Mirko Grcic

In the introductory part of this book main paradigms in industrial geography, and systems paradigm as relative new growth rate in this discipline are analyzed. Review of principal results of systems approach in industrial geography was been given, in order to consider their heuristically possibilities, and critical retrospects of deficiency of this approach. The aim of the present work was the research off the spatial structure of the industrial system of the Belgrade region and its change in a definite span of time. Spatial structure in the work was understood, as a set of spatial relations between elements of the industrial systems. The set consists of three kinds of relations: element - element, element - system, system - environment. The system consists of three kinds of structures - organizational, functional and the the territorial (spatial) structure - and their combinations. The work presents an approximate approach to spatial dynamic structuralism, whose aim was to research spatial transformations. The fundamental assumption from methodology point of view was as integral as possible connection, join of the elements of structure and dynamics,  which was the consequence of the conviction that simultaneous and equivalent treatment of these elements, makes it possible to make an accurate research of spatial changes which occurred in the industry of the given region, facilitating at the same time the possibility of application of different kinds of quantitative methods in the scope of given problem.  Empirical research has been made for the years 1966-1983, and the structure of peculiar branches (29 groups) was taken into account and this was done on different scale - region, commune, center and elementary industrial unit (plant works). In conclusion in stressed that systems approach is favorable as concept and method, but yet  to pay attention to not lose thematically and methodological substance of industrial geography as science.

Mačva, Šabačka Posavina i Pocerina ima površinu 1 641 km2, 194 000 stanovnika, 100 seoskih i 2 gradska naselja. To je dobro individualisana geografska celina omeđena rekama Savom, Drinom i planinom Cer. Istraživani prostor u celini obuhvata tri opštine (Šabac, Bogatić i Vladimirce) i mačvanski deo opštine Sremska Mitrovica. U ovoj regionalno izdiferenciranoj sredini prepliću se prirodni i društveni uticaji, koji u međusobnim interakcijama generišu raznovrsne geografske procese. Nastojali smo da prikažemo te procese prostorno i vremenski. U tu svrhu smo vršili komparativne statističke analize promena između dva popisa poljoprivrede (1960. i 1991. godine) i stanovništva (1961. i 1991. godine). Иzlaganja су potkrepљена argumentima, činjenicama i oslonjena na naučne izvore.

Geografi se bave prostornim ili teritorijalnim aspektom industrije. Oni se koncentrišu oko pitanja gde je industrijska aktivnost lokalizovana i kako se taj razmeštaj menjao kroz vreme. Vrlo je značajno, da geografi nastoje da razumeju zašto je industrija razmeštena u datom prostoru. U tom traženju uzroka industrijske lokacije, oni istražuju relacije između teritorijalnog razmeštaja industrije i razmeštaja drugih geografskih fenomena, kako prirodnih tako i kulturalnih. To znači da uz pomoć fakata geografi treba da pokažu logiku prostorne organizacije industrije, osnovne uzročne veze između industrije i drugih sadržaja geografskog prostora. Posebno treba da pokažu, do kojeg stepena lokacione odluke imaju primarni karakter, to znači do kojeg stepena su determinisane delovanjem skrivenih sila u nesvesnim sferama i koliko daleko seže sloboda ljudskog izbora. Prema tome, problematika industrijske geografije ulazi u krug osnovnih i večnih pitanja geografije i pripada jednoj od najvećih tema nauke svih vremena - odnosu prirode i društva.

In the book "Serbia and the Balkans on the old geographical maps of European cartographers from II to XX Century",  authors analyzed numerous european cartographers and their works (maps, atlases), for the first time in a real analytical, synthetic and constructive way. The large-format book, on 720 pages, technically and graphically remarkably done, printed in Latin script, in the Serbian language, will be in a prominent place in many libraries. It brings an abundance of data and so many geographical maps (260) and photographs (74), that it makes an remarkable encyclopedia.  We must be grateful to the authors for presenting us many things that, from the second to the twentieth century, inspired cartographers to create original works, some of which represent real works of art.
The book by Mirko Grčić and Ljiljana Grčić is for watching, enjoying, reading, thinking and scientific analysis of a number of objects, phenomena and mapped elements, on which modern cartography was built. It evokes a geographical, historical, demographic and political past in a special way. Facsimiles of the original maps, or parts of them, relating to our country and the Balkan Peninsula, have been chosen with such care that the authors deserve praise. In the book, geographical maps are processed in facsimiles and through interpreters, which in certain periods brought exceptional progress to European and world cartography. Scientists from the most famous European cartographic schools from Venice, Genoa, Rome, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Nuremberg, Paris, London, Vienna and other centers, as well as Russian and Serbian geographers and cartographers, took part in that scientific and cartographic progress. Their cartographic works constantly portrayed Serbia as a European cultural and geographical area, even in the periods when the Balkan Peninsula and Southeast Europe were controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
The interpretation of each map specifies when, where, how, and for what purpose they were made. In order to make the maps as understandable as possible, the authors gave the identification of the toponyms marked on them through interpreters, which helps to understand the text and the context of the map. For easier and better use, at the end of the book, there are lists of maps, an index of geographical terms and a register of names. The text that accompanied the attached maps is at an enviable height, clear and concrete, documented, supported by verified literature, unambiguous. The special value of this book is not only the presented historical-cartographic material, but also historical-geographical, political-geographical, cultural-geographical and toponomastic aspects, through which the authors observe the context of individual maps, evolution of geographical and cartographic knowledge and methods and finally the process of continuous change. components of geospace in the period from the II to the XX century.
The book has a conclusion (seven pages), a summary in Serbian and English (10 pages), a list of used literature and data sources (51 pages), a list of maps (12 pages), a list of images (three pages), gratitude of the author to those who enabled the use of the presented maps (one page), geographical register and name register (34 pages).
Part of the essence of their research, presented in the book we point out, stems from the author's understanding that geographical maps do not become obsolete over time, but retain their cognitive interest as illustrations and as documents of the time of origin. "Over time, geographical maps move into the category of historical maps. The value of a map as a historical source is related to its territory. Old maps, like old writings and monuments, are a cure for oblivion. And not only that, geographical space has always been a complex field., as on the stage, historical processes took place and left their mark on it ... Creating geographical maps is a skill that has gradually evolved into science. Cartographers have for centuries crossed out and taken knowledge from each other and gradually perfected them in the constant tendency to present the world in its diversity and to be understood in the complex of the omnipresence of the power of the Creator ".
When we talk about the area of Serbia and the Balkan Peninsula, which for centuries has had the function of transit, merging, permeation, separation, isolation and contact of two continents, several states and peoples, the maps presented in the book by Mirko Grčić and Ljiljana Grčić, each in its own way, show common features. This contributes in many ways to the knowledge of the past, as a basis for perceiving the present and the future. We quote "geographical inertia in the Balkans is turbulent, because under the influence of geographical features of merging and permeation and their opposite features of isolation and separation, historical time here does not move as a wheel, but as a periodic pendulum between phases of construction and disintegration of socio-geographical structures. a geopolitical process known as Balkanization. " This statement has many justifications. Little known to foreign researchers for centuries, the Balkan Peninsula is only sporadically, and mostly inaccurately, shown in books and on geographical maps. Ancient geographers sought to present horizontal and vertical elements of the terrain, river network, roads and cities. Many maps lack a scale, projection and some other mathematical elements, so they could not realistically see and measure lengths, heights, areas, define proportional relations and so. According to the words and sentences from the book we are presenting, Jovan Cvijić pointed out this situation in the sense that the production of geographical maps about this part of Southeast Europe can be divided into a time when the points and outlines of the borders of the Balkan Peninsula were unknown, the time when the contours of the Balkan Peninsula can be discerned on maps, but with insufficient precision of the sea coastline, and the time when the real situation was determined by geodetic surveying and scientific methods.
Perfection is a special feature of the book by Mirko Grčić and Ljiljana Grčić, as well as the systematic, chronological introduction of readers into the treated issues. It is an ascending line of narration, which from the general and long past, reaches to the special and close to us. Thus, for example, we learn that "the first Serbian original map appeared at the end of the 18th century. It was a plan called Grunt of the Krušedol Monastery, drawn by Zaharije Stefanović Orfelin. In the 19th century, Serbian maps became a common good, the country rose to the level when maps are based on cadastral and geodetic surveys. In Serbia, those maps appeared in the second half of the 19th century in the independent Principality of Serbia, and became the basis for later maps in various scales. With general or geographical cartography, military or topographic cartography developed at the end of the 19th century, and thematic cartography experienced a real expansion in the 20th century.
With all the praise for the published work, we end the review with a quote from a few sentences written in the conclusion: "Geographical maps from past times are not only the subject of interest of collectors but also researchers, who use them to try to illuminate the currents and driving forces of human civilization and thus move human thought forward. Cartographic works are not only witnesses of history, but also participants in the creation of history. In the historical retrospective, maps reveal how the geographical image of the world had changed in the eyes of people, from myths and legends to geographical discoveries and exact research of the world." That is why maps must not only be made, maps must be studied.
                                                                            From Book Review, Stevan M. Stanković

Introduction and managing the geographical space is synchronized with
development of the world civilizations. The geographical knowledge is civilization
heritage and one of the pillars of today's global civilization. Geographical
way of understanding civilization is required in the corps of sciences
of civilization, which we call "civilizatiology", but the geography of
civilizations is still neglected discipline that only paves its way. The aim of
this book is to actualize and summarize one of the universal and eternal questions
of human thought in general - the question of territorial structure, organization
and space-time dynamics of civilizations in connection with physical-
geographical background. It's not just a walk from the ruins of bygone
civilizations and sightseeing glittering fragments of the past, but scientific observations on the difficult but glorious ascent of the human spirit and the legacy of the transience of human labor and creativity.

This book is assignment to providing the student wjith a political geography. Substantial text and current problems who are considered made that this book will be core textbook not only for students of political geography, than and international relations and political science, and all social scientists adopting the geographical approach. In theoretical sense this text not belonging and not following any ideological directions. Author is endevaoured to get a thing done realistic describe in an unusually integrated manner that processes and relations who are relevant to the understanding of the political structure of the modern world, and Balkans specially. Geographical scales, national, subnational, supranational and global, are used as an organizational frame through which geopolitics, the territorial state, nationalism, imperialism, kolonialism, federalism, separatism are investigated. Although it maintains its original structure, combining traditional theory with more recent and realistic developments, this book includes much substantive new material reflecting the rapid resurgence of political geography in recent years.

The book offers a consideration of modern world economy structures from the point of view of two disciplines – geourbanistics and globalistics. The concept of the emerging cities-centred pattern of world economy is introduced. Emphasis is given to the theory of “world cities” and to their conducting role in global economic interactions. Inner structures of world cities, which are going through major changes
under the impact of their modern international functions, are analyzed.
This book will be essential reading for those interested in problems of world urbanization and the geography of world economy development. The proposed material reaches a wide readership among both teachers and students of geographical departments at universities and teachers’ training institutes.

This book is an attempt to shed light on the new way of the complex
problems about geography of religions and sacred geography. Special
attention in the monograph is devoted to the empirical analysis of
specific religions, in their development and mutual coupling with the
environment. The author perceives their creators activities, religious centers, borders and barriers for expansion in the area. It is interesting that all world religions originated in the Eurasian mainland edge zone. It corresponds to contrasts of land and sea, mountains and lowlands, dry and humid climate, forests and deserts, agriculture and animal husbandry. This zone has experienced a significant evolution in human history, such as the creation of a reasonable human being, the origin of agriculture, the rise of agrarian civilization and the establishment of monotheism; it was created in some areas of northwest India, across the Middle East to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This fact proves that is impossible to exclude the geographical factor in explaining the genesis and evolution of the world's religions, as is often the case in various historical, anthropological, sociological and related research.

Abstract: Geography stood at the starting point of Serbian science and culture in the 19th century. The turning points in its development marked the works of four authors - Pavle Solarić, Vuk Karadžić, Vladimir Karić and Jovan Cvijić. Solarić published The General Geography (in Venice, 1804), which can be considered the first book in geography (predominantly political geography) in The Serbian language. Vuk Karadzic was the author of the first books about Geography of Serbia and Geography of Montenegro and Boka Kotorska in the first decades of the 19th century, and in that sense we consider him a pioneer in the field of national geography of this countries. Karić's book "Serbia" represents the peak of Serbian geography of the 19th century. Cvijić was the first doctor of geography in Serbia and the founder of the first professional scientific geographical institution - the Geographical Institute of the Great School in Belgrade (1893). The aim of this paper is to shed new light on the geographical works of Vuk Karadzic, and thus move scientific thought forward. We hope that this paper will be the basis for deeper studies of the subject-metodological essence and socio-historical context of
Vuk's geographical works.

Извод: Географија је стајала у полазиштима српске науке и културе у 19. веку. Преломне тачке у њеном развоју означила су дела четворице аутора - Павла Соларића, Вука Караџића Владимира Карића и Јована Цвијића. Соларић је издао
Општу географију (у Венецији, 1804), која се може сматрати првoм књигом из
географије (претежно политичке географије), на српском језику. Вук Караџић је
био аутор првих књига о географији Србије и географији Црне Горе и Боке
Которске у првим деценијама XIX века и у том смислу га сматрамо пиониром на
пољу националне географије ових земаља. Карићево дело „Србија“ представља
врхунац српске географије XIX века. Цвијић је био први доктор географије у
Србији и оснивач прве стручне научнe географске установе - Географског института Велике школе у Београду (1893). Циљ овога рада је да баци ново светло на географска дела Вука Караџића и тако покрене научну мисао напред. Надамо се да ће овај рад бити основа за дубља проучавања предметно-методолошке суштине
и друштвено-историјског контекста Вукових географских радова.

Vojislav Radovanović belongs to the classics of Serbian anthropogeographic school and his extensive work is topical today, not only because of plenty of facts collected at the territory of Macedonia and Serbia in early and mid XX century, but also for conceptions and methods, as well as depth of thought and logic of his observations. The main goal of this research paper is to shed light on research principles of classics of Serbian anthropogeography, led by Jovan Cvijić and to consider the model of classic anthropogeography according to V. Radovanović, which is representing the foundation of modern geography in Serbia.

The subjects of this paper are two maps from the 13th century Psalter, found in London. These are the Psalter World Map and the Psalter List Map. Both maps are designed in the shape of a circular disk, modeled on medieval mappae mundi T-O type. The first is a pictorial map, the second is descriptive. The primary goal of these maps was not to objectively present geographical reality, but to express biblical symbolism and medieval Christian cosmology and thus serve as a reminder in devotional practice. By their deconstruction, we discover not only the religious Christian view of the world, but also the historical and cultural representations of medieval people projected on a geographical basis. Maps from the London Psalter have so far been viewed more as a "religious document" than as an objective "geographical image" and a "historical document". Therefore, they were rarely used as a historicalgeographical source. The aim of this paper is to deconstruct t...

... 1. Grčić, MD (1998) Geopolitički položaj Srbije u Podunavlju i privredne integracije Evrope. u: Podunavlje u Srbiji, Beograd: UUS, str. 45-52. 2. Grčić, MD (1984) Geopolitički položaj Jugoslavije u prošlosti i danas. Zbornik radova Geografskog instituta PMF, Beograd, br. 31. ...

The author considers the issue of the conceptualization of the geographical space that is known today as the Western Balkans on Gerhard Mercator's maps from the second half of the 16th century, from which, even in cases of incorrect cartographic representations, it is possible to conclude about the changes of certain geographical objects and phenomena in the past time. Two Mercator maps were analysed: Sclavonia, Croatia, Bosnia cum Dalmatiae parte, and Walachia, Servia, Bvlgaria, Romania, both from 1589. The characteristics, symbols and context of Mercator's cartographic representations of relief, hydrography, settlements and other geographical phenomena are discussed. Special attention was paid to the cartographic registration of river courses and settlements. The distortion of surfaces and wrong representations in the positioning of some geographical objects were pointed out, which should be taken into account when identifying individual toponyms on Mercator's maps. Th...

У овом раду аутор је анализирао Карту Истока чији је аутор Свети Јероним (Eusebii Hieronymi), један од црквених отаца и најобразованијих људи свога доба (IV−V век). У фокусу пажње је Балканско полуострво, Црноморски регион, Мала Азија и Блиски исток. Карта је шематски нацртана, препознају се контуре обала, острва и полуострва, речних токова. Нема картографску мрежу, исток је на горњој страни карте, што је особина средњовековних монашких карата. Карта обилује митолошким библијским представама. Из мноштва топонима на карти се види да је Свети Јероним имао доста добре географске представе, али му је приоритет био библијски контекст карте, а не географска прецизност. Био је пореклом са Балканског полуострва, из римске провинције Далмације, али су га као теолога и оца цркве више занимала места за античке и библијске митове, места везана за путовања Светог Павла и историјска места ширења раног хришћанства. Овај рад кроз тумачења топонима открива садржину и контекст карте, и на тај начин д...

Fra Mauro's world map was created in the middle of the 15th century and at that time it represented a great progress in relation to Ptolemy's geographical and cosmographic representations, which until then had been the starting point for every geographical discourse. This map is one of those epochal works from the era of Humanism and the Renaissance, which illuminated the world with new light and thus moved scientific thought forwards. Fra Mauro's map represented the affirmation of geography and cartography, which at that time had not yet been constituted as sciences, and directed at new geographical discoveries and research. The aim of this paper is to analyse the geographical representations of the Balkan Peninsula on Fra Mauro's map. This paper provides the toponym list of the Balkan Peninsula and some surrounding areas and countries, systematised in its original form and identified in its current meaning. Special attention is given to the identification of the ma...

Martin Waldseemüller has a special place in the history of European cartography and geography, due to the original cartographic works that influenced the expansion of the geographical horizons of Europeans in the 16th century. In the introductory section, the author gives an overview of his most important works, which still attract the attention of researchers in the field of historical geography, historical cartography, toponomastics and related scientific disciplines. Author then analyzes the text and context of Waldzemiler's maps. The aim of this work is to shed new light on geographical knowledge of the Balkan Peninsula and Serbian countries in the age of Humanism and the Renaissance, based on an analysis of Martin Waldseemüller's geographic maps from the early 16th century. Special attention is paid to the contents of the map Tabula moderna Bossine, Servie, Gretiae et Sclavonie, from 1507.

This paper is a retrospective review of theory and concepts about the relationship between man and nature, which influenced the development of geographical thought and in certain historical conditions have the role of scientific paradigms. In this regard, the subject, methodological and gnoseological transformation of human geography has an explanation in the concept of the structure of scientific revolutions of T. S. Kuhn.

Jovan Cvijic was a great geographer from the first half of 20th century. In this article, we considered the issue of position and role that Serbia has at Balkan Peninsula, in the context of Cvijic's theory about 'characteristics of integration and permeation', as well as about the opposite 'characteristics of isolation and separation'. This theory has become important in recent time through its relation with the 'center-periphery' theory. The aim of this article is to compare Cvijic's images of the position of Serbia at the first half of 20th century with present situation.

Abstract: The subjects of this paper are two maps from the 13th century Psalter, found in London. These are the Psalter World Map and the Psalter List Map. Both maps are designed in the shape of a circular disk, modeled on medieval mappae mundi T-O type. The first is a pictorial map, the second is descriptive. The primary goal of these maps was not to objectively present geographical reality, but to express biblical symbolism
and medieval Christian cosmology and thus serve as a reminder in devotional practice. By their deconstruction, we discover not only the religious Christian view of the world, but also the historical and cultural representations of medieval people projected on a geographical basis. Maps from the London Psalter have so far been viewed more as a “religious document” than as an objective “geographical image”
and a “historical document”. Therefore, they were rarely used as a historicalgeographical source. The aim of this paper is to deconstruct the text and context of the mentioned two maps and thus interpret their imaginative geography and geographical representations, the meaning of symbols and toponyms, which may be of interest to researchers dealing not only with historical cartography but also with historical and human geography.

Fra Mauro's world map was created in the middle of the 15 th century and at that time it represented a great progress in relation to Ptolemy's geographical and cosmographic representations, which until then had been the starting point for every geographical discourse. This map is one of those epochal works from the era of Humanism and the Renaissance, which illuminated the world with new light and thus moved scientific thought forwards. Fra Mauro's map represented the affirmation of geography and cartography, which at that time had not yet been constituted as sciences, and directed at new geographical discoveries and research. The aim of this paper is to analyse the geographical representations of the Balkan Peninsula on Fra Mauro's map. This paper provides the toponym list of the Balkan Peninsula and some surrounding areas and countries, systematised in its original form and identified in its current meaning. Special attention is given to the identification of the map as a text document, as well as to the explanation of the context, symbolism and contemporary meaning of certain geographical names.

This paper represents summary of development of geographical and cartographical knowledge of Serbian authors about Serbia and Balkan. Important maps in the Serbian language are presented with a brief overview of their content, context and methodology. The main directions, stages of development and the most important cartographers and cartographic works in the Serbian language from the end of the XVII century to the creation of the Yugoslav state in the first quarter of the XX century are discussed. During this period, great historical and geopolitical changes took place in the Balkan Peninsula, such as revolutions, uprisings and wars, awakening the national consciousness of the Balkan peoples and the creation of nation-states.

Serbia’s decade of the 1990s was characterised by a long-lasting economic and political crisis. Throughout this period there was a constant decline in agricultural production, throughout Serbia. This downturn was more pronounced in the rural areas around Belgrade [Beograd]. Conventional urbanisation processes played only a supporting role in that development. The key force of the agricultural decline has to be seen in the economic crisis, in conjunction with the agricultural specialisation of this region. Results of this study on crop production (comparing 1991 with 2002 data) show that in the studied area subsistence farming gained significant importance; whereas simultaneously market-oriented production declined significantly. Furthermore, small-scale analyses of this study reveal results of structural changes, apart from the general outcome of rising subsistence. Concentration or specialisation on certain crops in few locations allowed still a high level of market-oriented produc...

Abstract: Mačva is the lowland region in the northwestern part of Serbia, which due to natural and geopolitical benefits for the existence and security, was the meeting place of migration from the current Dinaric hilly and mountainous areas. Due to the demographic and migratory movements Mačva has historically been a multicultural and multiethnic environment, which took place in the complex processes of ethno-cultural interaction and assimilation. However, the historical memory and folk tradition, as well as some elements of folklore, mentalities and local identity, are still remnants of the countries of origin. The paper is devoted attention mainly origin population in Mačva placed in the context of socio-historical and political events. Researching included 35 settlements of Mačva.
Keywords: anthropogeography, population, migration, Mačva, Šabac, Serbia.

Перспективни су обновљиви извори као што су соларна, еолска, геотермална, енергија океана и енергија органских материја из отпада. Удео обновљивих извора у светској производњи електричне енергије је још мали. Све развијене земље имају програме развоја ове врсте енергетике. Србија такође има своје идеје и планове, али недостају инвестиције. Још 1981. године на конференцији ОУН у Најробију (Кенија) усвојен је светски “Програм акција за коришћење нових и обновљивих извора енергије”. УН раде на Светском соларном програму, Европска унија има има прогреаме “Алтер” и “Терми” а Русија “Интерсоларцентар” чија девиза је – “Обновљива енергија за одрживи развој и заштиту животне средине”. Географи у у тим програмима раде пре свега на истраживањима локационих и  геоеколошких аспеката енергетике.

Прегледни чланак Review article Мирко Грчић ТЕОРИЈСКИ КОНЦЕПТ ЗА ПРОУЧАВАЊЕ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЈА КАО ДРУШТВЕНО-ГЕОГРАФСКИХ СИСТЕМА * Извод: Основна хипотеза рада је да се цивилизације могу проучавати као регионални антропогеографски или друштвено-географски системи. Циљ овога рада је да уведе у научну употребу фундаменталне представе о цивилизацији као друштвено-географском систему и његовим својствима. Дат је модел структуре цивилизације, приказана су њена системска својства, истакнути процеси и принципи функционисања у простору.

Овај рад представља нови поглед на питања која стално искрсавају пред наукама о становништву: Шта представља демографски систем као целина? Да ли је то систем (отворен или затворен), издвајају ли се у њему неки структурни елементи, да ли су они организовани по принципу хијерархије, или можда, унутар њега нема никаквих елемената и он представља безструктурну целину? Какве су могућности управљања демографским системом? Полазећи од системске научне парадигме у раду се осветљавају механизми самоорганизације, адаптације и саморегулације демографског система, циљеви функционисања и могућности управљања. Системски приступ представља интегративну парадигму различитих наука које се баве проучавањима свих сфера живота становништва-демографске, економске, политичке, информационе, културолошке, еколошке. У вези с тим, предметни, методолошки и гносеолошки преображај наука о становништву има објашњење у концепцији о структури научне револуције Т. Куна.

Martin Waldseemüller has a special place in the history of European cartography and geography, due to the original cartographic works that influenced the expansion of the geographical horizons of Europeans in the 16th century. In the introductory section, the author gives an overview of his most important works, which still attract the attention of researchers in the field of historical geography, historical cartography, toponomastics and related scientific disciplines. Author then analyzes the text and context of Waldzemiler's maps. The aim of this work is to shed new light on geographical knowledge of the Balkan Peninsula and Serbian countries in the age of Humanism and the Renaissance, based on an analysis of Martin Waldseemüller's geographic maps from the early 16th century. Special attention is paid to the contents of the map Tabula moderna Bossine, Servie, Gretiae et Sclavonie, from 1507.

Сажетак: У овом раду аутор је анализирао Карту Истока чији је аутор Свети Јероним (Eusebii Hieronymi), један од црквених отаца и најобразованијих људи свога доба (IV−V век). У фокусу пажње је Балканско полуострво, Црноморски регион, Мала Азија и Блиски исток. Карта је шематски нацртана, препознају се контуре обала, острва и полуострва, речних токова. Нема картографску мрежу, исток је на горњој страни карте, што је особина средњовековних монашких карата. Карта обилује митолошким библијским представама. Из мноштва топонима на карти се види да је Свети Јероним имао доста добре географске представе, али му је приоритет био библијски контекст карте, а не географска прецизност. Био је пореклом са Балканског полуострва, из римске провинције Далмације, али су га као теолога и оца цркве више занимала места за античке и библијске митове, места везана за путовања Светог Павла и историјска места ширења раног хришћанства. Овај рад кроз тумачења топонима открива садржину и контекст карте, и на тај начин даје упутство за читање и разумевање карте. Анализирани су топоними који се односе на рељеф, острва, мора, реке, области и градове. Тумачење топонима представља научни допринос историјској картографији и историјској географији Балканског полуострва и Блиског истока античког доба.

This is the historical and geographical analysis of the old military and geopolitical map made by a Dutch cartographer from the Renaissance period of Cornelis de Jode in 1593, under the heading "Croatia & circumiacentiu[m] Region[m] versus Turcam nova delineatio". The map shows the part of the Military Frontier (Vojna krajina) in Croatia and Bosnia, as the site of war conflicts between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in the late 16th century. It is a beautiful combination of cartographic drawings and illustrations from the Renaissance, as well as an example of a practical combination of a geopolitical map and a military-political illustration. It represents an imagined projection of the relationship of forces, interests and conflicts in the area of former Croatia. The map contains two "layers" of information-cartographic and pictographic. In the research paper, the decoding of geographical names from the aspect of today's situation on the ground is performed. Barring the vignette of military fortifications, the map contains illustrations of a military-political character which meaning and context is also analyzed in the paper from the aspect of the historical circumstances of the map. In that context, the map is considered as a way of communication and representation of the Other, in this case the Ottoman. The specific context of the map is the hierarchy of power in the continuum of geographical space of different ranks-from the former empires, presented in the image of their mighty rulers, to belligerent vassal countries. It sublimates not only the militarypolitical significance of the geographical space that it represents, but also the perception of the author, as well as the functions, expressive means and symbolism of geopolitical cartography in the Renaissance period.

Abstract:
The paper deals with the historical-geographical analysis of Ptolemy's maps known as Table V and Table IX. The maps were found in the "Urbinas Manuscript" of Ptolemy's work "Geography", which originated in the first half of the 2
nd
century AD, so it is accepted that the maps are from that period also. On the Fifth Map the western part of the Balkan Peninsula was presented, and on the Ninth Map the area of the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, in the pre-Roman and early Roman era. On maps and in the text,  which serves as an explanation of the maps, there are plenty of data from topography and ethnography, and astronomical positions for more places. The data on the maps are not always consistent with the information in the text. Although there are also false geographical representations, these maps were ahead of their time in terms of cartogra-phic methodology, geographical precision and toponomy. For over a millennium, this Ptolemy's work was lost and unknown in Europe, and when it was found in the 15th century, it significantly affected the Renaissance of geography and cartography, and the Renaissance of scientific thought in general. In this paper, the author deals with features and content analysis and identification of toponyms that have been presented on these maps, which have been aged more than two thousand years.

Serbia’s decade of the 1990s was characterised by a long-lasting economic and  political crisis. Throughout this period there was a constant decline in agricultural  production, throughout Serbia. This downturn was more pronounced in the rural areas around Belgrade [Beograd]. Conventional urbanisation processes played only a supporting role in that development. The key force of the agricultural decline has to be seen in the economic crisis, in conjunction with the agricultural specialisation of this region. Results of this study on crop production (comparing 1991 with 2002 data) show that in the studied area subsistence farming gained significant importance; whereas simultaneously market-oriented production declined significantly. Further-more, small-scale analyses of this study reveal results of structural changes, apart  from the general outcome of rising subsistence. Concentration or specialisation on certain crops in few locations allowed still a high level of market-oriented production, even under these long-lasting crisis conditions.

Abstract: Mačva is a lowland area between the rivers of Drina and Sava which has mediating and centralizing role between the Dinaric mountain region and the Pannonian basin through history. In this paper the attention is given to metanastasic (staged) migratory currents and settlement of Mačva in the context of socio-historical changes and geopolitical developments from 17th to the end of the 20th century. The waves of migrants from different directions lapped sparsely native population and gradually assimilated so that now makes up unique cultural and ethnographic complex.
Key words: historical demography, anthropogeography, migrations, population, Mаčva region, Serbia.

The process of genesis, evolution and transformation of the development of Timočka krajina in Eastern Serbia, as a long-term process, went through various phases of «opening» or «closing», which alternated in a chain and influenced the ups and downs in the development trajectory of this area. This space was a complex field in which various geographical determinants were intertwined and interpenetrated, affecting the directions of fusion and interpenetration and the characteristics of isolation and separation of this space in relation to the centers of economic and political power, sources of modernization and
innovation, which acted as poles of development and general progress in the wider area. Therefore, in the present and in the modern historical context, it is necessary that we constantly deal with certain evelopment determinants such as infrastructure systems, demographic processes and economic trends that had a positive or negative impact on the regional development and integration of this otherwise important geographical area of Serbia. In this paper, we will analyze the physical-geographical and socio-geographical determinants of opening or, on the contrary, closing in certain phases of the long historical development process of Timočka krajina.

Abstract: The topic of this paper covers two important areas of spatial planning - energy and environment in mutual conditioning and interdependence. In this regard, key reforms and fundamental changes in strategies and plans have been implemented recently, with the aim of achieving greater energy security on the one hand, and the transition of low-carbon energy on the other. Serbia's economy is expanding and demanding an increase in energy consumption. This country is scarce in energy resources and oriented towards importing non-renewable fossil fuels (high-carbon crude oil and natural gas). Therefore, it is necessary to gradually substitution sources that are not renewable with low-carbon renewable energy sources such as solar, aeolian, geothermal, biomass energy and hydropower. One of the strategic goals and international commitments is to decarbonize energy in order to reduce emissions of harmful gases that affect global climate warming. The geographical implications of the energy transition in Serbia are an insufficiently researched, but very important field for integrated planning of sustainable energy production and environmental development in the long term. The aim of this paper is to analyze the components of the energy transition in Serbia and the geographical implications in this regard.
Keywords: Energy transition, energy trilemma, energy landscape, energy resources, spatial planning, Serbia.

The problem of the holistic view is essential for the definition of "complex object" of geography, its subject, methods, and places in the system of sciences. In modern geography there is a need to clearly define the subject of general geography, not as a conglomerate of data submitted by the branch of science. However, any theoretical generalization usually is accompanied by opposite theories. So, on the contrary to the wholeness of the objects, there are a binary opposition theories and dichotomies like: monism - dualism, holism - reductionism, idiographic - nomotetic access, global - regional (local), general - particular, natural - cultural, necessity - a coincidence, differentiation - integration, analysis - synthesis and so on, which were harmful to the clarity of geographical thought. As a result, the impose questions are "Where is geography?", "What are its goals?", "Where are the limits of geographical research?", "What is the essence of the subject and methodology of geography?" What is the essence of the geographical aspects of research facilities, which are also the subject
of the other sciences?". Such issues need to be constantly designing, but always in other aspects and of the new level of understanding, to overcome one-sidedness. The aim of this paper is to draw the attention of geographers to resolve these theoretical questions of geography.
Key words: Geography, theory, wholeness, region, area, geo-system.

THEORETICAL OUTCOMES FOR INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Abstract : Geographers and spatial planners traditionally explore the problems of revitalisation, sustainable development and organisation of rural spaces from local to global level. In spatial sciences such as rural geography and spatial planning, rural space is considered as a tripartite structure - a village, rural space and a rural-urban continuum. Planning for sustainable development of villages and rural areas in the long term requires the application of interdisciplinary and complex methodological approaches. This work gave a brief overview of theoretical and conceptual models of rural studies: horological (how rural elements are deployed in space), functional (how they function in geospace), systemic (how they are organized in space), humanistic (behavioral, qualitative approach). The systemic approach in the research and planning of villages and rural territorial complexes involves the exposure of three subsystems in mutual causal and consequential consequential conditions – subsystems of conditions (environments), structural-functional subsystems and subsystems of planning and management. These are then parsed into a series of subsystems, whose research we come to complex causal-consequential relationships, trajectories and development scenarios. This brings to mind the conceptual model of complex research and planning for sustainable development of rural spaces, which sheds new light on the subject-methodological essence of rural geography and spatial planning.

Abstract: Old maps can be a basic or auxiliary tool for researching cultural heritage as the tourist potential of Eastern Herzegovina. This region has a very long historical tradition as a spiritual and cultural focal point (the focus) of Serbian ethnic identity since the 10th century, when it was mentioned by byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenit in his writing "De administrando imperio". Although geographically heterogeneous and diverse, this region has its own cultural individuality, ethnic identity and "spirit of place" (genius loci). Today, the first thing tourists notice in eastern Herzegovina are picturesque landscapes and cultural heritage - old towns, fortresses and barracks, churches and monasteries, roads and bridges from the past centuries. Old maps, some of which are very rare today, bring a lot of information from the depths of the past, which are needed for the inventory and tourist valorization of the cultural heritage of this region.
Keywords: Balkans, Eastern Herzegovina, old geographical maps, tourist potential, cultural tourism, knowledge tourism, military tourism.

Abstract: The work "Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus" by Luigi Ferdinand Marsigly published in 1726., it presents complex synthesis of different knowledge about physical-geographical and cultural-historical sites and objects in the Danube Belt, including numerous graphic and cartographic depictions. The aim of this work is to analyze settlements, fortifications and ancient archaeological sites in Marsigli's work, and thus to reach conclusions on the possible planning and arrangement of sites and routes for development of cultural military tourism in the Danube Belt..

Abstract: The problem of the holistic view is essential for the definition of "complex object" of geography, its
subject, methods, and places in the system of sciences. In modern geography there is a need to clearly define the
subject of general geography, not as a conglomerate of data submitted by the branch of science. However, any
theoretical generalization usually is accompanied by opposite theories. So, on the contrary to the wholeness of
the objects, there are a binary opposition theories and dichotomies like: monism - dualism, holism -
reductionism, idiographic - nomotetic access, global - regional (local), general - particular, natural - cultural,
necessity - a coincidence, differentiation - integration, analysis - synthesis and so on, which were harmful to the
clarity of geographical thought. As a result, the impose questions are "Where is geography?", "What are its
goals?", "Where are the limits of geographical research?", "What is the essence of the subject and methodology
of geography?" What is the essence of the geographical aspects of research facilities, which are also the subject
of the other sciences?". Such issues need to be constantly designing, but always in other aspects and of the new
level of understanding, to overcome one-sidedness. The aim of this paper is to draw the attention of geographers
to resolve these theoretical questions of geography.
Key words: Geography, theory, wholeness, region, area, geo-system.

УДК 625.7(497.11)"625" Универзитет у Београду-Географски факултет КЊАЖЕВАЧКИ КРАЈ (ИСТОЧНА СРБИЈА) У МРЕЖИ АНТИЧКИХ ПУТЕВА 2, стр. 9-28. Апстракт: Потенцијали развоја читаве источне Србије, укључујући и књажевачки крај, пре две хиљаде година били су слични данашњим-планинско-котлински рељеф, ретка насељеност и важан транзитни положај. У римско доба ова територија је била централна област провинције Горње Мезије. Због важности географског положаја и минералних ресурса, плански се развијала путна мрежа и мрежа утврђења различитог ранга, којe су билe окосница просторне организације територије. Ови инфраструктурни системи били су предмет планирања још у античко римско и византијско доба, што се може закључити из сачуваних старих карата и списа, као што су Птолемејева карта из 2. века и Појтингерова карта из 3-4. века нове ере. У средњем веку услед геополитичких промена у приморју и у унутрашњости Балканског полуострва мењала се хијерархија центара моћи и у вези с тим мењала се мрежа путева и градова, али принцип географске инерције је деловао тако да те промене не буду нагле и будућност је увек на неки начин личила на прошлост. Инфраструктурни системипутна мрежа и градови су модернизовани, прилагођавани потребама новог доба, али је њихов размештај остајао приближно исти. Циљ овога рада је да на основу факсимила старих карата, прикаже историјско-географске ритмове просторне организације територије источне Србије.

VIDOJKO JOVIĆ and ANA M. PETROVIĆ (E d i t o r s)
150th ANNIVERSARY OF JOVAN CVIJIĆ’S BIRTH
Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, October 12–14, 2015
SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS / BOOK CLXII
PRESIDENCY | BOOK 10 / VOLUME I-II
BELGRADE, 2016.
https://www.sanu.ac.rs/Izdanja/ElIzdanja/2016Zbornik_JCvijic.pdf

Apstrakt: Cilj ovoga rada je da prikaže narodni život u Istočnoj Hercegovini krajem XIX i početkom XX veka kroz retrospektivu fotografija koje je načinio poznati fotograf, Cvijićev i Dedijerov savremenik i saradnik, Radivoj Simonović. Radivoj Simonović je bio jedan od prvih amaterskih fotografa u Evropi. Počeo je da fotografiše u Hercegovini, krajem XIX veka, pošto je proučio optiku i hemiju za izradu fotografija. Nešto kasnije je nabavio novu opremu i putovao poput Cvijića po različitim predelima beležeći fotoaparatom ono o čemu su Cvijić i Dedijer pisali. Bio je po profesiji lekar, ali su ga zanimali najviše motivi i prizori iz fizičke geografije, antropogeografije i etnografije. Načinio je dragocenu fotografsku dokumentaciju sa terena, u kojoj dominiraju prirodni fenomeni krša, antropološki tipovi ljudi, tipovi kuća, poljoprivredni radovi, narodne nošnje i običaji i slično. Takođe će biti prikazane neke fotografije koje je objavio Jevto Dedijer u svojim delima.

Apstrakt. Potencijali razvoja Istočne Hercegovine pre dve hiljade godina bili su slični današnjimškrti kraški prirodni uslovi, retka naseljenost i važan tranzitni položaj. Zbog važnosti geografskog položaja, planski se razvijala putna mreža i mreža utvrđenih gradova, koji su bili okosnica prostorne organizacije teritorije. Ovi infrastrukturni sistemi bili su predmet planiranja još u antičko rimsko i vizantijsko doba, što se može zaključiti iz sačuvanih starih karata i spisa, kao što su Ptolemejeva karta iz II veka, Pojtingerova karte iz III-IV veka nove ere, spisi vizantijskog cara Porfirogenita iz X veka i niz srednjovekovnih karata. U srednjem veku usled geopolitičkih promena u primorju i u unutrašnjosti Balkanskog poluostrva menjala se hijerarhija centara moći i u vezi s tim menjala se mreža puteva i gradova, ali princip geografske inercije je delovao tako da te promene ne budu nagle i budućnost je uvek na neki način ličila na prošlost. Infrastrukturni sistemi-putna mreža i gradovi su modernizovani, prilagođavani potrebama novog doba, ali je njihov razmeštaj ostajao približno isti. Cilj ovoga rada je da na osnovu faksimila starih karata, prikaže istorijsko-geografske ritmove prostorne organizacije teritorije Istočne Hercegovine.

Jovan Cvijic left a great scientific heritage in the field of anthropogeography. One of the important aspects of his work were numerous lectures and articles in which he stated his observations and views on geopolitical issues, such as issues of geographical position of the Balkan Peninsula, economical and geostrategic position of Serbia after the Berlin Congress, the Macedonian question, the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 'and about custom war with the "dualist monarchy". In his geopolitical analyzes, Cvijić gives crucial importance to the geographical position of Serbia and considers its spatio-physical, spatio-functional and historical determinants, seeking to observe Serbia in all its complexity, dynamism and processuality. This paper examines Cvijić's views on the geographical position of Serbia, the position and status of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonian and Albanian issue or issue of Macedonia's identity and Serbian-Albanian relations from the geopolitical perspective. Before and during the First World War Cvijić became involved in the scientific founding of the Yugoslav idea, the unification of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and demarcation of their common state. He even believed in possibility of creating a "Yugoslav civilization", which proved to be, in the long run, a supra-confessional utopianism. Surprisingly, most reviews of Cvijić's scientific work in the field of anthropogeography and geopolitics, are one-sided and impressionistic and in range between undervaluations and even uninformed evaluations to the generalized, partly pathetic glorifications. In this paper, an attempt was made to systematize and objective assessment of the most important Cvijić's standpoints on specific geopolitical issues. Some of those standpoints have become topical again due to dissolution of the former Yugoslavia.

Српска академија наука и уметности (САНУ) издала је 2016. године
на енглеском језику зборник радова са међународног научног
симпозијума, одржаног од 12. до 14. октобра 2015. године, под
насловом 150th Anniversary of Jovan Cvijic’s birth (150 година од
рођења Јована Цвијића). Осим овог Зборника, САНУ је издала
још и монографију на српском и енглеском језику Јован Цвијић –
живот, дело, време (Jovan Cvijić – Life, Work, Times) и припремила
каталог Београдски атлас Јована Цвијића (The Belgrade Atlas of Jovan Cvijić). Тиме се САНУ на достојан начин одужила некадашњем
председнику Српске краљевске академије и бившем ректору
Универзитета у Београду. САНУ је и раније издала неколико
зборника радова са научних скупова посвећених овом великану
српске науке: У спомен 30-годишњице смрти Јована Цвијића
(1957); Цвијићев зборник у спомен 100. годишњице његовог рођења
(1968); Научно дело Јована Цвијића – поводом педесете годишњице
његове смрти (1982); Зборник радова са научног скупа Друштвено-
политичка делатност Јована Цвијића, одржаног у САНУ поводом
стогодишњице његове смрти 2002 (2005). Зборник којим је обележен век и по од рођења Јована Цвијића, садржи 820 страница текста у две књиге. Уредници – академик Видојко Јовић, председник Организационог одбора и др Ана Петровић из Географског института Јован Цвијић САНУ – истакли су у Предговору да је на истоименом научном скупу презентовано преко 100 радова, као и да су присуствовали аутори из
15 европских земаља.

Књига има 464 стране, подељена је на 46 поглавља и око 98
одељака тако да нема тешкоћа у читању и акцептирању садржаја. У текст је
уклопљено око 20 прикладних црно-белих фотографија и мноштво одабраних
цитата његових оцењивача, који представљају праву ризницу мисли и опсервација,
што чини књигу занимљивом и поучном за шири круг читалаца. Књига о којој је
реч није класична биографија Јована Цвијића већ оригинално и добро
документовано дело о његовом научном раду у широком дијапазону од геологије и
физичке географије до антропогеографије, социологије и етнологије, затим о
његовој образовно-васпитној и просветитељској мисији, организационим способностима у улози председника Српске краљевске академије, ректора Универзитета и
руководиоца Географског завода, и о његовом ангажовању у решавању "националних" тј. геополитичких и других државних питања у доба анексионе кризе,
балканских ратова, Првог светског рата и мировне конференције у Версају.