Reda Zein

Waste cooking oil (WCO) or flying oil was used for synthesis of biolubricant via transestelffication reaction. Biolublicant (dioleoyl ethylene glycol ester) was prepared from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of WCO with ethylene glycol (EG). The reaction was perfcnmed using calcium oxide (CaO) heterogeneous catalyst. Dioleoyl ethylene glycol ester is a potential biodegradable lubricant that could be used in industrial lubricant applications. The effect of changing operating conditions such as temperature, molar ratio of reactants, reaction time and catalyst loading was studied. The optimal conditions that achieved highest conversion were found to be 130 oc, 3.5: 1, 1.5 h and 1.2% (w/w) catalyst dosage. The produced biolubricant structure was tested using FTIR spectrum technique and its theimal stability was examined using TGA technique. The biolublicant propelTies were compared to two other biolubricants and also to specifications of four different ISO viscosity grade lu bricants. It was found that produced biolublicant complies with ISO VG68 viscosity grade with better low temperature applicability. The process simulation was perf01med on Aspen HYSYS program version 9 using conversion reactor model and using Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model. Simulation results proved that the studied biolubricant production process is industfially applicable.

Biolubricants are promising substitutes to mineral oils or petroleum-based lubricants in many industrial applications. In the present study, a technoeconomic analysis is carried out for evaluating the production of Ethylene glycol dioleoyl (EGD) biolubricant produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) and from biodiesel directly. Two scenarios of the process were studied. Scenario I was that the production process is comprised of two parts: (1) biodiesel production from WCO; (2) biolubricant production from biodiesel, while scenario II was only the second part (biolubricant production from biodiesel). The economic assessment for the process in Egypt (for both scenarios) was performed based on the results of process simulations and design calculations. The process showed positive after-tax rate of return (ROI %) and a very low payback period (PBP) for both scenarios with biolubricant selling price equal to the petroleum-based lubricant for same purposes. In addition, it was found that the biolubricant could be sold with a very challenging prices and the process would still be economically feasible and profitable. Despite, both scenarios are promising, scenario I showed a much lower cost of manufacturing, selling price and thus, break-even time. The main reason of this result is that big biodiesel price compared to WCO price.

The main objective of this report is to discuss the PET polymer product, and to recommend a technology for the production of PET resins. The two materials discussed in details throughout the report are TPA and PET; these are respectively the intermediate product and product of the recommended technology which is Eastman and Eastman IntegRex. This recommendation is the result of an evaluation that is done based on the weighted score method between the different technologies. At the beginning general information about PET and TPA is displayed. Then the production technologies which are divided into two parts, the first is for the production of TPA from its various raw materials, then the production of PET from TPA which are the polymerization technologies. PET Market studies shows price and statistics for the international and local market, and the availability of the raw materials in Egypt, accordingly recommending a working capacity. Finally the details of the evaluation and the rec...

Propane/propylene separation by distillation is the second most energy intensive distillation practiced after ethane/ethylene. Many researchers targeted finding economically attractive alternatives for this separation other than distillation. In this work, a system was designed to separate propane/propylene mixture by chemical absorption, one of the currently studied alternatives for this separation. The reaction medium consists of an ionic liquid namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF4) with dissolved silver tetrafluoroborate salt. The proposed system is mainly composed of a packed bed absorber along with a vertical flash separator. In addition, a heat exchanger, trim cooler, trim heater and a throttling valve are included in the system. Taking in consideration the mass transfer regimes, successful simulation of the process supports the possibility that the suggested system can be a potential alternative for propane/propylene conventional separation. Keywords—...

Production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has one of the fastest growing rates among thermoplastics during the last decades. PET has been produced mostly via direct esterification of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol for a couple of decades. In the first step, esterification of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol under goes reaction producing bis-hydroxy ethyl terephthalate (BHET) as the main monomer for polycondensation. Regarding a reversible reaction, water, as side product has to be extracted in order to perform reaction up to high conversions. In the second step, that is called polycondensation, oligomers and polymer chains undergo reaction to produce long polymer. The byproduct of polycondensation is ethylene glycol, which should be removed in order to increase the rate of polycondensation and chain length to produce relatively high molecular weight polymer. This report will include the detailed design of the prepolymerization reactor in which poly condensation reac...