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Youngkyun Baek

Boise State University, Educational Technology, Faculty Member

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Former Professor of Educational Technology at Korea National University of Education,
Former Senior Research at Korea Educational Development Institute

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University of California, San Diego

Kansas State University

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Mount Royal University

Victor Navarro-Remesal

Tecnocampus de Mataro

University of York

Dorinda J Carter Andrews

Michigan State University

Dulce Márcia Cruz

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina)

Christine Sleeter

California State University, Monterey Bay

Guilherme Moerbeck

UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Rio de Janeiro State University

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Papers by Youngkyun Baek

웹 기반 토론 학습을 지원하는 전자 게시판의 설계 및 구현

웹 환경에서 그래픽 자료유형과 아동의 인지양식이 수학과 공간지각력 형성에 미치는 효과

교육학연구, 2003

From Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) to Sustained Remote Teaching (SRT): A comparative semester analysis of exchange students’ experiences and perceptions of learning online during COVID-19

Online learning, Jun 1, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic caused universities worldwide to close campuses, forcing millions of teache... more The COVID-19 pandemic caused universities worldwide to close campuses, forcing millions of teachers and students to resort to Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) and learning. Though necessary, the sudden move to remote delivery marked a significant departure from the standards and norms in distance education. In Korea, the pandemic coincided with the start of the 2020 academic year. Though ERT was new and unplanned during the first semester of the year, it became Sustained Remote Teaching (SRT) in the second. Through the lens of performance improvement theory, we sought to determine if students' experiences and perceptions with learning remotely via SRT would change over time as a result of institutional preparedness and faculty support/experience. In total, 140 (Spring) and 93 (Fall) exchange students rated their perceptions of Teaching and Learning Processes, Student Support, and Course Structure with their ERT/SRT learning experiences via an electronic survey. An independent-samples one-way ANOVA indicated several statistically significant benchmarks, though results are interpreted as minor real world improvement. Implications for ERT/SRT policy and future research in the context of specific student groups are discussed.

Uses of learning objects in a wireless Internet based learning system

The scope and characteristics of wireless Internet have been explored to serve as a basis for the... more The scope and characteristics of wireless Internet have been explored to serve as a basis for the building of a wireless Internet based learning system. Technically, the concept of learning objects is introduced; the concept of LCMS (learning management system integrated with content management system) is introduced in terms of learning management, delivery, and authoring; finally the map of a

Exploring Factors That Influence Computational Thinking Skills in Elementary Students’ Collaborative Robotics

Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2021

Recently educational robotics has expanded into curriculum beyond traditional STEM fields, and wh... more Recently educational robotics has expanded into curriculum beyond traditional STEM fields, and which can also be used to foster computational thinking (CT) skills. Prior research has shown numerous interdisciplinary benefits related to CT, however, these influential factors have often been investigated with relatively few variables. This study investigated factors that may lead to 4th and 5th grade elementary school students’ development of computational thinking skills in collaborative robotics activities by hypothesizing a model which proposed that a problem solving inventory, intrinsic motivation, and enjoyment were the main predictors of computational thinking skills. The model was then tested by surveying students with several psychometric inventories where a revised model was then constructed. The study found significant relationships between perceived competence and enjoyment, and learning motivation, and intrinsic motivation. Another important finding was that problem solvin...

게임기반학습에서 학습자의 게임능력 및 학습능력이 논리적사고력에 미치는 효과

Korea Association for Educational Information and Media, Dec 1, 2004

Exploring Minecraft as a Tool for Learning in the K-12 Classroom

The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education, 2020

Simulating Teaching & Learning

교육용 온라인 게임에서 몰입과 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인에 대한 연구

본 연구에서는 교육용 온라인 게임의 요인을 학습내용, 상호작용, 디자인, 항해로 설정하고, 몰입(flow)에 영향을 미치리라 예측되는 학습자 요인을 즐거움, 사용태도, 탐색행... more 본 연구에서는 교육용 온라인 게임의 요인을 학습내용, 상호작용, 디자인, 항해로 설정하고, 몰입(flow)에 영향을 미치리라 예측되는 학습자 요인을 즐거움, 사용태도, 탐색행동, 중요도, 기술수준, 자극수준으로 설정하였다. 그리고 이들 요인들 중 교육용 온라인 게임에서 몰입경험과 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인들이 무엇인지 분석해 보았다. 몰입경험에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학습자 요인에서는 즐거움과 기술수준이었고, 교육용 온라인 게임 요인에서는 학습내용으로 나타났으며, 게임에서 즐거움을 많이 느낄수록, 기술수준이 높을수록, 그리고 학습내용이 자신에게 실질적으로 필요한 내용일수록 몰입경험을 많이 하게 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 학습자 요인 중에서는 즐거움이었으며 게임 요인 중에서는 학습내용, 상호작용, 디자인이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이로서 게임 활동 이후 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학습자 요인보다는 게임 요인들이 더 많다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 학습의 지속성을 위해 게임행동의도에 관한 연구가 행해져야 한다고 제언하였다.

Facilitating a Robotics Program in an After-school Context: Elementary School Teachers' Perceived Learning

Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, Mar 18, 2019

Developing US Elementary Students’ STEM Practices and Concepts in an Afterschool Integrated STEM Project

The effect of learner and game variables on social problem-solving in simulation game

Trends and Applications of Serious Gaming and Social Media

Gaming Media and Social Effects, 2014

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more

Autonomous Robotics Math Curriculum Development Using C Coding Language to Increase Student Attitudes and Learner Outcomes

International Journal of Robotics and Automation Technology

Educational robotics is increasingly becoming incorporated into K12 instructional curriculum. The... more Educational robotics is increasingly becoming incorporated into K12 instructional curriculum. The addition of autonomous robotics into mathematics lessons increases student engagement and attitudes towards robotics and STEM. This mixed methods study provides educators with an autonomous robotics curriculum, developed in C coding language, to increase learner attitude outcomes towards robotics and STEM. According to research from Vollstedt et al. (2007) as society progresses, students need to increase their knowledge of science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (STEM) to compete with the rest of the world and to efficiently utilize the new technologies that are introduced. This study was conducted at a STEM school in a small suburb of Boise, Idaho. Thirty-two fifth grade students participated in the study incorporating qualitative observations and quantitative surveys. The study concluded that coding using C coding language is one way of increasing attitudes towards robotics and STEM. Future curriculum development and research using autonomous robotics is needed to provide educators with tools to increase learner attitude outcomes towards robotics and STEM.

Teaching and Learning in a Virtual World

E-Learning and Digital Media, 2013

Although virtual worlds offer teachers the potential to enhance the K-12 curriculum in novel ways... more Although virtual worlds offer teachers the potential to enhance the K-12 curriculum in novel ways, there have been few systematic attempts to instruct teachers about virtual worlds, research their reactions, or track their explorations of these three-dimensional environments. Therefore, this study was designed to respond to the call to help teachers to master digital skills, increase their self-confidence with digital media, and promote educators' use of new technologies in their personal and professional lives. To accomplish this, the first author offered a course based in the virtual world of Second Life (SL) in which the second author participated as a student and a co-researcher. The purpose of this study was to describe teachers' responses to a virtual world for teaching and learning. This study was conducted on the basis of the methodology of teacher research using methods of virtual ethnography. Participants demonstrated high degrees of ability with the digital skills...

Teachers' Attitudes toward Mobile Learning in Korea

Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017

Mobile devices have become ubiquitous, and their uses are various. In schools, many discussions a... more Mobile devices have become ubiquitous, and their uses are various. In schools, many discussions about mobile devices are ongoing as more and more teachers are adopting the technology for use in their classrooms. Teachers’ attitudes toward mobile learning takes an important role in initiating its usage in schools. This study aims to investigate the attitudes toward mobile learning among Korean teachers. The authors’ primary focus lies on the teachers’ attitudes toward mobile learning in view of their differences in gender, school level, teaching experience, and subjects taught. In order to find out teachers’ attitudes toward mobile learning, the Mobile Learning Perception Scale (MLPS) developed by Uzunboylu and Özdamlı was utilized. The results of this study showed Korean teachers’ mobile learning attitudes was low in general. Female teachers were more positive than male teachers in their attitudes. Secondary school teachers’ attitudes on the Forms of Mobile Learning Application and ...

Group Roles Matter in Computational Robotic Activities

This study examines the impact of grouping by gender and group roles on robotics performance, com... more This study examines the impact of grouping by gender and group roles on robotics performance, computational thinking skills, and learning motivation towards computer programming. One hundred ninety-one students in fourth and fifth grade completed the project. LEGO Mindstorms EV3 robotics were used to compose and program music in groups of three to four students. The robotics project was completed over the course of fourteen weeks for one hour each week. Gender-structured groups of all female, all male and mixed female and male were randomly assigned in each class. All groups in participating six classrooms were assigned one of three group roles implementation, which were fixed, rotating and no role. This study is significant towards identifying group scaffolds and supports that can produce benefits for all students in robotic activities. Results indicated that group roles matter when students are working on collaborative robotics projects. Three different implementations of group ro...

Increasing Elementary Students’ Computational Thinking Skills Using a Multifaceted Robotics-Based Intervention

Computers in the Schools, 2022

ChapterS RETHINKING FANTASY As A CONTRIBUTOR TO INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN DIGITAL GAMEPLAY

Playing digital games is a part of life for current natives. Games make people engrossed, and are... more Playing digital games is a part of life for current natives. Games make people engrossed, and are optimized environments where fun prevails. Of making people motivated in gameplay, fantasy is a paramount element. Research has discovered that fantasy plays a critical role in enhancing intrinsic motivation. This chapter thus revisits the role of fantasy while playing digital games, focusing on what brings a state of fantasy in a gaming world. Specifically, the purpose of this chapter is to probe factors creating fantasy state while gameplay. To this end, 153 junior high students aged from l1 to 13 were participated in this study, and 35 commercial off-the-shelf games including most game genres were utilized. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to extract the factors making fantasy state while gameplay. As a result, four factors were extracted as fantasy components, and labeled as identification, imagination, analogy, and satisfaction. By thinking about such subcomponents, f...

Using an Instant Messenger to Learn a Foreign Language in a Peer-Tutoring Environment

Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017

This study explores useful ways of using an instant messenger in a peer-tutoring environment when... more This study explores useful ways of using an instant messenger in a peer-tutoring environment when two students exchange their mother languages. Seven learners of Korean and seven Korean students learning English were paired randomly to conduct language exchange via an instant messenger, KakaoTalk. The pairs (five of male and female pair and two of same gender pair) were engaged in a one-hour session once a week for ten weeks, half an hour in Korean and half an hour in English. The meeting aimed to improve partner’s pronunciation, vocabulary and understanding of the cultures. The results of the exchange activities showed the positive impacts of language exchange for students.

웹 기반 토론 학습을 지원하는 전자 게시판의 설계 및 구현

웹 환경에서 그래픽 자료유형과 아동의 인지양식이 수학과 공간지각력 형성에 미치는 효과

교육학연구, 2003

From Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) to Sustained Remote Teaching (SRT): A comparative semester analysis of exchange students’ experiences and perceptions of learning online during COVID-19

Online learning, Jun 1, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic caused universities worldwide to close campuses, forcing millions of teache... more The COVID-19 pandemic caused universities worldwide to close campuses, forcing millions of teachers and students to resort to Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) and learning. Though necessary, the sudden move to remote delivery marked a significant departure from the standards and norms in distance education. In Korea, the pandemic coincided with the start of the 2020 academic year. Though ERT was new and unplanned during the first semester of the year, it became Sustained Remote Teaching (SRT) in the second. Through the lens of performance improvement theory, we sought to determine if students' experiences and perceptions with learning remotely via SRT would change over time as a result of institutional preparedness and faculty support/experience. In total, 140 (Spring) and 93 (Fall) exchange students rated their perceptions of Teaching and Learning Processes, Student Support, and Course Structure with their ERT/SRT learning experiences via an electronic survey. An independent-samples one-way ANOVA indicated several statistically significant benchmarks, though results are interpreted as minor real world improvement. Implications for ERT/SRT policy and future research in the context of specific student groups are discussed.

Uses of learning objects in a wireless Internet based learning system

The scope and characteristics of wireless Internet have been explored to serve as a basis for the... more The scope and characteristics of wireless Internet have been explored to serve as a basis for the building of a wireless Internet based learning system. Technically, the concept of learning objects is introduced; the concept of LCMS (learning management system integrated with content management system) is introduced in terms of learning management, delivery, and authoring; finally the map of a

Exploring Factors That Influence Computational Thinking Skills in Elementary Students’ Collaborative Robotics

Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2021

Recently educational robotics has expanded into curriculum beyond traditional STEM fields, and wh... more Recently educational robotics has expanded into curriculum beyond traditional STEM fields, and which can also be used to foster computational thinking (CT) skills. Prior research has shown numerous interdisciplinary benefits related to CT, however, these influential factors have often been investigated with relatively few variables. This study investigated factors that may lead to 4th and 5th grade elementary school students’ development of computational thinking skills in collaborative robotics activities by hypothesizing a model which proposed that a problem solving inventory, intrinsic motivation, and enjoyment were the main predictors of computational thinking skills. The model was then tested by surveying students with several psychometric inventories where a revised model was then constructed. The study found significant relationships between perceived competence and enjoyment, and learning motivation, and intrinsic motivation. Another important finding was that problem solvin...

게임기반학습에서 학습자의 게임능력 및 학습능력이 논리적사고력에 미치는 효과

Korea Association for Educational Information and Media, Dec 1, 2004

Exploring Minecraft as a Tool for Learning in the K-12 Classroom

The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education, 2020

Simulating Teaching & Learning

교육용 온라인 게임에서 몰입과 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인에 대한 연구

본 연구에서는 교육용 온라인 게임의 요인을 학습내용, 상호작용, 디자인, 항해로 설정하고, 몰입(flow)에 영향을 미치리라 예측되는 학습자 요인을 즐거움, 사용태도, 탐색행... more 본 연구에서는 교육용 온라인 게임의 요인을 학습내용, 상호작용, 디자인, 항해로 설정하고, 몰입(flow)에 영향을 미치리라 예측되는 학습자 요인을 즐거움, 사용태도, 탐색행동, 중요도, 기술수준, 자극수준으로 설정하였다. 그리고 이들 요인들 중 교육용 온라인 게임에서 몰입경험과 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인들이 무엇인지 분석해 보았다. 몰입경험에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학습자 요인에서는 즐거움과 기술수준이었고, 교육용 온라인 게임 요인에서는 학습내용으로 나타났으며, 게임에서 즐거움을 많이 느낄수록, 기술수준이 높을수록, 그리고 학습내용이 자신에게 실질적으로 필요한 내용일수록 몰입경험을 많이 하게 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 학습자 요인 중에서는 즐거움이었으며 게임 요인 중에서는 학습내용, 상호작용, 디자인이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이로서 게임 활동 이후 게임행동의도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학습자 요인보다는 게임 요인들이 더 많다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 학습의 지속성을 위해 게임행동의도에 관한 연구가 행해져야 한다고 제언하였다.

Facilitating a Robotics Program in an After-school Context: Elementary School Teachers' Perceived Learning

Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, Mar 18, 2019

Developing US Elementary Students’ STEM Practices and Concepts in an Afterschool Integrated STEM Project

The effect of learner and game variables on social problem-solving in simulation game

Trends and Applications of Serious Gaming and Social Media

Gaming Media and Social Effects, 2014

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more

Autonomous Robotics Math Curriculum Development Using C Coding Language to Increase Student Attitudes and Learner Outcomes

International Journal of Robotics and Automation Technology

Educational robotics is increasingly becoming incorporated into K12 instructional curriculum. The... more Educational robotics is increasingly becoming incorporated into K12 instructional curriculum. The addition of autonomous robotics into mathematics lessons increases student engagement and attitudes towards robotics and STEM. This mixed methods study provides educators with an autonomous robotics curriculum, developed in C coding language, to increase learner attitude outcomes towards robotics and STEM. According to research from Vollstedt et al. (2007) as society progresses, students need to increase their knowledge of science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (STEM) to compete with the rest of the world and to efficiently utilize the new technologies that are introduced. This study was conducted at a STEM school in a small suburb of Boise, Idaho. Thirty-two fifth grade students participated in the study incorporating qualitative observations and quantitative surveys. The study concluded that coding using C coding language is one way of increasing attitudes towards robotics and STEM. Future curriculum development and research using autonomous robotics is needed to provide educators with tools to increase learner attitude outcomes towards robotics and STEM.

Teaching and Learning in a Virtual World

E-Learning and Digital Media, 2013

Although virtual worlds offer teachers the potential to enhance the K-12 curriculum in novel ways... more Although virtual worlds offer teachers the potential to enhance the K-12 curriculum in novel ways, there have been few systematic attempts to instruct teachers about virtual worlds, research their reactions, or track their explorations of these three-dimensional environments. Therefore, this study was designed to respond to the call to help teachers to master digital skills, increase their self-confidence with digital media, and promote educators' use of new technologies in their personal and professional lives. To accomplish this, the first author offered a course based in the virtual world of Second Life (SL) in which the second author participated as a student and a co-researcher. The purpose of this study was to describe teachers' responses to a virtual world for teaching and learning. This study was conducted on the basis of the methodology of teacher research using methods of virtual ethnography. Participants demonstrated high degrees of ability with the digital skills...

Teachers' Attitudes toward Mobile Learning in Korea

Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017

Mobile devices have become ubiquitous, and their uses are various. In schools, many discussions a... more Mobile devices have become ubiquitous, and their uses are various. In schools, many discussions about mobile devices are ongoing as more and more teachers are adopting the technology for use in their classrooms. Teachers’ attitudes toward mobile learning takes an important role in initiating its usage in schools. This study aims to investigate the attitudes toward mobile learning among Korean teachers. The authors’ primary focus lies on the teachers’ attitudes toward mobile learning in view of their differences in gender, school level, teaching experience, and subjects taught. In order to find out teachers’ attitudes toward mobile learning, the Mobile Learning Perception Scale (MLPS) developed by Uzunboylu and Özdamlı was utilized. The results of this study showed Korean teachers’ mobile learning attitudes was low in general. Female teachers were more positive than male teachers in their attitudes. Secondary school teachers’ attitudes on the Forms of Mobile Learning Application and ...

Group Roles Matter in Computational Robotic Activities

This study examines the impact of grouping by gender and group roles on robotics performance, com... more This study examines the impact of grouping by gender and group roles on robotics performance, computational thinking skills, and learning motivation towards computer programming. One hundred ninety-one students in fourth and fifth grade completed the project. LEGO Mindstorms EV3 robotics were used to compose and program music in groups of three to four students. The robotics project was completed over the course of fourteen weeks for one hour each week. Gender-structured groups of all female, all male and mixed female and male were randomly assigned in each class. All groups in participating six classrooms were assigned one of three group roles implementation, which were fixed, rotating and no role. This study is significant towards identifying group scaffolds and supports that can produce benefits for all students in robotic activities. Results indicated that group roles matter when students are working on collaborative robotics projects. Three different implementations of group ro...

Increasing Elementary Students’ Computational Thinking Skills Using a Multifaceted Robotics-Based Intervention

Computers in the Schools, 2022

ChapterS RETHINKING FANTASY As A CONTRIBUTOR TO INTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN DIGITAL GAMEPLAY

Playing digital games is a part of life for current natives. Games make people engrossed, and are... more Playing digital games is a part of life for current natives. Games make people engrossed, and are optimized environments where fun prevails. Of making people motivated in gameplay, fantasy is a paramount element. Research has discovered that fantasy plays a critical role in enhancing intrinsic motivation. This chapter thus revisits the role of fantasy while playing digital games, focusing on what brings a state of fantasy in a gaming world. Specifically, the purpose of this chapter is to probe factors creating fantasy state while gameplay. To this end, 153 junior high students aged from l1 to 13 were participated in this study, and 35 commercial off-the-shelf games including most game genres were utilized. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to extract the factors making fantasy state while gameplay. As a result, four factors were extracted as fantasy components, and labeled as identification, imagination, analogy, and satisfaction. By thinking about such subcomponents, f...

Using an Instant Messenger to Learn a Foreign Language in a Peer-Tutoring Environment

Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017

This study explores useful ways of using an instant messenger in a peer-tutoring environment when... more This study explores useful ways of using an instant messenger in a peer-tutoring environment when two students exchange their mother languages. Seven learners of Korean and seven Korean students learning English were paired randomly to conduct language exchange via an instant messenger, KakaoTalk. The pairs (five of male and female pair and two of same gender pair) were engaged in a one-hour session once a week for ten weeks, half an hour in Korean and half an hour in English. The meeting aimed to improve partner’s pronunciation, vocabulary and understanding of the cultures. The results of the exchange activities showed the positive impacts of language exchange for students.

COLLABORATION, COOPERATION, AND COMPETITION: TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES IN MOBILE LEARNING GAMES

by Achraf Touati and Youngkyun Baek

With the rapid development in mobile communication devices, recent trends suggest that the use of... more With the rapid development in mobile communication devices, recent trends suggest that the use of mobile games in learning is on the rise. However, scant attention is given to the design and application of collaborative, cooperative, and competitive mobile gaming activities in classrooms. Cooperation and collaboration are two concepts that have often been used interchangeably and inaccurately in teaching and learning. Evidence from the literature suggests that cooperation and collaboration differ significantly in relation to teacher role, student role, and communication type between group members. Therefore, the principle objective of this chapter is to provide an overview and analysis of the conceptual differences between collaboration and cooperation in the context of mobile gaming. Second, we will discuss the integration of the element of competition in learning and mobile gaming activities and its impact on learning performance. Lastly, for each of the three teaching strategies, we will discuss current research trends and developments of mobile gaming in learning by summarizing empirical case studies and their key findings.