This paper considers the concept of Phrygia, its origins at the cusp of the Early Iron Age, the b... more This paper considers the concept of Phrygia, its origins at the cusp of the Early Iron Age, the beginning of the process of state formation marking the start of the Middle Iron Age and the possible development of a large unified kingdom under Midas son of Gordias. Secondly, the paper turns to consider the aftermath of the Phrygian state following the death of Midas and the period of Lydian hegemony together with the establishment of a new Phrygian petty kingdom east of the Kızılırmak (the Red River, the classical Halys River) in the first half of the 6th century BCE. In order to assess the extent of the territory of Phrygia, it has been necessary to consider evidence for neighbouring polities, particularly the Neo-Hittite kingdoms to the south and ‘Cappadocia’ to the southeast and east. Two maps graphically illustrate the principal suggestions.
This paper discusses the incised and impressed, white-filled motifs employed in the patterning of... more This paper discusses the incised and impressed, white-filled motifs employed in the patterning of Early Trans-Caucasian (ETC) black burnished pottery from the site of Yanik Tepe in North-Western Iran. This site was excavated in the 1960s by Charles Burney and a monograph on the pottery and other finds is now in press. Firstly, an overview of the stratigraphy and context of the pottery from Yanik Tepe is provided. In the following section, which is accompanied by selected illustrations, the techniques employed in making the patterns are described. Next, the motifs themselves are broken down into broad categories of linear, bird and animal, flanking and miscellaneous, before moving on to discussion of combinations of motifs into composite, decorative designs. Brief comments on comparanda of motifs on pottery from within the vast ETC cultural zone precede more general observations on the motifs and discussion of possible interpretations. Conclusions allude to the wider setting of the ETC in relation to contemporaneous Central Iran and Greater Mesopotamia, emphasising yet again the inward-looking and conservative character of ETC culture on the one hand and the development of regional styles on the other.
This paper is concerned with the relative dating of the Middle Iron Age (ca. 10th–6th centuries b... more This paper is concerned with the relative dating of the Middle Iron Age (ca. 10th–6th centuries bc) defenses, so-called step monuments, and other features in the Highlands of Phrygia, principally the upland region on the southeastern side of the Türkmen Dağ, roughly within the triangle formed by the modern cities of Eskişehir, Afyon, and Kütahya.1 Sparse evidence for relative dating, centered on observed relationships between built defenses and stepped monuments, and the occurrence of dove-tailed clamp cuttings, is described and discussed in what follows. I will then attempt to place these developments within a wider Central Anatolian setting.
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara eBooks, 1993
The excavations of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and the Iron Age (IA) transition at Tille Hoyuk, a c... more The excavations of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and the Iron Age (IA) transition at Tille Hoyuk, a crossing point on the Euphrates between Samsat and the base of the Anti-Taurus, document archaeologically, for the first time, the continuity of settlement from the LBA (the period of the Hittite Empire) into the IA (the period of the Great Kings of Carchemish). This is the period of the so-called "Anatolian Dark Age", which has been the subject of much recent controversy. The evidence from Tille is supported by a dendrochronological study. This volume contains a full description of the finds from the LBA, including a Mycenaean stirrup jar sherd. It also discusses the local hand-made pottery from the earlier part of the LBA which may account for the apparent dearth of the LBA occupation in South-Eastern Turkey.
Abstract This paper investigates symmetry and visualization at two monumental gateways excavated ... more Abstract This paper investigates symmetry and visualization at two monumental gateways excavated in the late 7th–6th centuries b.c. Phrygian city on Mount Kerkenes (Turkish: Kerkenes Dağ) in central Turkey. One of these, the Cappadocia Gate, is one of seven city gates piercing the 7 km stone-built defenses; the other is the Monumental Entrance to the Palatial Complex. We use visibility graph analysis (VGA), a branch of space syntax analysis, and viewshed isovists to demonstrate that a similar visual and symbolic conception underlay the design and furnishing of these two gates. Both were conceived to signal different messages to people entering and exiting the gates, and both manipulated the visibility of cultic statuary to achieve this effect. Other contemporaneous monuments, like the Midas Monument in the Phrygian Highlands, shared many of the same principles. VGA reveals fundamental characteristics of the experience of Phrygian monumental architecture and also indicates a degree of city planning.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the evidence for Achaemenid settlement in eastern Turkey an... more The aim of this paper is to highlight the evidence for Achaemenid settlement in eastern Turkey and to publish the sherds from two sites, Altıntepe (Cimin Tepe I, CAB Site 112) and Cimin Tepe II (CAB Site 113) collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1955 and now housed in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. An Achaemenid date for Altıntepe level II has often been proposed (e.g. Burney and Lang 1971, 158–9; Forbes 1983, 59) and the site is often now included in studies of the Achaemenid Empire without comment (e.g. Tuplin 1987, 201 n. 118 and map I p. 241; Cook 1983, 198), but the large amount of evidence for extensive and wealthy Achaemenid settlement at the closely related sites of Altıntepe and Cimin Tepe II has not been considered in detail.Three recent papers concerned with the administration of the Achaemenid Empire in general (Tuplin 1987) and Achaemenid garrisons (Tuplin 1987 B and 1988) have highlighted the sparsity of sites in eastern Anatolia which are known to have been occupied in the Persian period. For the preceding era of the Median Empire, which stretched as far westwards as the Halys river (the modern Kızılırmak), archaeological evidence has been so thin that the very existence of a Median Empire has been seriously, if not convincingly, questioned (SancisiWeerdenburg 1988).
About 1 km. north of the village of Yaraşlı on a natural hill that forms an extension of Karaca D... more About 1 km. north of the village of Yaraşlı on a natural hill that forms an extension of Karaca Daǧ, is a large and impressively defended site locally called Çevre Kale (Fig. 1). Pottery from the surface is Imperial Hittite and Phrygian in date. There is later material, Hellenistic to Byzantine, beneath and adjacent to the village. Yaraşlı is a large well watered village in the Kulu district (ilce) of Konya province (il). The map reference is 59-Ie on the 1:200,000 sheet for Katrancı (Harita Genel Müdürlüǧü 1945).The aims of the project were to produce a photographic record of the site from the air, using a helium filled blimp and remote controlled camera, from which plans could be drawn and relationships between the various elements of the site determined. Air photographs revealed outlines of buildings that could not be seen on the ground (Pls XLI–XLV(a)). An overall plan has been drawn (Fig. 3). In some cases it has been possible to draw stone for stone plans (Fig. 5 and Pl. XLIV(b), Fig. 6 and Pl. XLV(a)). The results are much superior to those that could have been achieved by traditional cadastral survey and were obtained in a short time. During the course of the day photographs can be taken in varying light so that changes in shadow highlight different features.
The pottery discussed here was collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1956 and in 1965. W... more The pottery discussed here was collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1956 and in 1965. We would like to express our thanks to Charles Burney for valuable discussion and for encouraging publication of the material. We have also profited from discussion with Drs. Ayşe Gürsan-Salzman, Mitchell Rothman, and A. G. Sagona. The opinions expressed are, however, our own. Richard Bayliss prepared the illustrations.The material from Tepeköy has not previously been published. Some of the other sherds appear in Russell's study (1980) and this has been indicated in the catalogue. All the sherds are stored in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, each clearly marked.
This paper considers the concept of Phrygia, its origins at the cusp of the Early Iron Age, the b... more This paper considers the concept of Phrygia, its origins at the cusp of the Early Iron Age, the beginning of the process of state formation marking the start of the Middle Iron Age and the possible development of a large unified kingdom under Midas son of Gordias. Secondly, the paper turns to consider the aftermath of the Phrygian state following the death of Midas and the period of Lydian hegemony together with the establishment of a new Phrygian petty kingdom east of the Kızılırmak (the Red River, the classical Halys River) in the first half of the 6th century BCE. In order to assess the extent of the territory of Phrygia, it has been necessary to consider evidence for neighbouring polities, particularly the Neo-Hittite kingdoms to the south and ‘Cappadocia’ to the southeast and east. Two maps graphically illustrate the principal suggestions.
This paper discusses the incised and impressed, white-filled motifs employed in the patterning of... more This paper discusses the incised and impressed, white-filled motifs employed in the patterning of Early Trans-Caucasian (ETC) black burnished pottery from the site of Yanik Tepe in North-Western Iran. This site was excavated in the 1960s by Charles Burney and a monograph on the pottery and other finds is now in press. Firstly, an overview of the stratigraphy and context of the pottery from Yanik Tepe is provided. In the following section, which is accompanied by selected illustrations, the techniques employed in making the patterns are described. Next, the motifs themselves are broken down into broad categories of linear, bird and animal, flanking and miscellaneous, before moving on to discussion of combinations of motifs into composite, decorative designs. Brief comments on comparanda of motifs on pottery from within the vast ETC cultural zone precede more general observations on the motifs and discussion of possible interpretations. Conclusions allude to the wider setting of the ETC in relation to contemporaneous Central Iran and Greater Mesopotamia, emphasising yet again the inward-looking and conservative character of ETC culture on the one hand and the development of regional styles on the other.
This paper is concerned with the relative dating of the Middle Iron Age (ca. 10th–6th centuries b... more This paper is concerned with the relative dating of the Middle Iron Age (ca. 10th–6th centuries bc) defenses, so-called step monuments, and other features in the Highlands of Phrygia, principally the upland region on the southeastern side of the Türkmen Dağ, roughly within the triangle formed by the modern cities of Eskişehir, Afyon, and Kütahya.1 Sparse evidence for relative dating, centered on observed relationships between built defenses and stepped monuments, and the occurrence of dove-tailed clamp cuttings, is described and discussed in what follows. I will then attempt to place these developments within a wider Central Anatolian setting.
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara eBooks, 1993
The excavations of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and the Iron Age (IA) transition at Tille Hoyuk, a c... more The excavations of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and the Iron Age (IA) transition at Tille Hoyuk, a crossing point on the Euphrates between Samsat and the base of the Anti-Taurus, document archaeologically, for the first time, the continuity of settlement from the LBA (the period of the Hittite Empire) into the IA (the period of the Great Kings of Carchemish). This is the period of the so-called "Anatolian Dark Age", which has been the subject of much recent controversy. The evidence from Tille is supported by a dendrochronological study. This volume contains a full description of the finds from the LBA, including a Mycenaean stirrup jar sherd. It also discusses the local hand-made pottery from the earlier part of the LBA which may account for the apparent dearth of the LBA occupation in South-Eastern Turkey.
Abstract This paper investigates symmetry and visualization at two monumental gateways excavated ... more Abstract This paper investigates symmetry and visualization at two monumental gateways excavated in the late 7th–6th centuries b.c. Phrygian city on Mount Kerkenes (Turkish: Kerkenes Dağ) in central Turkey. One of these, the Cappadocia Gate, is one of seven city gates piercing the 7 km stone-built defenses; the other is the Monumental Entrance to the Palatial Complex. We use visibility graph analysis (VGA), a branch of space syntax analysis, and viewshed isovists to demonstrate that a similar visual and symbolic conception underlay the design and furnishing of these two gates. Both were conceived to signal different messages to people entering and exiting the gates, and both manipulated the visibility of cultic statuary to achieve this effect. Other contemporaneous monuments, like the Midas Monument in the Phrygian Highlands, shared many of the same principles. VGA reveals fundamental characteristics of the experience of Phrygian monumental architecture and also indicates a degree of city planning.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the evidence for Achaemenid settlement in eastern Turkey an... more The aim of this paper is to highlight the evidence for Achaemenid settlement in eastern Turkey and to publish the sherds from two sites, Altıntepe (Cimin Tepe I, CAB Site 112) and Cimin Tepe II (CAB Site 113) collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1955 and now housed in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. An Achaemenid date for Altıntepe level II has often been proposed (e.g. Burney and Lang 1971, 158–9; Forbes 1983, 59) and the site is often now included in studies of the Achaemenid Empire without comment (e.g. Tuplin 1987, 201 n. 118 and map I p. 241; Cook 1983, 198), but the large amount of evidence for extensive and wealthy Achaemenid settlement at the closely related sites of Altıntepe and Cimin Tepe II has not been considered in detail.Three recent papers concerned with the administration of the Achaemenid Empire in general (Tuplin 1987) and Achaemenid garrisons (Tuplin 1987 B and 1988) have highlighted the sparsity of sites in eastern Anatolia which are known to have been occupied in the Persian period. For the preceding era of the Median Empire, which stretched as far westwards as the Halys river (the modern Kızılırmak), archaeological evidence has been so thin that the very existence of a Median Empire has been seriously, if not convincingly, questioned (SancisiWeerdenburg 1988).
About 1 km. north of the village of Yaraşlı on a natural hill that forms an extension of Karaca D... more About 1 km. north of the village of Yaraşlı on a natural hill that forms an extension of Karaca Daǧ, is a large and impressively defended site locally called Çevre Kale (Fig. 1). Pottery from the surface is Imperial Hittite and Phrygian in date. There is later material, Hellenistic to Byzantine, beneath and adjacent to the village. Yaraşlı is a large well watered village in the Kulu district (ilce) of Konya province (il). The map reference is 59-Ie on the 1:200,000 sheet for Katrancı (Harita Genel Müdürlüǧü 1945).The aims of the project were to produce a photographic record of the site from the air, using a helium filled blimp and remote controlled camera, from which plans could be drawn and relationships between the various elements of the site determined. Air photographs revealed outlines of buildings that could not be seen on the ground (Pls XLI–XLV(a)). An overall plan has been drawn (Fig. 3). In some cases it has been possible to draw stone for stone plans (Fig. 5 and Pl. XLIV(b), Fig. 6 and Pl. XLV(a)). The results are much superior to those that could have been achieved by traditional cadastral survey and were obtained in a short time. During the course of the day photographs can be taken in varying light so that changes in shadow highlight different features.
The pottery discussed here was collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1956 and in 1965. W... more The pottery discussed here was collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1956 and in 1965. We would like to express our thanks to Charles Burney for valuable discussion and for encouraging publication of the material. We have also profited from discussion with Drs. Ayşe Gürsan-Salzman, Mitchell Rothman, and A. G. Sagona. The opinions expressed are, however, our own. Richard Bayliss prepared the illustrations.The material from Tepeköy has not previously been published. Some of the other sherds appear in Russell's study (1980) and this has been indicated in the catalogue. All the sherds are stored in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, each clearly marked.
Thursday September 3
RI24 PHRYGIAN IDENTITIES, IDENTIFYING PHRYGIA MATHEMATICS BUILDING - ROOM 4... more Thursday September 3
RI24 PHRYGIAN IDENTITIES, IDENTIFYING PHRYGIA MATHEMATICS BUILDING - ROOM 417
Chair: Dr. Catherine Draycott
Organiser(s): Dr. Catherine Draycott, Ms. Yasemin Özarslan, Prof. Hakan Sivas
Over the past few decades the archaeology of Phrygia has seen important new developments. Explorations at Gordion, identified as the central seat of the Iron Age Kingdom of Phrygia have readjusted the stratigraphy, showing overlaps of Hittite and Phrygian period occupation, and dramatically moving the heyday of the site back to the 9th century BC. Surveys at the same site are expanding understanding of the site’s limits and later occupation, while those in the Phrygian Highlands to the West have discovered new monuments from various periods. The discovery of Phrygian inscriptions and new sculptures at the site of Kerkenes Dağ east of the Kızılırmak River (the ancient Halys) has expanded the territory thought to have been occupied by Phrygian speaking groups.
Although new discoveries have been rich, however, so far there has been little overall consideration of approaches to Phrygia and Phrygian culture as larger concepts. Usually considered to be immigrants from the Balkans, who entered Anatolia at around the turn of the first millennium BC, this origin ‘myth’ sets up notions of ethnic purity and cultural contiguity that continue to inform Phrygian archaeology. Are Phrygians a ‘pure’ race? How does one identify ‘Phrygians’ and define ‘Phrygian culture’? Is it consistent and stable or does it change over time and space? How are definitions of Phrygia and Phrygians entangled with modern notions of national and ethnic identity?
Please note: the published abstracts booklet erroneously includes the pre-edited versions of abstracts for the papers. The document uploaded here includes the correct versions.
Session Programme:
08:00 – 08:10 Introduction
08:10 – 08:30 The Archaeological Implications of the “Phrygian Wanax”, Öztürk, H (University of Cincinnati / ASCSA)
08:30 – 08:50 Phrygians vs. Neo-Hittites: reconsidering the political history of Central Anatolia in the Middle Iron Age, d’Alfonso, L (ISAW New York University)
08:50 – 09:10 Kingdom, Empire or Polity? Reassessing the nature of political authority in the Early-Middle Iron Age of central Anatolia, Krsmanovic, D (University of Leicester)
09:10 – 09:30 Phrygian or Phrygianized: A View from Kerkenes Dağ, a late Phrygian Capital East of the Halys River, Summers, G (University of Mauritius)
09:30 – 09:50 A New Rock-cut Necropolis from Western Phrygia (Demirkaya Necropolis), Sivas, H (Anadolu University)
09:50 – 10:00 Discussion
Coffee break
10:30 – 10:50 The practice of everyday’s identity in Roman Phrygia, Kelp, U (German Archaeological Institute)
10:50 – 11:10 The Findings of Aizanoi Graves and Interpreting, Özer, E (Pamukkale University); Özer, A
11:10 – 11:30 Two Sanctuaries from Aizanoi in Phrygia: Meter Steuene and Aba Sultan, Taşkıran, M (Pamukkale University); Özer, E
2008. ‘Türkçe Özet: Kerkenes Dağ Heykeltraşlık Eserleri ve Yazıtlar.’ In C. M. Draycott, G. D. Su... more 2008. ‘Türkçe Özet: Kerkenes Dağ Heykeltraşlık Eserleri ve Yazıtlar.’ In C. M. Draycott, G. D. Summers, Kerkenes Special Studies 1: Sculpture and Inscriptions from the Monumental Entrance to the Palatial Complex at Kerkenes, Turkey. OIP 135. Chicago, The Oriental Institute. pdf available at https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oip/kerkenes-special-studies-1-sculpture-and-inscriptions-monumental-entrance
Uploads
Papers
RI24 PHRYGIAN IDENTITIES, IDENTIFYING PHRYGIA MATHEMATICS BUILDING - ROOM 417
Chair: Dr. Catherine Draycott
Organiser(s): Dr. Catherine Draycott, Ms. Yasemin Özarslan, Prof. Hakan Sivas
http://eaaglasgow2015.com/session/phrygian-identities-identifying-phrygia/
Over the past few decades the archaeology of Phrygia has seen important new developments. Explorations at Gordion, identified as the central seat of the Iron Age Kingdom of Phrygia have readjusted the stratigraphy, showing overlaps of Hittite and Phrygian period occupation, and dramatically moving the heyday of the site back to the 9th century BC. Surveys at the same site are expanding understanding of the site’s limits and later occupation, while those in the Phrygian Highlands to the West have discovered new monuments from various periods. The discovery of Phrygian inscriptions and new sculptures at the site of Kerkenes Dağ east of the Kızılırmak River (the ancient Halys) has expanded the territory thought to have been occupied by Phrygian speaking groups.
Although new discoveries have been rich, however, so far there has been little overall consideration of approaches to Phrygia and Phrygian culture as larger concepts. Usually considered to be immigrants from the Balkans, who entered Anatolia at around the turn of the first millennium BC, this origin ‘myth’ sets up notions of ethnic purity and cultural contiguity that continue to inform Phrygian archaeology. Are Phrygians a ‘pure’ race? How does one identify ‘Phrygians’ and define ‘Phrygian culture’? Is it consistent and stable or does it change over time and space? How are definitions of Phrygia and Phrygians entangled with modern notions of national and ethnic identity?
Please note: the published abstracts booklet erroneously includes the pre-edited versions of abstracts for the papers. The document uploaded here includes the correct versions.
Session Programme:
08:00 – 08:10 Introduction
08:10 – 08:30 The Archaeological Implications of the “Phrygian Wanax”, Öztürk, H (University of Cincinnati / ASCSA)
08:30 – 08:50 Phrygians vs. Neo-Hittites: reconsidering the political history of Central Anatolia in the Middle Iron Age, d’Alfonso, L (ISAW New York University)
08:50 – 09:10 Kingdom, Empire or Polity? Reassessing the nature of political authority in the Early-Middle Iron Age of central Anatolia, Krsmanovic, D (University of Leicester)
09:10 – 09:30 Phrygian or Phrygianized: A View from Kerkenes Dağ, a late Phrygian Capital East of the Halys River, Summers, G (University of Mauritius)
09:30 – 09:50 A New Rock-cut Necropolis from Western Phrygia (Demirkaya Necropolis), Sivas, H (Anadolu University)
09:50 – 10:00 Discussion
Coffee break
10:30 – 10:50 The practice of everyday’s identity in Roman Phrygia, Kelp, U (German Archaeological Institute)
10:50 – 11:10 The Findings of Aizanoi Graves and Interpreting, Özer, E (Pamukkale University); Özer, A
11:10 – 11:30 Two Sanctuaries from Aizanoi in Phrygia: Meter Steuene and Aba Sultan, Taşkıran, M (Pamukkale University); Özer, E
11:30 – 12:30 Discussion