Jeevan Khanal
Chonbuk National University, Education, Graduate Student
- Faculty MemberNepal Open Universityedit
Research Interests:
University students' engagement in online activities can impact both internet addiction and academic performance. This research aims to investigate these effects among university students. Using data from the "China... more
University students' engagement in online activities can impact both internet addiction and academic performance. This research aims to investigate these effects among university students. Using data from the "China College Students Longitudinal Survey" conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences between 2013 and 2018, this study examines the influence of university students' engagement in online activities. With a sample size of 15,102 university students, we explored the relationship between online activity, internet addiction, and academic performance. Employing stratified random sampling, the study investigates sample characteristics, including gender, study level, time spent online, and experiences accessing websites. Academic performance is assessed through six categories, employing descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise linear regression, and path analysis. The findings indicate significantly high levels of university students' engagement in online activities, accompanied by a high prevalence of internet addiction. Key factors determining university students' engagement, internet addiction, and academic performance include gender, study level, time spent online, and experiences accessing websites beyond the Great Firewall. The study establishes a complex relationship, revealing negative effects of specific online engagements on internet addiction, while the latter influences university students' engagement. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the intricate interplay between online behaviors, addiction, and academic performance among Chinese university students, with implications for educational policies and interventions.
Research Interests:
University students' engagement in online activities can impact both internet addiction and academic performance. This research aims to investigate these effects among university students. Using data from the "China College Students... more
University students' engagement in online activities can impact both internet addiction and academic performance. This research aims to investigate these effects among university students. Using data from the "China College Students Longitudinal Survey" conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences between 2013 and 2018, this study examines the influence of university students' engagement in online activities. With a sample size of 15,102 university students, we explored the relationship between online activity, internet addiction, and academic performance. Employing stratified random sampling, the study investigates sample characteristics, including gender, study level, time spent online, and experiences accessing websites. Academic performance is assessed through six categories, employing descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise linear regression, and path analysis. The findings indicate significantly high levels of university students' engagement in online activities, accompanied by a high prevalence of internet addiction. Key factors determining university students' engagement, internet addiction, and academic performance include gender, study level, time spent online, and experiences accessing websites beyond the Great Firewall. The study establishes a complex relationship, revealing negative effects of specific online engagements on internet addiction, while the latter influences university students' engagement. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the intricate interplay between online behaviors, addiction, and academic performance among Chinese university students, with implications for educational policies and interventions.
Research Interests:
The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of classroom practices of using communication tools, collaboration skills, digital skills, and software skills of teachers on the communication behaviors of students during mathematics... more
The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of classroom practices of using communication tools, collaboration skills, digital skills, and software skills of teachers on the communication behaviors of students during mathematics instruction. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 466 mathematics teachers in Nepal. The primary statistical techniques applied in the data analysis were mean, standard deviation, one-sample t-test, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that the level of skill transformations of mathematics teachers in digital skills was found to be significantly low. Moreover, practices of using communication tools, collaborative skills of teachers, digital skills enhancement of teachers, and software skills enhancement of teachers were found to be significant predictors of the communication behavior of students. The results of this study suggested that teachers’ technological empowerment is essential for developing digitally comp...
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Research Interests:
Technological tools such as computers and the internet were used to continue education and student assessment in mathematics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. This study examined integrating digital resources in teaching, learning,... more
Technological tools such as computers and the internet were used to continue education and student assessment in mathematics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. This study examined integrating digital resources in teaching, learning, and assessment practices among 456 digitally literate mathematics teachers in secondary schools in Nepal, administering an online questionnaire in Google Forms. The structural equation modeling and mean decrease in accuracy plots were the primary statistical tools used in the data analysis. Findings indicated that the use of digital resources in mathematics teaching in online classes was high during the pandemic in Nepal. The results showed that sharing and integrating digital resources in mathematics instruction significantly affects student assessment, whereas developing and sharing digital resources impacted the integration of such resources in student assessment.
Research Interests:
Failure in implementing education policy affects not only school leadership practices but also the overall quality of public education. This study aims to investigate the implementation of educational policies made for (a) the recruitment... more
Failure in implementing education policy affects not only school leadership practices but also the overall quality of public education. This study aims to investigate the implementation of educational policies made for (a) the recruitment of school principals and (b) guiding their responsibilities in community schools of Nepal. Drawing on interviews conducted with 12 principals and six teachers, we examine whether Education Regulation enacted by the Government of Nepal in 2002—mainly Rule 93 on the criteria for the selection of principals and Rule 94 on their assigned responsibilities—was fully implemented. Our findings show that overpoliticization in school management, top-down approaches to policymaking, lack of transparency and awareness about policy provisions, and workload pressures for principals have resulted into implementation failure. For implementing educational policies related to school leadership, frequent training for principals, presence of media for parental awarene...
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Objective: To determine the difficulties faced by students that are learning online in less technologically advanced nations following the COVID-19 pandemic. We intend to find out some of the difficulties that students encounter, and how... more
Objective: To determine the difficulties faced by students that are learning online in less technologically advanced nations following the COVID-19 pandemic. We intend to find out some of the difficulties that students encounter, and how students perceive themselves in this new learning environment. Methods: A total of 18 students pursuing a Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) degree from two universities in Nepal were included in this study. Semi-structured interview questions were used to reach the findings. Results: Four themes emerged from the data collected about the challenges faced by students: (1) Monotony and difficulties adjusting to online learning. (2) Uncertainty and inability to focus. (3) A feeling of being ignored. (4) Inconsistency between the students' preferred method of learning and the learning environment. Conclusion: The greatest challenges of online learning were linked to the learning environment, monotony and difficulties adjusting to the new mode of learning. While reviewing the literature, we did not come across any proper term that adequately describes the doubts that students have about themselves, or the sense of loss of existence felt by the students. Therefore, the phrase "Edu-Centric Inexistence" was coined to describe these emotions.
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Research Interests:
The purpose of this article is to present the challenges faced in implementing open and online learning by the recently established Open University of Nepal (NOU), which has been offering limited c...
Research Interests:
Objective: To determine the difficulties faced by students that are learning online in less technologically advanced nations following the COVID-19 pandemic. We intend to find out some of the difficulties that students encounter, and how... more
Objective: To determine the difficulties faced by students that are learning online in less technologically advanced nations following the COVID-19 pandemic. We intend to find out some of the difficulties that students encounter, and how students perceive themselves in this new learning environment. Methods: A total of 18 students pursuing a Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) degree from two universities in Nepal were included in this study. Semi-structured interview questions were used to reach the findings. Results: Four themes emerged from the data collected about the challenges faced by students: (1) Monotony and difficulties adjusting to online learning. (2) Uncertainty and inability to focus. (3) A feeling of being ignored. (4) Inconsistency between the students' preferred method of learning and the learning environment. Conclusion: The greatest challenges of online learning were linked to the learning environment, monotony and difficulties adjusting to the new mode of learning. While reviewing the literature, we did not come across any proper term that adequately describes the doubts that students have about themselves, or the sense of loss of existence felt by the students. Therefore, the phrase "Edu-Centric Inexistence" was coined to describe these emotions.
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Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Nepali youths’ experience uncertainty, stress, and anxiety during the pandemic and how they response to these factors. Design/methodology/approach: To obtain the information,... more
Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Nepali youths’ experience uncertainty, stress, and anxiety during the pandemic and how they response to these factors. Design/methodology/approach: To obtain the information, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with twenty youth living within the one square kilometre area of the central part of the capital city of Nepal. Findings: The study revealed that uncertainty has created scattered future and unemployment in youths. Similarly, stress has caused by the life pattern change and unmanaged and unorganized expectation whereas anxiety has developed pessimism, grief and loss, and loneliness among the Nepali youth. Value: This is a highly relevant topic regarding the impact of COVID-19 faced by the youths globally. Keywords: COVID-19, youth, stress, anxiety, uncertainty
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Studying in overseas universities or colleges presents international students with exciting opportunities; however, with these opportunities come challenges that they need to overcome. The purpose of this review is to summarize the... more
Studying in overseas universities or colleges presents international students with exciting opportunities; however, with these opportunities come challenges that they need to overcome. The purpose of this review is to summarize the challenges of international students. Drawing on the existing literature since the year 2000, this article addresses several challenges confronting international students within some top sending countries and receiving countries. The challenges are categorized into pre-departure, post-departure, and post-study to create a model of the issues of international students. The findings revealed a plethora of challenges including some common ones such as obtaining accurate information, admission procedure, and preparing documents for VISA while preparing for study abroad. Similarly, international students have to deal with language, financial challenges, and cultural adjustment when they are in host countries. Uncertain future and paperwork are the major challe...
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The purpose of this article is twofold, firstly, it aims to contribute to the literature of school leadership and practices from the unexplored, low-income country, Nepal and secondly, to deliberat...
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In the context of developed countries, a lot of research has been done to uncover and identify the problems school leaders face in their work but little is known about the school leadership of underdeveloped countries. In a quest to... more
In the context of developed countries, a lot of research has been done to uncover and identify the problems school leaders face in their work but little is known about the school leadership of underdeveloped countries. In a quest to discover contextual problems in terms of role conflict and role ambiguity of school leaders, this qualitative study tries to capture the experiences of principals in Nepal through in-depth interviews of six community school principals. The findings reveal that the major sources of role conflict and ambiguity for principals from Nepal are problematic power-sharing, low job autonomy, dual role conflict, limited professional development training, and lack of leadership knowledge. The study has several policy-level implications such as importance of hiring principals with proven leadership skills and increasing the leadership skills of current principals to ensure that they can tackle these challenges.
Research Interests:
The purpose of this article is to present the challenges faced in implementing open and online learning by the recently established Open University of Nepal (NOU), which has been offering limited c...
Research Interests:
The purpose of this study was to elaborate the situation of corporal punishment which is being practiced in Nepalese schools going against new policies that promote the non-violence teaching. It was based on original qualitative study of... more
The purpose of this study was to elaborate the situation of corporal punishment which is being practiced in Nepalese schools going against new policies that promote the non-violence teaching. It was based on original qualitative study of one private school of Kathmandu (the capital city of Nepal) having more than 2000 students and 100 teachers. Results from FGD, observation of the classroom practice, situational interviews with parents, teachers and students indicated that most teachers as well as parents thought, the best way to discipline children is punishment because it creates fear in them and this prevents misbehavior, promotes obedience and help to perform high academically. Teachers and administrators were found ignoring the rights of child and about the principles of child psychology and development. Students had accepted the corporal punishment as a culture of school. This study is significant to know why teachers in private schools in Nepal often use the corporal punishm...
Research Interests:
The purpose of this article is twofold, firstly, it aims to contribute to the literature of school leadership and practices from the unexplored, low-income country, Nepal and secondly, to deliberat...
Research Interests:
As a result of recent government policy, an increasing number of international students are attracted to South Korean universities (Kennedy, 2018). This mixed methods study examined how international students obtain information about the... more
As a result of recent government policy, an increasing number of international students are attracted to South Korean universities (Kennedy, 2018). This mixed methods study examined how international students obtain information about the universities in South Korea, their motivations, priorities, and challenges, during their preparation for study abroad when they are in their home countries. We found that word of mouth has been the most used source (usually in the form of email or phone conversations). While university websites are used to obtain specific information such as programs for scholarships and admission guidelines, websites alone (without preceded by a personal recommendation)do not play a big role on a student's decision. Offerings of scholarships, financial aid and /or assistantships have had a positive effect in attracting students. Students are self-motivated to pursue higher education to obtain better professional opportunities. Implications of the results on adm...
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Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in service delivery to the entire socio-economic and political development of the country. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs measure the status... more
Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in service delivery to the entire socio-economic and political development of the country. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs measure the status of e-government by assessing indicators and develop an e-government development index. Considering the importance of ICT, the study has been carried out; this article compares Nepal's digital government status with SAARC countries on the basis of United Nations e-government survey 2012 to 2018. The article also presents the challenges and opportunities for implementing digital government. To implement digital policy of Nepalese government, Nepal has been facing many challenges such as Insufficient infrastructure, illiteracy, language barrier, lack of human resources, digital divide, political instability and sustainability, limited financial resources, insufficient law, rule, regulation, strategy and plans, lack of integrity of system, employee...
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School principal leadership plays a significant role in school success, through its effects on teachers' perception, attitudes, and behaviours. However, the knowledge of how teachers and principal themselves perceive the principals... more
School principal leadership plays a significant role in school success, through its effects on teachers' perception, attitudes, and behaviours. However, the knowledge of how teachers and principal themselves perceive the principals leadership behaviour in high-achieving school and low achieving school in least develop country like Nepal is very limited. Most existing evidence focuses on developed country that are no the results that can be apply in least develop and developing countries, which why we lack solid operative knowledge on teachers perception on leadership behaviour in high-and low achieving schools of least develop country. This study seeks to address this lacuna. This quantitative study examined and compared the leadership style of high-and low-achieving school’s principal that serve socially and economically disadvantaged population through the perception of the teachers and principals themselves. Leadership Behaviour Inventory Questionnaire (Green, 2006) was admin...
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Empirical studies of school leadership in South Asia are limited. This qualitative study examines the ways in which principals in three award-winning community high schools enact leadership practices in their specific contexts in Nepal.... more
Empirical studies of school leadership in South Asia are limited. This qualitative study examines the ways in which principals in three award-winning community high schools enact leadership practices in their specific contexts in Nepal. The results reveal that the principals used multiple frames of leadership and were proactive towards reforms. High levels of interest, collaboration, prohibition of political activities inside the school, approachability for parents, recruitment of high-quality teachers and innovative programmes proved to be critical for success. This study has implications for how principals enact their role to transform low-performing schools into high-performing schools within a short period.
Studying in overseas institutions presents international students with exciting opportunities; however, with these opportunities come challenges. Drawing on literature since the year 2000, this article addresses challenges confronting... more
Studying in overseas institutions presents international students with exciting opportunities; however, with these opportunities come challenges. Drawing on literature since the year 2000, this article addresses challenges confronting international students within some top sending countries and receiving countries. The challenges are categorized into pre-departure, post-departure, and post-study. The findings revealed pre-departure challenges, such as obtaining accurate information, understanding the admission procedure, and preparing documents for visa acquisition. Post-departure, international students face language barriers, financial issues, and cultural adjustment when they are in the host countries. Uncertain future and paperwork are the major challenges post-study. The findings of this article have useful implications for government personnel, as well as administrators of educational institutions that seek to attract international students.
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This study investigated the perception of teachers on corporal punishment in Nepalese private schools. The study was conducted in five school of Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The population of the study comprised private school teachers.... more
This study investigated the perception of teachers on corporal punishment in Nepalese private schools. The study was conducted in five school of Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The population of the study comprised private school teachers. Proportionate sampling technique was used to select 100 teachers from the five private schools representing all subject teachers. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire, direct interview, observation and focused group discussion. Data collected from questionnaire was analyzed using percentage and from observation and focus group discussion (FGD) by using qualitative method. This study is significant to know the attitudes of private school teachers towards the corporal punishment in Nepal. The study concluded that traditional teaching style and methods were being practiced in the private schools of Nepal. Students were not motivated for learning. The environment of learning is not conductive for them. To control children, private school teachers used hard punishment instead of looking for the means to motivate them for learning. Private school teachers of Nepal had different understandings about corporal punishment in comparison with international understanding. Teachers used corporal punishment to keep students quiet and to maintain the discipline. The culture of non-participatory teaching learning process was also found contributing to the school violence.
There is nothing new or especially controversial about effective school principal leadership makes a different in improving school climate. Recent research by the researchers from the field of educational administration, leadership,... more
There is nothing new or especially controversial about effective school principal leadership makes a different in improving school climate. Recent research by the researchers from the field of educational administration, leadership, policy and planning has brought into focus the priorities of effective principal and the measured impact of principal leadership on student learning. But still much is left to be known regarding the impact of school principals' leadership on school improvement. A purpose of this articles review is to identify the role and consequence of school principal leadership for overall development of school. This article reviews recent articles in school leadership that support the arguments school principals matter to successful school and innovation, student achievement, teacher motivation and instructional excellence. The cumulative message given by the review of articles published from 2010 to 2015 is that (a) more democratic transformational leadership, distributed leadership, transactional approaches and instructional leadership is increasingly seen as a feature of effective leadership for organizational change(b) Principal leadership behaviors and his/ her effectiveness potentially impact both JAAR: Volume4, Issue6, June 2016 2 teachers and students achievement.(c) the principal can influence on the students behavior, teachers motivation, productivity and effectiveness of their school. (d) responsible and effective principals create a
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This article describes and analyzes some aspects of eastern way of finding truth. It holds the belief that there are ontological differences in conducting research and finding truth. Meditative and non-meditative techniques for finding... more
This article describes and analyzes some aspects of eastern way of finding truth. It holds the belief that there are ontological differences in conducting research and finding truth. Meditative and non-meditative techniques for finding truths are two major methods in eastern world. Meditative way is spirit-centered but non-meditative way focuses on materialistic activities respecting spirit. Within meditative practice, speculative and intuition based techniques adopt discursive and static nature of investigation respectively. Intuitional technique leads to absolute reality whereas speculative derives conclusive finding. However, both of them accept metaphysical and eschatological aspect for the exploration. But, non-meditative way, Mriga-Vyadha technique of Manusmriti, expects multiple ways of investigation. Synthesized reality is concern of this method. However, western tradition of research needs materialistic ways to acquire the mechanical type of reality. Mostly, eastern method emphasizes to axiological aspect but western method expects ontology dominant way during the process of investigation.
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The purpose of this study was to elaborate the situation of corporal punishment which is being practiced in Nepalese schools going against new policies that promote the non-violence teaching. It was based on original qualitative study of... more
The purpose of this study was to elaborate the situation of corporal punishment which is being practiced in Nepalese schools going against new policies that promote the non-violence teaching. It was based on original qualitative study of one private school of Kathmandu (the capital city of Nepal) having more than 2000 students and 100 teachers. Results from FGD, observation of the classroom practice, situational interviews with parents, teachers and students indicated that most teachers as well as parents thought, the best way to discipline children is punishment because it creates fear in them and this prevents misbehavior, promotes obedience and help to perform high academically. Teachers and administrators were found ignoring the rights of child and about the principles of child psychology and development. Students had accepted the corporal punishment as a culture of school. This study is significant to know why teachers in private schools in Nepal often use the corporal punishment on students during teaching and learning periods. So this study is important for the government of Nepal, organization involving to child rights and stakeholders. The results showed the accepted and negated concept of social learning theory, power theory and choice theory by the parents, teachers, school principal and students.
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Technological tools such as computers and the internet were used to continue education and student assessment in mathematics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. This study examined integrating digital resources in teaching, learning,... more
Technological tools such as computers and the internet were used to continue education and student assessment in mathematics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. This study examined integrating digital resources in teaching, learning, and assessment practices among 456 digitally literate mathematics teachers in secondary schools in Nepal, administering an online questionnaire in Google Forms. The structural equation modeling and mean decrease in accuracy plots were the primary statistical tools used in the data analysis. Findings indicated that the use of digital resources in mathematics teaching in online classes was high during the pandemic in Nepal. The results showed that sharing and integrating digital resources in mathematics instruction significantly affects student assessment, whereas developing and sharing digital resources impacted the integration of such resources in student assessment.
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Research Interests:
This qualitative study explores the implementation and adoption process of the use of digital devices and tools in teaching and learning before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. Using Rogers’ diffusion of innovation... more
This qualitative study explores the implementation and adoption process of the use of digital devices and tools in teaching and learning before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. Using Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory as a framework, the study examines the adoption and adaptation of digital devices by in-service secondary mathematics teachers (n = 62) and the teachers’ perceptions of and preferences for instructional modalities. The findings suggest that, despite the increased reliance on digital devices during the pandemic, there is a lower likelihood of them being used in face-to-face classrooms in developing countries, such as Nepal. The adoption of online learning had not yet reached the adoption stage, even after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, online learning was not widely adopted by teachers in developing countries societies. The study also provides important insights into the challenges of and opportunities provided by using ...
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Objective: This research aims to explore the first and unique experiences of faculty members, administrators, and technical officers (staff) and their perception of opportunities and challenges using online proctoring tools in the final... more
Objective: This research aims to explore the first and unique experiences of faculty members, administrators, and technical officers (staff) and their perception of opportunities and challenges using online proctoring tools in the final and entrance exams during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The qualitative approach of interpretive paradigm study was used to evaluate staff experiences in participating online proctored examinations. In mid-2021, eight faculty members, one administrator, and one technical officer participated for the first time in online proctored examinations and elaborated on their perceptions and concerns about their online proctored exam experiences. Results: The study's findings provide new insight into the staff experiences of online proctored examinations, including their predominant concerns over consuming less time and effort, reducing huge administrative burdens, and organizing examinations frequently. The study also highlights challenges such as technology compatibility, doubts about academic integrity/reliability, and validity while implementing the online proctored examinations and their future impact. Conclusion: The findings from this study contribute to the exploration opportunities and challenges of online proctored examination concerning the university staff perspectives of technologically developing countries.
Research Interests:
Objective: This research aims to explore the first and unique experiences of faculty members, administrators, and technical officers (staff) and their perception of opportunities and challenges using online proctoring tools in the final... more
Objective: This research aims to explore the first and unique experiences of faculty members, administrators, and technical officers (staff) and their perception of opportunities and challenges using online proctoring tools in the final and entrance exams during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The qualitative approach of interpretive paradigm study was used to evaluate staff experiences in participating online proctored examinations. In mid-2021, eight faculty members, one administrator, and one technical officer participated for the first time in online proctored examinations and elaborated on their perceptions and concerns about their online proctored exam experiences. Results: The study's findings provide new insight into the staff experiences of online proctored examinations, including their predominant concerns over consuming less time and effort, reducing huge administrative burdens, and organizing examinations frequently. The study also highlights challenges such as technology compatibility, doubts about academic integrity/reliability, and validity while implementing the online proctored examinations and their future impact. Conclusion: The findings from this study contribute to the exploration opportunities and challenges of online proctored examination concerning the university staff perspectives of technologically developing countries.
Research Interests:
The study aimed to explore the problems of teachers in teaching mathematical contents through the online mode during COVID-19 in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey study was carried out among 415 mathematics teachers from basic school to the... more
The study aimed to explore the problems of teachers in teaching mathematical contents through the online mode during COVID-19 in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey study was carried out among 415 mathematics teachers from basic school to the university level. A self-constructed questionnaire was administered online, and the data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, and the hierarchical multiple regression. The result shows that Algebra, Statistics, Vectors, Geometry, and Analysis are problematic areas for teachers teaching mathematics online. The institution types, ICT training status, and years of using the laptop by teachers at the secondary level were found to be the key factors determining the problem of mathematical content teaching during online instruction although the level of problems varied with respect to the teachers' age and experience at the university level.