-based subaltern problem raised by Spivak has had wide repercussions around the world and has been the subject of many literary works. V. S. Naipaul's novel Magic Seeds, who has given several controversial works in the field of postcolonial literature, is an important work that examines how the subalterns were crushed and silenced and the mechanisms that brought about this situation. Thanks to Willie, the main character of Magic Seed, we realize that we live in two worlds that are different from each other but whose functioning is connected. They can be described as the world of the rulers and the world of the ruled, the world of the oppressors and the world of the oppressed, the world of the dominant ones and the world of the subalterns. As we see in the work, the revolutionary movements of the upper classes on behalf of the subalterns, which consist mainly of peasants, are actually another way of continuing domination over the subalterns. Unlike the protagonists in Naipaul's other works, Willie understands something else: as these two worlds co-exist, striving to separate these two worlds is futile. It is doomed to fail that the higher classes attempt a revolutionary movement on their behalf without the idea and support of the peasants in India. Thus, at the end of the work, Willie figures out the answer to the question of which world he belongs to. This study aims to examine the processes that brought about this situation through the experiences of our hero, who joined a revolutionary movement in India and tried to destroy these two worlds and make them one world again.
SOCIAL AND HUMANITIES SCIENCES Theory, Current Researches and New Trends, 2020
One of the central subject matters in Brick Lane that Monica Ali
focuses on implicitly is the fac... more One of the central subject matters in Brick Lane that Monica Ali focuses on implicitly is the fact that Orientalism has served to feed the rage against the Islamic world for centuries even though the 9/11 attacks have intensified negative feelings against Muslims across the world. The narrative underlines the perception that Orientalist views have motivated the Western countries to plunder, exploit, slaughter innocent Muslims in India, Iraq and Palestine and reduce these countries to poverty. Thus, it is not so surprising to observe the strong reactions which the Muslim immigrants in Britain exhibit against the Western world as a result of the attacks of the Western nations against the Muslim communities in the Middle East as well as psychological oppression and discriminatory propaganda to which they are frequently exposed in Britain. In the novel, the author conveys this notion in the speech of the Questioner who expresses in a meeting of Muslims: “Our chairman is a man of peace. I am also a man peace. Islam is a peaceful religion. But what do you do if someone comes to fight you? Do you run away?” (p.348). Thus, the author implies the 215 idea that certain Orientalist visions and ideologies of the Western world have often established barriers between themselves and the Muslim world, and especially their policies that have led a lot of innocent children and women to be killed in the Middle East countries have reinforced the Muslim citizens’ determination to precipitate their anti-Western counter-attacks. Out of the narrative, it may be drawn that the 9/11 attacks need to be investigated in detail and illuminated as there is not concrete evidence which proves that Muslims perpetrated such a crime. The writer offers referring to the rules of Islam which forbid killing innocent people believing in other religions.
ATLAS Journal International Refereed Journal On Social Sciences, 2020
ÖZET Bazı eleştirmenler tarafından farklı bir edebi tür olarak görülen Fars, genellikle bir komed... more ÖZET Bazı eleştirmenler tarafından farklı bir edebi tür olarak görülen Fars, genellikle bir komedi alt türü olarak kabul edilir. Karakterlerden ziyade duruma bağlı olmasına rağmen, diğer tüm komedi türleri gibi mutlu bir sonla bittiği için, biz bu çalışmamızda, Aristoteles'in Komedya ve Tragedya arasındaki ayrımını temel alarak bunu bir komedi alt türü olarak kabul ettik. Bu çalışmada, esas olarak Fars'ın farklı özelliklerine odaklanan mevcut tanımları ve seçkin sözlüklerdeki açıklamaları temel alarak, yeterli ve kapsayıcı bir tanım yaratmayı deneyeceğiz. Sonra onu diğer komedi türlerinden ayıran özellikleri açıklığa kavuşturmaya ve her birini ayrıntılı olarak açıklamaya çalışacağız. Bunu yaparken, önce Fars'ın Avrupa ve İngiltere'de tarihinin ve gelişiminin kısa bir özetini vereceğiz. Sonraki bölümde, karakterlerin, olay örgüsünün ve diğer özelliklerinin onu bir Fars örneği olarak etiketlemek için uygun olup olmadığını belirlemek için Joe Orton'un şaheseri kabul edilen What the Butler Saw (1969) oyununu yakından inceleyeceğiz. Sonuç bölümünde oyundan topladığımız verileri değerlendireceğiz ve ne ölçüde bir Fars olarak kabul edilebileceğini göstermeye çalışacağız. ABSTRACT Farce, regarded by some critics as a distinct literary genre, is generally accepted to be a subtype of comedy. We will accept it to be a sub-genre of comedy as it also has a happy ending as all the other types of comedy based on Aristotle's distinction between Comedy and Tragedy, we will consider it as a comedy sub-genre, though it depends on situation rather than characters. In this study we will try to create a substantial definition for it depending on the present definitions first, which focus mainly on different features of farce, and explanations in the outstanding dictionaries. Then we will try to clarify the features that distinguish it from the other types of comedy and explain them in detail. Doing this we will give a brief summary of its history and development in Europe and Britain. In the following part we will closely examine Joe Orton's masterpiece What the Butler Saw (1969) to determine whether the characters, plot, and other characteristics of it are suitable for labelling it as an example of farce. In the conclusion part we will evaluate the data that we have gathered from the play, and we will show to what extend it can be regarded as a farce.
THE BIBLICAL ROOTS OF KING DUNCAN, MACBETH, AND LADY MACBETH IN SHAKESPEARE'S MACBETH ABSTRACT Sh... more THE BIBLICAL ROOTS OF KING DUNCAN, MACBETH, AND LADY MACBETH IN SHAKESPEARE'S MACBETH ABSTRACT Shakespeare's Macbeth, one of the leading tragedies of world literature, stands out with its plot as well as the way its characters are set up. This study will focus on the main sources which are considered to have been used in the formation of Macbeth's main protagonists, King Duncan, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the study, the effects of the Biblical characters, Adam and Eve, and Ahab and Izebel, and their stories on the creation of the characters of King Duncan, Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth will be examined. The prediction that Shakespeare was influenced greatly by the general characteristics of the society and the period in which he lived and that he knew the stories in the Bible and used them in his works will form the main basis of the study. Based on this, the similarities and differences between the characters in Holinshed Chronicles, which is considered to be the main source of Macbeth's plot, and the characters in Macbeth will be suggested. The role of the characters in the Bible in the emergence of these differences will be emphasized. For what purpose these similarities and differences are brought to the fore by Shakespeare, and their relationship with the Bible will be evaluated and the data obtained at the end of the study will be revealed.
Oyun Hristiyanlığın en büyük mitosu olan İsa'nın göğe
yükselmesi olayını yeni bir bakış açısı ile... more Oyun Hristiyanlığın en büyük mitosu olan İsa'nın göğe yükselmesi olayını yeni bir bakış açısı ile ele alır. Günümüzdeki mevcut Hristiyan inancının temelini oluşturan İsa’nın çarmıha gerilişi ve yeniden hayata dönmesi mitosunu sorgular. Her ne kadar genelde Hristiyanlar, dinlerinin İsa’nın öğretisine dayandığını kabul etseler de çeşitli araştırmacılar, mevcut dinin, İsa’ tarafından halka aktarılan din ya da İsa’nın öğretilerini temel alan bir din olmadığını vurgularlar. Günümüz Hristiyan inancının temelini İsa’nın Tanrı’nın oğlu olduğu görüşü oluşturur. İsa insanlığın kurtuluşu için çarmıha gerilerek göğe yükselmiş ve üçüncü gün dünyaya geri gelerek Şam yolunda, sonradan Aziz Paul olarak anılmaya başlanacak olan Saul’a görünerek, onu öğretisini tüm insanlığa yaymak için elçi olarak görevlendirmiştir. Howard Brenton Paul ile birlikte işte bu karşılaşmanın temelini oluşturduğu Hristiyan inancını sorgulamaktadır.
The historians and many other scholars often define ‘Social Memory’ as the type of memory explori... more The historians and many other scholars often define ‘Social Memory’ as the type of memory exploring the association between social identity and historical memory. It questions how and why diverse people regard themselves as members of a group with a common past. It can also be one of the leading reasons of the present actions of the people as reflected in Kitty Felde’s award winning play A Patch of Earth. In this play, Felde gives the impression that the main motive lying behind the Srebrenica Massacre of 1995 can be the social memory of the Serbs, which regards all the Muslims living in Bosnia as the Turks, because this massacre is regarded by at least some of the Serbs, as reflected by Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, in his famous speech to 1 million people at the celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. He regards it as a chance for revenge against 500 years of Turkish-Ottoman occupation of Serbia and the Serbs having been killed during the Uprising of 1804 and their defeat at the Battle of Kosovo. Under the light of these assertions, this study will focus on the role of Social Memory in Srebrenica Massacre as reflected in A Patch of Earth by Kitty Felde, which reveals that the massacre may have been caused mostly by the image of Turks in the minds of Serbs created by their own social memory.
TARAS SHEVCHENKO 5th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2020
History of humanity is full of stories in which humanity fights against sickness, plagues, and de... more History of humanity is full of stories in which humanity fights against sickness, plagues, and death and celebrates our ability to survive. Mark Ravenhill and Conor Mitchell's Ten Plagues is one of the literary works with this theme having direct parallelism with the current pandemic of coronavirus. As Ravenhill himself indicated he read about many plagues in world history beginning with the ones in the Bible so that he can write a play on a plague. However, reading Daniel Defoe's A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), which is about the Black Death's last major outbreak in Great Britain in 1665 causing a mass departure from London, and death of about 100,000 people, 15% of the population of London, he decided to write a deceptively simple libretto, Ten Plagues. Though Ten Plagues highly depends on Defoe's work and Samuel Pepys' diaries, the work has some important characteristics that humanity is currently experiencing with the coronavirus epidemic. In this study, we focus on the effects of the plague in 1665 in London that ravaged it and threatened its existence, possibly changing the course of history for the people living there. Doing this, we will focus on the effects of the plague on human beings, their psychology, relations with the others, institutions, religion and religious groups, and the state so that we can compare them with those of the current coronavirus pandemic. We argue that the reactions of people during the coronavirus epidemic and those in Ten Plagues are not different but much the same. That's why we can take the experiences of the people in history and use them both to understand and cope with the effects of the present coronavirus epidemic which started in Wuhan City, China at the end of 2019 and still ravages almost all the people in the world.
3. ASIA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON CONTEMPORARY STUDIES , 2020
Ngugi Wa Thiong'o is a Kenyan postcolonial writer whose works bear on the persistent impacts and ... more Ngugi Wa Thiong'o is a Kenyan postcolonial writer whose works bear on the persistent impacts and ruin of colonialism on once-colonized nations. Although both his fiction and non-fiction works concentrate on postcolonial issues, especially political matters and exploitation of the masses in Kenya, they also question similar problems which would possibly come into existence in almost all of the once-colonized nations around the world and harass them acutely. This paper aims to discuss two novels of Thiong'o, Petals of Blood and Weep Not Child, by laying emphasis on the writer's concerns about the emergence of local elites in the wake of independence and the role of colonial languages in mental colonization. For the writer, postcolonial period is very likely to amount to the outset of neocolonialism on the grounds that white colonizers are replaced with upper classes of the native population in order to initiate a new phase of exploitation. Thus, gaining political independence does not come to signify an anti-colonialist system; rather, it indicates a grim reality in which exploitative power passes into the hands of the native elites that work at the white man's service. The writer also raises the major role that colonial languages play in begetting minds which are disposed to be servants of the colonial system. Thiong'o asserts that acquiring a language expresses much deeper implications than simply being a tool of communication since language carries a reserve of collective memories and cultural background of a society. Using colonial languages precipitates alienation of the native society from their local culture and adoption of Western values without questioning.
Savaş ve mülteciler arasındaki ilişki karmaşık bir konudur. Savaşlar ve diğer şiddete dayalı çatı... more Savaş ve mülteciler arasındaki ilişki karmaşık bir konudur. Savaşlar ve diğer şiddete dayalı çatışmalar milyonlarca insanın mülteci olarak başka ülkelere sığınmaları sonucunu ortaya çıkarır. Mülteciler ve sığındıkları ülkelerdeki insanlar arasındaki ilişki günümüz edebiyatının önde gelen konularından biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmamızda Collateral Damageo yunu vasıtasıyla, batı dünyasının kendi arasında yaşadığı savaşın doğruluğu ve yanlışlığı ile mültecilere karşı sergilenmesi gereken tutum hakkındaki şiddetli tartışma ele alınacaktır. Collateral Damage, yirminci yüzyılın en trajik olaylarından biri olan, Balkanlar’daki savaşı ve bu savaşın özellikle sivil halklar üzerindeki etkisini ele alır. Bu durum tüm dünyadaki insanları savaş üzerine düşünmeye ve etkileri üzerinde tartışmaya itmiştir. Ancak, insanlar kimin haklı, kimin haksız olduğunu tartışırken, Balkanlar’daki milyonlarca insan savaşın acımasız yüzü ile karşı karşıyadır. Collateral Damage bu konuyu tartışmakta olan bir karı koca örneğinde batının gerek savaş, gerek ise mülteciler konusundaki algılarını ortaya koyan bir eser olarak irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Collateral Damage, Savaş, Mülteciler, Howard Brenton, Tariq Ali ve Any De La Tour
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Papers by Sedat Bay
Keywords: Anthony Neilson, Moral Sociology, Postmodernism, The Censor, Zygmunt Bauman
writers, Howard Barker, in his play The Castle (1985), addresses the state of mankind through Black Humor and criticizes contemporary society with a story in Medieval Europe. The rigid hierarchies of the societies, the terrible massacres of wars, the loss of the united identity, or the shocking effects of modern society are seen ridiculed,
acknowledging on the one hand the state of humanity as bleak and confirming the uniqueness of the individual on the other. We encounter one of the most beautiful examples of black humor when a landowner who returns to his home after taking part in a holy war to save to Jerusalem, the holy city of Christianity and Judaism, to see that his land was occupied by a new system of thinking and a new sense of life. The only thing that the reader and the audience can do in this situation is to laugh, because the only defense mechanism against the existing pains is the Black Humor.
Keywords: Black Humour, The Castle, Howard Barker, Crusades, Laughter
Keywords: No one Sees the Video, Guy Debord, Martin Crimp, Spectacle, Détournement
focuses on implicitly is the fact that Orientalism has served to feed the
rage against the Islamic world for centuries even though the 9/11
attacks have intensified negative feelings against Muslims across the
world. The narrative underlines the perception that Orientalist views
have motivated the Western countries to plunder, exploit, slaughter
innocent Muslims in India, Iraq and Palestine and reduce these
countries to poverty. Thus, it is not so surprising to observe the strong
reactions which the Muslim immigrants in Britain exhibit against the
Western world as a result of the attacks of the Western nations against
the Muslim communities in the Middle East as well as psychological
oppression and discriminatory propaganda to which they are
frequently exposed in Britain. In the novel, the author conveys this
notion in the speech of the Questioner who expresses in a meeting of
Muslims: “Our chairman is a man of peace. I am also a man peace.
Islam is a peaceful religion. But what do you do if someone comes to
fight you? Do you run away?” (p.348). Thus, the author implies the
215
idea that certain Orientalist visions and ideologies of the Western
world have often established barriers between themselves and the
Muslim world, and especially their policies that have led a lot of
innocent children and women to be killed in the Middle East countries
have reinforced the Muslim citizens’ determination to precipitate their
anti-Western counter-attacks. Out of the narrative, it may be drawn
that the 9/11 attacks need to be investigated in detail and illuminated
as there is not concrete evidence which proves that Muslims
perpetrated such a crime. The writer offers referring to the rules of
Islam which forbid killing innocent people believing in other
religions.
Keywords: Anthony Neilson, Moral Sociology, Postmodernism, The Censor, Zygmunt Bauman
writers, Howard Barker, in his play The Castle (1985), addresses the state of mankind through Black Humor and criticizes contemporary society with a story in Medieval Europe. The rigid hierarchies of the societies, the terrible massacres of wars, the loss of the united identity, or the shocking effects of modern society are seen ridiculed,
acknowledging on the one hand the state of humanity as bleak and confirming the uniqueness of the individual on the other. We encounter one of the most beautiful examples of black humor when a landowner who returns to his home after taking part in a holy war to save to Jerusalem, the holy city of Christianity and Judaism, to see that his land was occupied by a new system of thinking and a new sense of life. The only thing that the reader and the audience can do in this situation is to laugh, because the only defense mechanism against the existing pains is the Black Humor.
Keywords: Black Humour, The Castle, Howard Barker, Crusades, Laughter
Keywords: No one Sees the Video, Guy Debord, Martin Crimp, Spectacle, Détournement
focuses on implicitly is the fact that Orientalism has served to feed the
rage against the Islamic world for centuries even though the 9/11
attacks have intensified negative feelings against Muslims across the
world. The narrative underlines the perception that Orientalist views
have motivated the Western countries to plunder, exploit, slaughter
innocent Muslims in India, Iraq and Palestine and reduce these
countries to poverty. Thus, it is not so surprising to observe the strong
reactions which the Muslim immigrants in Britain exhibit against the
Western world as a result of the attacks of the Western nations against
the Muslim communities in the Middle East as well as psychological
oppression and discriminatory propaganda to which they are
frequently exposed in Britain. In the novel, the author conveys this
notion in the speech of the Questioner who expresses in a meeting of
Muslims: “Our chairman is a man of peace. I am also a man peace.
Islam is a peaceful religion. But what do you do if someone comes to
fight you? Do you run away?” (p.348). Thus, the author implies the
215
idea that certain Orientalist visions and ideologies of the Western
world have often established barriers between themselves and the
Muslim world, and especially their policies that have led a lot of
innocent children and women to be killed in the Middle East countries
have reinforced the Muslim citizens’ determination to precipitate their
anti-Western counter-attacks. Out of the narrative, it may be drawn
that the 9/11 attacks need to be investigated in detail and illuminated
as there is not concrete evidence which proves that Muslims
perpetrated such a crime. The writer offers referring to the rules of
Islam which forbid killing innocent people believing in other
religions.
yükselmesi olayını yeni bir bakış açısı ile ele alır. Günümüzdeki
mevcut Hristiyan inancının temelini oluşturan İsa’nın çarmıha gerilişi
ve yeniden hayata dönmesi mitosunu sorgular. Her ne kadar genelde
Hristiyanlar, dinlerinin İsa’nın öğretisine dayandığını kabul etseler de
çeşitli araştırmacılar, mevcut dinin, İsa’ tarafından halka aktarılan din
ya da İsa’nın öğretilerini temel alan bir din olmadığını vurgularlar.
Günümüz Hristiyan inancının temelini İsa’nın Tanrı’nın oğlu olduğu
görüşü oluşturur. İsa insanlığın kurtuluşu için çarmıha gerilerek göğe
yükselmiş ve üçüncü gün dünyaya geri gelerek Şam yolunda,
sonradan Aziz Paul olarak anılmaya başlanacak olan Saul’a
görünerek, onu öğretisini tüm insanlığa yaymak için elçi olarak
görevlendirmiştir. Howard Brenton Paul ile birlikte işte bu
karşılaşmanın temelini oluşturduğu Hristiyan inancını
sorgulamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Collateral Damage, Savaş, Mülteciler, Howard Brenton, Tariq Ali ve Any De La Tour