One of the most significant challenges facing urban authorities in developing countries is findin... more One of the most significant challenges facing urban authorities in developing countries is finding the funds needed to support and sustain urban development. Without funds, the authorities are unable to meet the ever-growing demand for basic services, maintenance and new infrastructure – including land services that ensure tenure security. One source of revenue is taxes – specifically land tax – which has proven to be a successful tax base in many countries and is receiving increasing attention in many others. This Guide aims to expand the understanding of local leaders on taxes and fees related to land and the advantages of this approach, it provides a roadmap for taking an inventory of the local context, it discusses the institutional and societal challenges that must be overcome, and describes the process for developing an action plan intended to convert aspirations into actions. Together with the UN-Habitat and GLTN training package Leveraging Land: Land-based finance for local governments, this Guide contains many examples, strategies and resources that make it an essential tool to meet the challenge of finding locally appropriate solutions for delivering effective services.
This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience... more This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience suggests that there is much yet to learn about fair and just applications of the power to require landowners to relinquish possession of their property. In particular, the constitutionally required standard of “just compensation” for expropriated property seems unattainable in practice. If this is the case, it is essential that alternatives to expropriation be found. One possibility used widely in other countries is considered here.
This guide is intended for trainers and facilitators in the GLTN and UN-Habitat Land-based Financ... more This guide is intended for trainers and facilitators in the GLTN and UN-Habitat Land-based Finance (LBF) Training course. LBF is a collective name given to a range of instruments by which local governments expand their revenue base and generate funds that will help them realize their service delivery, infrastructure development and maintenance goals
This Reader is an integral component of the GLTN/UN-Habitat Leveraging Land: Land-Based Finance f... more This Reader is an integral component of the GLTN/UN-Habitat Leveraging Land: Land-Based Finance for Local Government training package. The package is a two-part tool consisting of • Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Reader (this volume); and • Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Trainer’s Guide
The chapters in this book explore in detail the choices regarding both the structure and administ... more The chapters in this book explore in detail the choices regarding both the structure and administration of the property tax, drawing on the extensive knowledge the authors have acquired in studying property taxes around the world. The chapters provide a wide-ranging treatment of the design choices and administrative tasks, both in terms of the breadth of design options and administrative tasks covered and the depth of the discussion. The authors describe the range of design choices, discuss the associated issues and the advantages and disadvantages for each, and present the criteria to help choose among the options.
Land and Property Tax: a Policy Guide is a companion for government officials and land and proper... more Land and Property Tax: a Policy Guide is a companion for government officials and land and property professionals seeking to understand how to establish a viable and vibrant land-based taxation system. Using various examples, alternatives and illustrations around the World, the Guide provides a compelling case for generating local revenue through land and its improvements. In the Guide, you will find answers to questions such as why land and property taxes are often an important source of local revenue, what the options are for designing and sustaining a land-based tax system, and what needs to be considered in their implementation. The Guide presents a step-by-step approach to implementing a range of land and property taxation policies, strategies, tools and instruments. It provides various taxation alternatives that can be adapted to local contexts and local and central authorities' capacities. The Guide will be a valuable resource for local, sub-national and national government officials, community leaders, researchers, urban planners, international and national urban consultants working on land and property taxation, urban land market, urban economies, and land-based finance mainly in developing countries and emerging economies.
"Wicked" problems are large-scale, long-term policy dilemmas in which multiple and compounding ri... more "Wicked" problems are large-scale, long-term policy dilemmas in which multiple and compounding risks and uncertainties combine with sharply divergent public values to generate contentious political stalemates; wicked problems in the environmental arena typically emerge from entrenched conflicts over natural resource management and over the prioritization of economic and conservation goals more generally.
This new book examines past experience and future directions in the management of wicked environmental problems and describes new strategies for mitigating the conflicts inherent in these seemingly intractable situations. The book:
reviews the history of the concept of wicked problems;
examines the principles and processes that managers have applied;
explores the practical limitations of various approaches.
Most important, the book reviews current thinking on the way forward, focusing on the implementation of "learning networks," in which public managers, technical experts, and public stakeholders collaborate in decision-making processes that are analytic, iterative, and deliberative.
Case studies of forest management in the Sierra Nevada, restoration of the Florida Everglades, carbon trading in the European Union, and management of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania are used to explain concepts and demonstrate practical applications.
Wicked Environmental Problems offers new approaches for managing environmental conflicts and shows how managers could apply these approaches within common, real-world statutory decision-making frameworks. It is essential reading for anyone concerned with managing environmental problems.
Journal of Professional Services Marketing, Jul 29, 1998
ABSTRACT A methodology is developed to determine eligibility percentages relative to the gender i... more ABSTRACT A methodology is developed to determine eligibility percentages relative to the gender issue in collegiate sports. Relevant factors of interest in and ability to play sports are evaluated, a statistical model is generated and a case study of one institution (using university ACT information, a telephone survey, focus groups, and participation rates) is presented.
A study of cost overruns in construction projects performed under contract with the Utah Departme... more A study of cost overruns in construction projects performed under contract with the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) is reported in this paper. The approach looks at historical patterns through largely quantitative and descriptive information covering more than 800 projects completed between 1980 and 1989. Interviews were also conducted with current UDOT personnel, representatives from the State Attorney General's office, and private contractors and their legal counsel to determine current perceptions and assessments of the construction claims environment. Findings suggest that the climate of construction management has changed in recent years. As the Interstate system has neared completion, rehabilitation and reconstruction projects have increased both in number and as a percentage of all projects. These projects are found to be more likely to involve cost overruns. During the same period, UDOT preconstruction staffing levels fell, contributing to numerous design and other preconstruction errors, and an increased opportunity for contractors to seek additional compensation. Lack of cooperation between divisions within UDOT contributed to the decline in relationships between UDOT and the contracting community. Contractors were found to be more willing to file and pursue claims due to an increasingly competitive bidding process and increased access to legal counsel.
Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Issues in Expropriation, 2018
This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience... more This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience suggests that there is much yet to learn about fair and just applications of the power to require landowners to relinquish possession of their property. In particular, the constitutionally required standard of “just compensation” for expropriated property seems unattainable in practice. If this is the case, it is essential that alternatives to expropriation be found. One possibility used widely in other countries is considered here.
One of the most significant challenges facing urban authorities in developing countries is findin... more One of the most significant challenges facing urban authorities in developing countries is finding the funds needed to support and sustain urban development. Without funds, the authorities are unable to meet the ever-growing demand for basic services, maintenance and new infrastructure – including land services that ensure tenure security. One source of revenue is taxes – specifically land tax – which has proven to be a successful tax base in many countries and is receiving increasing attention in many others. This Guide aims to expand the understanding of local leaders on taxes and fees related to land and the advantages of this approach, it provides a roadmap for taking an inventory of the local context, it discusses the institutional and societal challenges that must be overcome, and describes the process for developing an action plan intended to convert aspirations into actions. Together with the UN-Habitat and GLTN training package Leveraging Land: Land-based finance for local governments, this Guide contains many examples, strategies and resources that make it an essential tool to meet the challenge of finding locally appropriate solutions for delivering effective services.
This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience... more This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience suggests that there is much yet to learn about fair and just applications of the power to require landowners to relinquish possession of their property. In particular, the constitutionally required standard of “just compensation” for expropriated property seems unattainable in practice. If this is the case, it is essential that alternatives to expropriation be found. One possibility used widely in other countries is considered here.
This guide is intended for trainers and facilitators in the GLTN and UN-Habitat Land-based Financ... more This guide is intended for trainers and facilitators in the GLTN and UN-Habitat Land-based Finance (LBF) Training course. LBF is a collective name given to a range of instruments by which local governments expand their revenue base and generate funds that will help them realize their service delivery, infrastructure development and maintenance goals
This Reader is an integral component of the GLTN/UN-Habitat Leveraging Land: Land-Based Finance f... more This Reader is an integral component of the GLTN/UN-Habitat Leveraging Land: Land-Based Finance for Local Government training package. The package is a two-part tool consisting of • Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Reader (this volume); and • Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Trainer’s Guide
The chapters in this book explore in detail the choices regarding both the structure and administ... more The chapters in this book explore in detail the choices regarding both the structure and administration of the property tax, drawing on the extensive knowledge the authors have acquired in studying property taxes around the world. The chapters provide a wide-ranging treatment of the design choices and administrative tasks, both in terms of the breadth of design options and administrative tasks covered and the depth of the discussion. The authors describe the range of design choices, discuss the associated issues and the advantages and disadvantages for each, and present the criteria to help choose among the options.
Land and Property Tax: a Policy Guide is a companion for government officials and land and proper... more Land and Property Tax: a Policy Guide is a companion for government officials and land and property professionals seeking to understand how to establish a viable and vibrant land-based taxation system. Using various examples, alternatives and illustrations around the World, the Guide provides a compelling case for generating local revenue through land and its improvements. In the Guide, you will find answers to questions such as why land and property taxes are often an important source of local revenue, what the options are for designing and sustaining a land-based tax system, and what needs to be considered in their implementation. The Guide presents a step-by-step approach to implementing a range of land and property taxation policies, strategies, tools and instruments. It provides various taxation alternatives that can be adapted to local contexts and local and central authorities' capacities. The Guide will be a valuable resource for local, sub-national and national government officials, community leaders, researchers, urban planners, international and national urban consultants working on land and property taxation, urban land market, urban economies, and land-based finance mainly in developing countries and emerging economies.
"Wicked" problems are large-scale, long-term policy dilemmas in which multiple and compounding ri... more "Wicked" problems are large-scale, long-term policy dilemmas in which multiple and compounding risks and uncertainties combine with sharply divergent public values to generate contentious political stalemates; wicked problems in the environmental arena typically emerge from entrenched conflicts over natural resource management and over the prioritization of economic and conservation goals more generally.
This new book examines past experience and future directions in the management of wicked environmental problems and describes new strategies for mitigating the conflicts inherent in these seemingly intractable situations. The book:
reviews the history of the concept of wicked problems;
examines the principles and processes that managers have applied;
explores the practical limitations of various approaches.
Most important, the book reviews current thinking on the way forward, focusing on the implementation of "learning networks," in which public managers, technical experts, and public stakeholders collaborate in decision-making processes that are analytic, iterative, and deliberative.
Case studies of forest management in the Sierra Nevada, restoration of the Florida Everglades, carbon trading in the European Union, and management of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania are used to explain concepts and demonstrate practical applications.
Wicked Environmental Problems offers new approaches for managing environmental conflicts and shows how managers could apply these approaches within common, real-world statutory decision-making frameworks. It is essential reading for anyone concerned with managing environmental problems.
Journal of Professional Services Marketing, Jul 29, 1998
ABSTRACT A methodology is developed to determine eligibility percentages relative to the gender i... more ABSTRACT A methodology is developed to determine eligibility percentages relative to the gender issue in collegiate sports. Relevant factors of interest in and ability to play sports are evaluated, a statistical model is generated and a case study of one institution (using university ACT information, a telephone survey, focus groups, and participation rates) is presented.
A study of cost overruns in construction projects performed under contract with the Utah Departme... more A study of cost overruns in construction projects performed under contract with the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) is reported in this paper. The approach looks at historical patterns through largely quantitative and descriptive information covering more than 800 projects completed between 1980 and 1989. Interviews were also conducted with current UDOT personnel, representatives from the State Attorney General's office, and private contractors and their legal counsel to determine current perceptions and assessments of the construction claims environment. Findings suggest that the climate of construction management has changed in recent years. As the Interstate system has neared completion, rehabilitation and reconstruction projects have increased both in number and as a percentage of all projects. These projects are found to be more likely to involve cost overruns. During the same period, UDOT preconstruction staffing levels fell, contributing to numerous design and other preconstruction errors, and an increased opportunity for contractors to seek additional compensation. Lack of cooperation between divisions within UDOT contributed to the decline in relationships between UDOT and the contracting community. Contractors were found to be more willing to file and pursue claims due to an increasingly competitive bidding process and increased access to legal counsel.
Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Issues in Expropriation, 2018
This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience... more This chapter explores expropriation as it has been used in the United States. The U.S. experience suggests that there is much yet to learn about fair and just applications of the power to require landowners to relinquish possession of their property. In particular, the constitutionally required standard of “just compensation” for expropriated property seems unattainable in practice. If this is the case, it is essential that alternatives to expropriation be found. One possibility used widely in other countries is considered here.
One of the traditionally central characteristics of public administration is its political neutra... more One of the traditionally central characteristics of public administration is its political neutrality. However, despite the proliferation of research on the values of public servants, no empirical ...
At the end of Chapter 6, we introduced a proposal for an approach to decision making in the wicke... more At the end of Chapter 6, we introduced a proposal for an approach to decision making in the wicked problem context that incorporates key elements of procedures required under the National Environmental Policy Act, known as the NEPA process (Council on Environmental Quality 1987, 2007), and the concept of learning networks as described by the National Research Council (1996). Figure 6.2, presented on page 126 of the previous chapter, depicts this approach.
We turn now to practical aspects of the elicitation and analysis of stakeholder preferences and t... more We turn now to practical aspects of the elicitation and analysis of stakeholder preferences and the application of the results to the learning network approach. We suggest that the techniques proposed in this chapter and the next can provide valuable insights into stakeholder preferences and their consequences that might otherwise be overlooked. The linking of preferences to potential consequences may help clarify the role of values in public participatory processes.
Page 1. Managing Wicked Environmental Problems: Integrating Public Participation and Adaptive Man... more Page 1. Managing Wicked Environmental Problems: Integrating Public Participation and Adaptive Management Peter J. Balint, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia Ronald E. Stewart*, George Mason University, Fairfax ...
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One source of revenue is taxes – specifically land tax – which has proven to be a successful tax base in many countries and is receiving increasing attention in many others. This Guide aims to expand the understanding of local leaders on taxes and fees related to land and the advantages of this approach, it provides a roadmap for taking an inventory of the local context, it discusses the institutional and societal challenges that must be overcome, and describes the process for developing an action plan intended to convert aspirations into actions.
Together with the UN-Habitat and GLTN training package Leveraging Land: Land-based finance for local governments, this Guide contains many examples, strategies and resources that make it an essential tool to meet the challenge of finding locally appropriate solutions for delivering effective services.
expand their revenue base and generate funds that will help them realize their service delivery, infrastructure development and maintenance goals
• Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Reader (this volume); and
• Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Trainer’s Guide
This new book examines past experience and future directions in the management of wicked environmental problems and describes new strategies for mitigating the conflicts inherent in these seemingly intractable situations. The book:
reviews the history of the concept of wicked problems;
examines the principles and processes that managers have applied;
explores the practical limitations of various approaches.
Most important, the book reviews current thinking on the way forward, focusing on the implementation of "learning networks," in which public managers, technical experts, and public stakeholders collaborate in decision-making processes that are analytic, iterative, and deliberative.
Case studies of forest management in the Sierra Nevada, restoration of the Florida Everglades, carbon trading in the European Union, and management of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania are used to explain concepts and demonstrate practical applications.
Wicked Environmental Problems offers new approaches for managing environmental conflicts and shows how managers could apply these approaches within common, real-world statutory decision-making frameworks. It is essential reading for anyone concerned with managing environmental problems.
Papers
One source of revenue is taxes – specifically land tax – which has proven to be a successful tax base in many countries and is receiving increasing attention in many others. This Guide aims to expand the understanding of local leaders on taxes and fees related to land and the advantages of this approach, it provides a roadmap for taking an inventory of the local context, it discusses the institutional and societal challenges that must be overcome, and describes the process for developing an action plan intended to convert aspirations into actions.
Together with the UN-Habitat and GLTN training package Leveraging Land: Land-based finance for local governments, this Guide contains many examples, strategies and resources that make it an essential tool to meet the challenge of finding locally appropriate solutions for delivering effective services.
expand their revenue base and generate funds that will help them realize their service delivery, infrastructure development and maintenance goals
• Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Reader (this volume); and
• Leveraging Land: Land-based Finance for Local Governments. A Trainer’s Guide
This new book examines past experience and future directions in the management of wicked environmental problems and describes new strategies for mitigating the conflicts inherent in these seemingly intractable situations. The book:
reviews the history of the concept of wicked problems;
examines the principles and processes that managers have applied;
explores the practical limitations of various approaches.
Most important, the book reviews current thinking on the way forward, focusing on the implementation of "learning networks," in which public managers, technical experts, and public stakeholders collaborate in decision-making processes that are analytic, iterative, and deliberative.
Case studies of forest management in the Sierra Nevada, restoration of the Florida Everglades, carbon trading in the European Union, and management of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania are used to explain concepts and demonstrate practical applications.
Wicked Environmental Problems offers new approaches for managing environmental conflicts and shows how managers could apply these approaches within common, real-world statutory decision-making frameworks. It is essential reading for anyone concerned with managing environmental problems.