Through the analysis of ceramics unearthed from tombs, this paper discusses the circulation and d... more Through the analysis of ceramics unearthed from tombs, this paper discusses the circulation and distribution of white porcelain and white-slipped wares during early Tang Dynasty (618 - 710 A.D.). It reveals the high demand of these products on the capital markets in Chang’an and Luoyang and its’ classification as luxury product. This paper also suggests that those white wares from the Gongyi Kiln were the primary products in Early Tang Dynasty, corresponding to the flourishing production of white wares in Gongyi Kiln and the contemporary decline of Xing Kiln.
White ceramics came out and grew up with the Sui Dynasty entering, during
which the three kilns o... more White ceramics came out and grew up with the Sui Dynasty entering, during which the three kilns of Xiangzhou, Gongyi and Xing played as the dominate manufacturers firing white ceramic wares, yet they each had unique features and special techniques. At that time the newly-emerged white ceramic products were relatively limited in consumption quantity, business scope and the social status of users, they were just distributed in the areas round the kilns, capital, neighborhood and the strategic locations nearby. A large proportion of white ceramics were used as burial objects, which were ranked among luxury goods during the Sui dynasty.
This paper traces the stylistic origins through typological research and comparative analysis, an... more This paper traces the stylistic origins through typological research and comparative analysis, and reveals the influence on the lead-glazed pottery style of multiple cultural traditions that flowed into the Pincheng area with the migration of the people in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (A.D. 398-494). Meanwhile, through the statistical analysis of different stylistic origins, it is concluded that the kiln artisans in Pingcheng who inherited their own cultural traditions and absorbed multiple other cultural factors, recreated the unique appearance of the lead-glazed pottery wares.
Through the research of Chinese white wares discovered from surveys and excavations of overseas s... more Through the research of Chinese white wares discovered from surveys and excavations of overseas sites, cities, ports, and shipwrecks in the Tang ( 618 - 907 CE) and Five dynasties ( 907 - 960 CE), the exportation, circulation, and consumption of white wares within this period can be revealed. In the seventh and eighth centuries, white wares were brought to Japan and the Korean Peninsula in East Asia as gifts from Chinese courts among other non-trade channels. After the ninth century, port cities like Yangzhou flourished along with the expansion of maritime traffic. White wares as part of the Chinese exported ceramic assemblage started to appear in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean. White wares from Xing and Gongyi kilns were exported in the 9th century, while those from Ding kilns were exported around the 10th century. In the quantity of exported Chinese ceramics, white wares were in smaller portions compared to Changsha ware and Yue ware, but the Chinese white wares were much more praised in a vast area from East Asia to the Indian Ocean as precious luxury goods. In East Asia, Chinese white wares were purchased by high ranking monks and nobles; in the Indian Ocean, they were also owned by the courts and the rich. Due to high demand and short supply, imitations of Chinese white wares started to appear in the West Asian region, which became popular and were sold throughout the Indian Ocean. Through the case study of white wares, we can have a better understanding of exported Chinese ceramics during this period.
定窑是中国古代最具代表性的白瓷窑场之一,在中国古代陶瓷发展史上占有举足轻重的地位。定窑有着丰富的文献记载和大量传世品,是古陶瓷研究中成果最为丰硕的窑场之一。随着近代考古学的兴起,湮没已久的定窑窑... more 定窑是中国古代最具代表性的白瓷窑场之一,在中国古代陶瓷发展史上占有举足轻重的地位。定窑有着丰富的文献记载和大量传世品,是古陶瓷研究中成果最为丰硕的窑场之一。随着近代考古学的兴起,湮没已久的定窑窑场于1922年被重新发现,经过百年来的考古调查与发掘,以及逐渐丰富的考古学研究,定窑研究正在向更为广阔和深入的方向发展。
The early stage of Ding kiln refers to its production in the period of the pre-Northern Song dyna... more The early stage of Ding kiln refers to its production in the period of the pre-Northern Song dynasty. This paper is based on the archaeological material found in the Beizhen kiln site, integrated with other kiln remains from the Tang dynasty and the Five dynasties in the Jianciling area, and summarized the characteristics of the products in early stages. The products from the early stage of Ding kiln were mainly the white porcelain (fine white, extra fine white, medium white, slipped white, and grayish-green white), green and yellow glazed wares, coarse and fine black porcelain, and low- temperature glazed pottery. Fine white porcelain was the main product of Ding kiln from the early era. Based on the excavation of the kiln, unearthed materials from remains such as tombs, and historical primary resources, this paper argues the development of Ding kiln in early stage through different phases: the beginning of the production in mid-Tang dynasty, early development in mid to late Tang dynasty, rapid development in the end of Tang dynasty to early Five dynasties, and finally into its first peak of the development in late Five dynasties. In this first peak, the tradition of production and the style of products were established. The development of Ding kiln in early stage had a significant influence on white porcelain production in both southern and northern China.
From September 2009 to January 2010, a joint research excavation was conducted at Ding kiln in Be... more From September 2009 to January 2010, a joint research excavation was conducted at Ding kiln in Beizhen, Quyang County, Hebei Province. Kilns, pits and other remains were unearthed, among which kiln Y1 and Y10 were better preserved. The main products were white porcelain with series of different shades (fine white, extra fine white, medium white, slipped white and grayish-green white), green and yellow glazed wares, coarse and fine black porcelain, low-temperature glazed pottery. The types of objects from the excavations were bowl, basin, plate, dish, cup, bowl in smaller size, cup-stand, ewer, box, ect.. Based on the stratigraphical sequence and the typological research of the excavated artifacts, the strata of Ding kiln in Beizhen can be categorized into five groups, and further defines the development of the kiln into three periods and five phases, dating from mid to late Tang dynasty, Five dynasties and Jin dynasty. The archaeological excavation of Ding kiln in Beizhen is significant towards the research of the history of Ding kiln, firing and decorating techniques, and the characteristics of the products.
Review of Culture (International Edition), Vol.59, 2019
The Macao S.A.R. Government established an inter-departmental working group in 2009 to carry out ... more The Macao S.A.R. Government established an inter-departmental working group in 2009 to carry out a study on the overall planning of the core area of the Ruins of St. Paul’s and its surrounding area. The area previously occupied by four buildings used as civil servants’ quarters since the 1960s was thought to be within the boundary of St. Paul’s College because of its proximity to St. Paul’s Church. Therefore, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) formed the joint archaeological team** to take charge of the archaeological work commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macao S.A.R. Government, and archaeological surveys and excavations of the above area were carried out in phases from 2010 to 2012. The result of the excavations was fruitful. It was preliminarily determined that the area where the archaeological work had been carried out belonged to the site of St. Paul's College. The remains of a large bedrock pit and rammed earth wall were found in the site, and a large quantity of construction materials, pottery and porcelain pieces were unearthed. These pieces, including many of the export porcelain of the late Ming to the early Qing dynasties, are of particular value to the studies of the layout of Catholic churches, construction techniques, Sino-Western cultural exchange, history of Sino-Portuguese trade, Macao’s role in the East Asian and global trade system in the late 16th to early 19th centuries. They are also important pieces of material evidence for the studies of Chinese export porcelain and the "Maritime Porcelain Road". After analyzing the excavation records and unearthed remains, the archaeological team wrote this article as a preliminary report on the 2010 to 2012 archaeological excavation of the St. Paul's College Site of Macao.
The production of white porcelain and white-slipped wares is of great significance in the history... more The production of white porcelain and white-slipped wares is of great significance in the history of Chinese ceramics development. The issue of the origin of white porcelain and white-slipped wares has attracted much attention. This article firstly defines the concept “white porcelain and white-slipped wares” and then argues that they appeared in Sui Dynasty, possibly have their origin in Xing Kiln in Hebei Province, Xiangzhou Kiln or Gongyi Kiln in Henan Province. Among these kilns, Xiangzhou Kiln in Anyang, heavily influenced by Yecheng, is worthy of attention. As for incentives for the appearance of white porcelain and white-slipped wares, it can be examined from two aspects, i.e. techniques and decorations and modeling. To some extent, barbarians, who came to China in Sui Dynasty, contributed to these aspects. These facts raise new issues worth discussion.
The collections of Chinese antiquities from the end of 17th to 19th century was formed and expand... more The collections of Chinese antiquities from the end of 17th to 19th century was formed and expanded through the period of the account and research focusing on the Chinese art. Some French researchers started the fieldwork in China and related research at the end of 19th century, which marked the beginning of the research of Chinese archaeology. Based on different participation ways and focus points, this article divides the research history into 3 phases: field investigation and excavation in China from the end of 19th century to 1940s; detailed research of the resources conserved in France from 1940s to 1970s; and the extensive communication and cooperation with Chinese researchers, of which the most important achievement. The significances and the contributions to the Chinese archaeology are also summarized in this paper. All contribution and inspiration of the research done by French researchers shall not be overlooked, although objectively to Chinese archaeologists the familiarity of which is much less than that of British or American ones.
定窯在宋金時期的發展盛極一時,在宋代皇家和文人士大夫的推崇下,成為宋代清雅藝術的典型代表。其在元代終燒後,又由於其在文人心目中的獨特地位,逐漸成為古代瓷器藝術品收藏中最重要的一支,經元明而逐漸確... more 定窯在宋金時期的發展盛極一時,在宋代皇家和文人士大夫的推崇下,成為宋代清雅藝術的典型代表。其在元代終燒後,又由於其在文人心目中的獨特地位,逐漸成為古代瓷器藝術品收藏中最重要的一支,經元明而逐漸確立起其“宋代名窯”的地位。明人的收藏觀念經清人繼承弘揚,在清末民國時期定型。定窯被列入“宋代五大名窯”的收藏觀即沿著這一脈絡形成。
Through the study on those three shipwrecks discovered in Java waters in Southeast Asia that Batu... more Through the study on those three shipwrecks discovered in Java waters in Southeast Asia that Batu Hitam, Intan, Cirebon of which the era was from Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, combining the materials of the archaeological findings in the city of Ningbo and the Chinese historical documents, along with the discoveries of the links between Mingzhou and the Southeast Asia and countries of East Asia, we can conclude as follows. Mingzhou port started to be an export port of Yue Kilns in the late of 8th century which was only an auxiliary port of Yangzhou port. And the port finally had been prosperous in the late of 9th century as the main export port of Yue Kiln wares and had communications with Japan, Korea and countries of Southeast Asia. The trading mode between Mingzhou port and Southeast Asia was mainly the direct exchange with Palembang in Indonesia (which was called Shilifoshi in Tang Dynasty’s documents and Sanfoqi in Song Dynasty’s transliterated from the name of Srivijaya), and the main products are the Yue Kiln wares. This kind of trade maintained a somewhat continual and steady statement. Furthermore, the discoveries of Yue Kiln wares in West Asia, the Middle East, East Africa were frequently exported from Palembang rather than from Mingzhou port directly. This is not a direct trading relationship between Mingzhou and the areas mentioned above but a kind of transit trade pattern with Palembang. Additionally, in the trade on the Indian Ocean, the Islamic merchants took an important force, not only participated in the process of maritime commerce, but also possibly influenced the wares’ appearance of Yue Kiln and Changsha Kiln by the way of placing an order for goods.
The Ding kilns were some of the most famous early kilns of medieval China, producing huge quantit... more The Ding kilns were some of the most famous early kilns of medieval China, producing huge quantities of white and cream-white porcelains of outstanding technical and aesthetic quality. Since 1949 they have been excavated three times, in 1965, in 1987, and in 2009 respectively. In this latest study 69 white porcelain sherds from assured contexts and from the 2009 excavations were analyzed using laser ablation techniques (ICP-AES). The samples date from Five Dynasties, Northern Song and Jin Dynasties respectively (early 10th to early 13th C CE). The results show that Ding wares of different times show different characteristics that can be demonstrated through chemical composition. During the early phase of production the Ding ware bodies consisted largely of high firing kaolinitic clays with predominantly calcareous materials as fluxes. After the early Northern Song Dynasty, some calcareous material was replaced by a more potassic material. The compositions of the glazes show a parallel evolution to the bodies. However, because the glazes are very low in titania it seems unlikely that the main clay ingredients of the bodies could have been used in the glaze recipes. For much of the kiln site’s history the glazes appear to have been made mainly from the same siliceous flux-rich materials that had been blended with the main body-clays used to make the Ding ware porcelains, plus some extra calcareous material. The P2O5 contents of the glazes suggest that wood ash may have been one source of CaO in the glaze recipes.► The samples all have certain archaeological contexts. ► Ding wares of different times show different characteristics. ► The evolution of the recipes of the bodies and wares are also discussed.
Through the analysis of ceramics unearthed from tombs, this paper discusses the circulation and d... more Through the analysis of ceramics unearthed from tombs, this paper discusses the circulation and distribution of white porcelain and white-slipped wares during early Tang Dynasty (618 - 710 A.D.). It reveals the high demand of these products on the capital markets in Chang’an and Luoyang and its’ classification as luxury product. This paper also suggests that those white wares from the Gongyi Kiln were the primary products in Early Tang Dynasty, corresponding to the flourishing production of white wares in Gongyi Kiln and the contemporary decline of Xing Kiln.
White ceramics came out and grew up with the Sui Dynasty entering, during
which the three kilns o... more White ceramics came out and grew up with the Sui Dynasty entering, during which the three kilns of Xiangzhou, Gongyi and Xing played as the dominate manufacturers firing white ceramic wares, yet they each had unique features and special techniques. At that time the newly-emerged white ceramic products were relatively limited in consumption quantity, business scope and the social status of users, they were just distributed in the areas round the kilns, capital, neighborhood and the strategic locations nearby. A large proportion of white ceramics were used as burial objects, which were ranked among luxury goods during the Sui dynasty.
This paper traces the stylistic origins through typological research and comparative analysis, an... more This paper traces the stylistic origins through typological research and comparative analysis, and reveals the influence on the lead-glazed pottery style of multiple cultural traditions that flowed into the Pincheng area with the migration of the people in the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (A.D. 398-494). Meanwhile, through the statistical analysis of different stylistic origins, it is concluded that the kiln artisans in Pingcheng who inherited their own cultural traditions and absorbed multiple other cultural factors, recreated the unique appearance of the lead-glazed pottery wares.
Through the research of Chinese white wares discovered from surveys and excavations of overseas s... more Through the research of Chinese white wares discovered from surveys and excavations of overseas sites, cities, ports, and shipwrecks in the Tang ( 618 - 907 CE) and Five dynasties ( 907 - 960 CE), the exportation, circulation, and consumption of white wares within this period can be revealed. In the seventh and eighth centuries, white wares were brought to Japan and the Korean Peninsula in East Asia as gifts from Chinese courts among other non-trade channels. After the ninth century, port cities like Yangzhou flourished along with the expansion of maritime traffic. White wares as part of the Chinese exported ceramic assemblage started to appear in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean. White wares from Xing and Gongyi kilns were exported in the 9th century, while those from Ding kilns were exported around the 10th century. In the quantity of exported Chinese ceramics, white wares were in smaller portions compared to Changsha ware and Yue ware, but the Chinese white wares were much more praised in a vast area from East Asia to the Indian Ocean as precious luxury goods. In East Asia, Chinese white wares were purchased by high ranking monks and nobles; in the Indian Ocean, they were also owned by the courts and the rich. Due to high demand and short supply, imitations of Chinese white wares started to appear in the West Asian region, which became popular and were sold throughout the Indian Ocean. Through the case study of white wares, we can have a better understanding of exported Chinese ceramics during this period.
定窑是中国古代最具代表性的白瓷窑场之一,在中国古代陶瓷发展史上占有举足轻重的地位。定窑有着丰富的文献记载和大量传世品,是古陶瓷研究中成果最为丰硕的窑场之一。随着近代考古学的兴起,湮没已久的定窑窑... more 定窑是中国古代最具代表性的白瓷窑场之一,在中国古代陶瓷发展史上占有举足轻重的地位。定窑有着丰富的文献记载和大量传世品,是古陶瓷研究中成果最为丰硕的窑场之一。随着近代考古学的兴起,湮没已久的定窑窑场于1922年被重新发现,经过百年来的考古调查与发掘,以及逐渐丰富的考古学研究,定窑研究正在向更为广阔和深入的方向发展。
The early stage of Ding kiln refers to its production in the period of the pre-Northern Song dyna... more The early stage of Ding kiln refers to its production in the period of the pre-Northern Song dynasty. This paper is based on the archaeological material found in the Beizhen kiln site, integrated with other kiln remains from the Tang dynasty and the Five dynasties in the Jianciling area, and summarized the characteristics of the products in early stages. The products from the early stage of Ding kiln were mainly the white porcelain (fine white, extra fine white, medium white, slipped white, and grayish-green white), green and yellow glazed wares, coarse and fine black porcelain, and low- temperature glazed pottery. Fine white porcelain was the main product of Ding kiln from the early era. Based on the excavation of the kiln, unearthed materials from remains such as tombs, and historical primary resources, this paper argues the development of Ding kiln in early stage through different phases: the beginning of the production in mid-Tang dynasty, early development in mid to late Tang dynasty, rapid development in the end of Tang dynasty to early Five dynasties, and finally into its first peak of the development in late Five dynasties. In this first peak, the tradition of production and the style of products were established. The development of Ding kiln in early stage had a significant influence on white porcelain production in both southern and northern China.
From September 2009 to January 2010, a joint research excavation was conducted at Ding kiln in Be... more From September 2009 to January 2010, a joint research excavation was conducted at Ding kiln in Beizhen, Quyang County, Hebei Province. Kilns, pits and other remains were unearthed, among which kiln Y1 and Y10 were better preserved. The main products were white porcelain with series of different shades (fine white, extra fine white, medium white, slipped white and grayish-green white), green and yellow glazed wares, coarse and fine black porcelain, low-temperature glazed pottery. The types of objects from the excavations were bowl, basin, plate, dish, cup, bowl in smaller size, cup-stand, ewer, box, ect.. Based on the stratigraphical sequence and the typological research of the excavated artifacts, the strata of Ding kiln in Beizhen can be categorized into five groups, and further defines the development of the kiln into three periods and five phases, dating from mid to late Tang dynasty, Five dynasties and Jin dynasty. The archaeological excavation of Ding kiln in Beizhen is significant towards the research of the history of Ding kiln, firing and decorating techniques, and the characteristics of the products.
Review of Culture (International Edition), Vol.59, 2019
The Macao S.A.R. Government established an inter-departmental working group in 2009 to carry out ... more The Macao S.A.R. Government established an inter-departmental working group in 2009 to carry out a study on the overall planning of the core area of the Ruins of St. Paul’s and its surrounding area. The area previously occupied by four buildings used as civil servants’ quarters since the 1960s was thought to be within the boundary of St. Paul’s College because of its proximity to St. Paul’s Church. Therefore, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) formed the joint archaeological team** to take charge of the archaeological work commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macao S.A.R. Government, and archaeological surveys and excavations of the above area were carried out in phases from 2010 to 2012. The result of the excavations was fruitful. It was preliminarily determined that the area where the archaeological work had been carried out belonged to the site of St. Paul's College. The remains of a large bedrock pit and rammed earth wall were found in the site, and a large quantity of construction materials, pottery and porcelain pieces were unearthed. These pieces, including many of the export porcelain of the late Ming to the early Qing dynasties, are of particular value to the studies of the layout of Catholic churches, construction techniques, Sino-Western cultural exchange, history of Sino-Portuguese trade, Macao’s role in the East Asian and global trade system in the late 16th to early 19th centuries. They are also important pieces of material evidence for the studies of Chinese export porcelain and the "Maritime Porcelain Road". After analyzing the excavation records and unearthed remains, the archaeological team wrote this article as a preliminary report on the 2010 to 2012 archaeological excavation of the St. Paul's College Site of Macao.
The production of white porcelain and white-slipped wares is of great significance in the history... more The production of white porcelain and white-slipped wares is of great significance in the history of Chinese ceramics development. The issue of the origin of white porcelain and white-slipped wares has attracted much attention. This article firstly defines the concept “white porcelain and white-slipped wares” and then argues that they appeared in Sui Dynasty, possibly have their origin in Xing Kiln in Hebei Province, Xiangzhou Kiln or Gongyi Kiln in Henan Province. Among these kilns, Xiangzhou Kiln in Anyang, heavily influenced by Yecheng, is worthy of attention. As for incentives for the appearance of white porcelain and white-slipped wares, it can be examined from two aspects, i.e. techniques and decorations and modeling. To some extent, barbarians, who came to China in Sui Dynasty, contributed to these aspects. These facts raise new issues worth discussion.
The collections of Chinese antiquities from the end of 17th to 19th century was formed and expand... more The collections of Chinese antiquities from the end of 17th to 19th century was formed and expanded through the period of the account and research focusing on the Chinese art. Some French researchers started the fieldwork in China and related research at the end of 19th century, which marked the beginning of the research of Chinese archaeology. Based on different participation ways and focus points, this article divides the research history into 3 phases: field investigation and excavation in China from the end of 19th century to 1940s; detailed research of the resources conserved in France from 1940s to 1970s; and the extensive communication and cooperation with Chinese researchers, of which the most important achievement. The significances and the contributions to the Chinese archaeology are also summarized in this paper. All contribution and inspiration of the research done by French researchers shall not be overlooked, although objectively to Chinese archaeologists the familiarity of which is much less than that of British or American ones.
定窯在宋金時期的發展盛極一時,在宋代皇家和文人士大夫的推崇下,成為宋代清雅藝術的典型代表。其在元代終燒後,又由於其在文人心目中的獨特地位,逐漸成為古代瓷器藝術品收藏中最重要的一支,經元明而逐漸確... more 定窯在宋金時期的發展盛極一時,在宋代皇家和文人士大夫的推崇下,成為宋代清雅藝術的典型代表。其在元代終燒後,又由於其在文人心目中的獨特地位,逐漸成為古代瓷器藝術品收藏中最重要的一支,經元明而逐漸確立起其“宋代名窯”的地位。明人的收藏觀念經清人繼承弘揚,在清末民國時期定型。定窯被列入“宋代五大名窯”的收藏觀即沿著這一脈絡形成。
Through the study on those three shipwrecks discovered in Java waters in Southeast Asia that Batu... more Through the study on those three shipwrecks discovered in Java waters in Southeast Asia that Batu Hitam, Intan, Cirebon of which the era was from Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, combining the materials of the archaeological findings in the city of Ningbo and the Chinese historical documents, along with the discoveries of the links between Mingzhou and the Southeast Asia and countries of East Asia, we can conclude as follows. Mingzhou port started to be an export port of Yue Kilns in the late of 8th century which was only an auxiliary port of Yangzhou port. And the port finally had been prosperous in the late of 9th century as the main export port of Yue Kiln wares and had communications with Japan, Korea and countries of Southeast Asia. The trading mode between Mingzhou port and Southeast Asia was mainly the direct exchange with Palembang in Indonesia (which was called Shilifoshi in Tang Dynasty’s documents and Sanfoqi in Song Dynasty’s transliterated from the name of Srivijaya), and the main products are the Yue Kiln wares. This kind of trade maintained a somewhat continual and steady statement. Furthermore, the discoveries of Yue Kiln wares in West Asia, the Middle East, East Africa were frequently exported from Palembang rather than from Mingzhou port directly. This is not a direct trading relationship between Mingzhou and the areas mentioned above but a kind of transit trade pattern with Palembang. Additionally, in the trade on the Indian Ocean, the Islamic merchants took an important force, not only participated in the process of maritime commerce, but also possibly influenced the wares’ appearance of Yue Kiln and Changsha Kiln by the way of placing an order for goods.
The Ding kilns were some of the most famous early kilns of medieval China, producing huge quantit... more The Ding kilns were some of the most famous early kilns of medieval China, producing huge quantities of white and cream-white porcelains of outstanding technical and aesthetic quality. Since 1949 they have been excavated three times, in 1965, in 1987, and in 2009 respectively. In this latest study 69 white porcelain sherds from assured contexts and from the 2009 excavations were analyzed using laser ablation techniques (ICP-AES). The samples date from Five Dynasties, Northern Song and Jin Dynasties respectively (early 10th to early 13th C CE). The results show that Ding wares of different times show different characteristics that can be demonstrated through chemical composition. During the early phase of production the Ding ware bodies consisted largely of high firing kaolinitic clays with predominantly calcareous materials as fluxes. After the early Northern Song Dynasty, some calcareous material was replaced by a more potassic material. The compositions of the glazes show a parallel evolution to the bodies. However, because the glazes are very low in titania it seems unlikely that the main clay ingredients of the bodies could have been used in the glaze recipes. For much of the kiln site’s history the glazes appear to have been made mainly from the same siliceous flux-rich materials that had been blended with the main body-clays used to make the Ding ware porcelains, plus some extra calcareous material. The P2O5 contents of the glazes suggest that wood ash may have been one source of CaO in the glaze recipes.► The samples all have certain archaeological contexts. ► Ding wares of different times show different characteristics. ► The evolution of the recipes of the bodies and wares are also discussed.
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which the three kilns of Xiangzhou, Gongyi and Xing played as the dominate manufacturers firing white ceramic wares, yet they each had unique features and special techniques. At that time the newly-emerged white ceramic products were relatively limited in consumption quantity, business scope and the social status of users, they were just distributed in the areas round the kilns, capital, neighborhood and the strategic locations nearby. A large proportion of white ceramics were used as burial objects, which were ranked among luxury goods during the Sui dynasty.
(CASS) formed the joint archaeological team** to take charge of the archaeological work commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macao S.A.R. Government, and archaeological surveys and excavations of the above area were carried out in phases from 2010 to 2012.
The result of the excavations was fruitful. It was preliminarily determined that the area where the archaeological work had been carried out belonged to the site of St. Paul's College. The remains of a large bedrock pit and rammed earth wall were found in the site, and a large quantity of construction materials, pottery and porcelain pieces were unearthed. These pieces, including many of the export porcelain of the late Ming to the early Qing dynasties, are of particular value to the studies of the layout of Catholic churches, construction techniques, Sino-Western cultural exchange, history of Sino-Portuguese trade, Macao’s role in the East Asian and global trade system in the late 16th to early 19th centuries. They are also important pieces of material evidence for the studies of Chinese export porcelain and the "Maritime Porcelain Road".
After analyzing the excavation records and unearthed remains, the archaeological team wrote this article as a preliminary report on the 2010 to 2012 archaeological excavation of the St. Paul's College Site of Macao.
which the three kilns of Xiangzhou, Gongyi and Xing played as the dominate manufacturers firing white ceramic wares, yet they each had unique features and special techniques. At that time the newly-emerged white ceramic products were relatively limited in consumption quantity, business scope and the social status of users, they were just distributed in the areas round the kilns, capital, neighborhood and the strategic locations nearby. A large proportion of white ceramics were used as burial objects, which were ranked among luxury goods during the Sui dynasty.
(CASS) formed the joint archaeological team** to take charge of the archaeological work commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macao S.A.R. Government, and archaeological surveys and excavations of the above area were carried out in phases from 2010 to 2012.
The result of the excavations was fruitful. It was preliminarily determined that the area where the archaeological work had been carried out belonged to the site of St. Paul's College. The remains of a large bedrock pit and rammed earth wall were found in the site, and a large quantity of construction materials, pottery and porcelain pieces were unearthed. These pieces, including many of the export porcelain of the late Ming to the early Qing dynasties, are of particular value to the studies of the layout of Catholic churches, construction techniques, Sino-Western cultural exchange, history of Sino-Portuguese trade, Macao’s role in the East Asian and global trade system in the late 16th to early 19th centuries. They are also important pieces of material evidence for the studies of Chinese export porcelain and the "Maritime Porcelain Road".
After analyzing the excavation records and unearthed remains, the archaeological team wrote this article as a preliminary report on the 2010 to 2012 archaeological excavation of the St. Paul's College Site of Macao.