The Power of Culture: Encounters Between China and the United States
China and the United States, two massive economic and military powers, cannot avoid engaging with... more China and the United States, two massive economic and military powers, cannot avoid engaging with each other. Enjoying what is often termed the most important bilateral relationship in the world, the two sometimes cooperate, but often compete, as their interests come into conflict. Both countries are separated not just by the Pacific Ocean, but also by their very different histories, experiences, societies, customs, and outlooks. Non-governmental, unofficial relationships and exchanges are often as important as formal dealings in determining the climate of Sino-American relations. For several decades in the mid-twentieth century, Chinese and Americans were virtually isolated from each other, trapped in icy hostility. Chinese scholars are now making up for lost time. This assortment of essays, most by mainland Chinese academics and students, focuses upon the role of culture very broadly defined in Sino-American affairs. Taking a holistic approach, in this collection over thirty authors focus on such topics as the influence of ideology, the impact of geopolitics, the use of rhetoric, soft power, educational encounters and exchanges, immigration, gender, race, identity, literature, television, movies, music, and the press. Cultural factors are, as the authors demonstrate, enormously significant in affecting how Chinese and Americans think about and approach each other, both as individuals and at the state level.
For further details of the two American Studies Network conferences on which most of this volume is based, see the US-China Education Trust website:
Preface ....................................................................................................... xii Julia Chang Bloch Introduction .............................................................................................. xvi The Power of Culture: Encounters between China and the United States Priscilla Roberts Part I: Perspectives on Sino-American Relations Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 Geopolitics and Cultural Ambitions: The Evolution of US Strategy in East Asia Lv Qingguang Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 14 Balancing Ideology, Strategy, and National Interests: The Reagan Administration’s China Policies, 1981-1989 Kong Lingyu Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 69 Recurrent Themes in American Presidential War Rhetoric Zhang Yuan Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 78 The Evolution of John Winthrop’s Views on American Indians Yang Yingrun Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 100 Words, Views, Moods, and Culture: The Obama Administration Addresses China, January-November 2014 Mei Renyi vi Table of Contents Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 123 Challenging American Cultural Primacy: A New Chinese Long March Qiu Linguang Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 136 How US Think Tanks Influence Cultural Security Xiao Huan Part II: Educational Exchanges Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 148 Cultural Cold War: The American Role in Establishing the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Zhang Yang Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 170 The Impact of Cultural Exchange Programs on How Participants Perceive their Host Countries Chen Peiqin, Wu Ying and Pan Ji Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 181 The Effects of China-US Exchange Programs on the Professional Advancement of Chinese Participants: Evidence from Fulbright Alumni in Beijing and Tianjin Fu Meirong and Zhao Xin Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 202 The Image of the Confucius Institutes in US Newspaper Reports Ye Ying Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 224 You Can See the Tree, Even in a Forest: Transforming Learning Paradigms for Global Leadership Rick J. Arrowood and Eva Kampits Chapter Thirteen ...................................................................................... 228 ACCEX: Collaboration in Sino-American Cultural Understanding Kathryn Mohrman The Power of Culture vii Chapter Fourteen ..................................................................................... 233 US Educational NGOs and the Implications of Cultural Diplomacy in China: The Case Study of the US-China Education Trust Ni Jianping and Pan Yu Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................ 237 American Studies in China Today: Past, Present, and Future Liu Jianfeng Chapter Sixteen ....................................................................................... 254 Transnational American Studies Today: The United States and China Shelley Fisher Fishkin Part III: Cultural Encounters: Representations, Appropriations, and Interpretations Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 276 Globalization of US National Culture: From Asian Abjection to Guangdong Gothic James Innis McDougall Chapter Eighteen ..................................................................................... 294 Americanizing Female Immigrants in California, 1915-1924 Zhang Qingheng Chapter Nineteen ..................................................................................... 324 Imagining the Phoenix Metaphor: From Chinese Culture to Chinese American Culture and Sensibility Wang Hui Chapter Twenty ....................................................................................... 336 Crisis and Reconstruction of Cultural Identity: American Born Chinese in The Joy Luck Club Tang Jie Chapter Twenty-One ............................................................................... 346 Going Global: Gender Across East-West Divides Clara Juncker viii Table of Contents Chapter Twenty-Two ............................................................................... 357 Fei Cheng Wu Rao on Two Shores: Rethinking Dual Domination Through China’s Transnational Matchmaking Show Shan Mu Zhao Chapter Twenty-Three ............................................................................. 378 Americanization of a Chinese Pastime? US Television Shows and Cultural Consumption in China Li Ye Chapter Twenty-Four .............................................................................. 388 American Television Shows and Chinese Audiences: Cross-Cultural Readings of The Good Wife Huang Xiaoqu Chapter Twenty-Five ............................................................................... 401 Promoting the “American Dream”: Hollywood Movies and US Soft Power Li Yang and Xu Lili Chapter Twenty-Six ................................................................................. 409 Blockbuster Dreams: Chimericanization in American Dreams in China and Finding Mr. Right Stacilee Ford Chapter Twenty-Seven ............................................................................ 428 Why America Must Save the World: Captain America and His Enemies Zhang Guoxi Chapter Twenty-Eight ............................................................................. 445 Lost in Translation? Transnational American Rock Music of the Sixties and Its Misreading in 1980s China Teng Jimeng Chapter Twenty-Nine .............................................................................. 466 The Effects of US Media News on Chinese Readers’ Political Trust Guo Shilei Chapter Thirty ......................................................................................... 477 US Media Representations of Chinese Women and Gender Issues in China: The Case Study of the New York Times Liu Liqun and Chen Zhijuan The Power of Culture ix Chapter Thirty-One ................................................................................. 499 Charm Offensive 2013: Comparative Chinese and American Media Coverage of Peng Liyuan’s First Two International Tours Zhai Zheng
The Power of Culture: Encounters Between China and the United States
China and the United States, two massive economic and military powers, cannot avoid engaging with... more China and the United States, two massive economic and military powers, cannot avoid engaging with each other. Enjoying what is often termed the most important bilateral relationship in the world, the two sometimes cooperate, but often compete, as their interests come into conflict. Both countries are separated not just by the Pacific Ocean, but also by their very different histories, experiences, societies, customs, and outlooks. Non-governmental, unofficial relationships and exchanges are often as important as formal dealings in determining the climate of Sino-American relations. For several decades in the mid-twentieth century, Chinese and Americans were virtually isolated from each other, trapped in icy hostility. Chinese scholars are now making up for lost time. This assortment of essays, most by mainland Chinese academics and students, focuses upon the role of culture very broadly defined in Sino-American affairs. Taking a holistic approach, in this collection over thirty authors focus on such topics as the influence of ideology, the impact of geopolitics, the use of rhetoric, soft power, educational encounters and exchanges, immigration, gender, race, identity, literature, television, movies, music, and the press. Cultural factors are, as the authors demonstrate, enormously significant in affecting how Chinese and Americans think about and approach each other, both as individuals and at the state level.
For further details of the two American Studies Network conferences on which most of this volume is based, see the US-China Education Trust website:
Preface ....................................................................................................... xii Julia Chang Bloch Introduction .............................................................................................. xvi The Power of Culture: Encounters between China and the United States Priscilla Roberts Part I: Perspectives on Sino-American Relations Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 Geopolitics and Cultural Ambitions: The Evolution of US Strategy in East Asia Lv Qingguang Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 14 Balancing Ideology, Strategy, and National Interests: The Reagan Administration’s China Policies, 1981-1989 Kong Lingyu Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 69 Recurrent Themes in American Presidential War Rhetoric Zhang Yuan Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 78 The Evolution of John Winthrop’s Views on American Indians Yang Yingrun Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 100 Words, Views, Moods, and Culture: The Obama Administration Addresses China, January-November 2014 Mei Renyi vi Table of Contents Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 123 Challenging American Cultural Primacy: A New Chinese Long March Qiu Linguang Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 136 How US Think Tanks Influence Cultural Security Xiao Huan Part II: Educational Exchanges Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 148 Cultural Cold War: The American Role in Establishing the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Zhang Yang Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 170 The Impact of Cultural Exchange Programs on How Participants Perceive their Host Countries Chen Peiqin, Wu Ying and Pan Ji Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 181 The Effects of China-US Exchange Programs on the Professional Advancement of Chinese Participants: Evidence from Fulbright Alumni in Beijing and Tianjin Fu Meirong and Zhao Xin Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 202 The Image of the Confucius Institutes in US Newspaper Reports Ye Ying Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 224 You Can See the Tree, Even in a Forest: Transforming Learning Paradigms for Global Leadership Rick J. Arrowood and Eva Kampits Chapter Thirteen ...................................................................................... 228 ACCEX: Collaboration in Sino-American Cultural Understanding Kathryn Mohrman The Power of Culture vii Chapter Fourteen ..................................................................................... 233 US Educational NGOs and the Implications of Cultural Diplomacy in China: The Case Study of the US-China Education Trust Ni Jianping and Pan Yu Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................ 237 American Studies in China Today: Past, Present, and Future Liu Jianfeng Chapter Sixteen ....................................................................................... 254 Transnational American Studies Today: The United States and China Shelley Fisher Fishkin Part III: Cultural Encounters: Representations, Appropriations, and Interpretations Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 276 Globalization of US National Culture: From Asian Abjection to Guangdong Gothic James Innis McDougall Chapter Eighteen ..................................................................................... 294 Americanizing Female Immigrants in California, 1915-1924 Zhang Qingheng Chapter Nineteen ..................................................................................... 324 Imagining the Phoenix Metaphor: From Chinese Culture to Chinese American Culture and Sensibility Wang Hui Chapter Twenty ....................................................................................... 336 Crisis and Reconstruction of Cultural Identity: American Born Chinese in The Joy Luck Club Tang Jie Chapter Twenty-One ............................................................................... 346 Going Global: Gender Across East-West Divides Clara Juncker viii Table of Contents Chapter Twenty-Two ............................................................................... 357 Fei Cheng Wu Rao on Two Shores: Rethinking Dual Domination Through China’s Transnational Matchmaking Show Shan Mu Zhao Chapter Twenty-Three ............................................................................. 378 Americanization of a Chinese Pastime? US Television Shows and Cultural Consumption in China Li Ye Chapter Twenty-Four .............................................................................. 388 American Television Shows and Chinese Audiences: Cross-Cultural Readings of The Good Wife Huang Xiaoqu Chapter Twenty-Five ............................................................................... 401 Promoting the “American Dream”: Hollywood Movies and US Soft Power Li Yang and Xu Lili Chapter Twenty-Six ................................................................................. 409 Blockbuster Dreams: Chimericanization in American Dreams in China and Finding Mr. Right Stacilee Ford Chapter Twenty-Seven ............................................................................ 428 Why America Must Save the World: Captain America and His Enemies Zhang Guoxi Chapter Twenty-Eight ............................................................................. 445 Lost in Translation? Transnational American Rock Music of the Sixties and Its Misreading in 1980s China Teng Jimeng Chapter Twenty-Nine .............................................................................. 466 The Effects of US Media News on Chinese Readers’ Political Trust Guo Shilei Chapter Thirty ......................................................................................... 477 US Media Representations of Chinese Women and Gender Issues in China: The Case Study of the New York Times Liu Liqun and Chen Zhijuan The Power of Culture ix Chapter Thirty-One ................................................................................. 499 Charm Offensive 2013: Comparative Chinese and American Media Coverage of Peng Liyuan’s First Two International Tours Zhai Zheng
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For further details of the two American Studies Network conferences on which most of this volume is based, see the US-China Education Trust website:
http://www.uscet.org/2013-annual-american-studies-network-conference-10th-anniversary
http://www.uscet.org/2014-annual-american-studies-network-conference
Preface ....................................................................................................... xii
Julia Chang Bloch
Introduction .............................................................................................. xvi
The Power of Culture: Encounters between China and the United States
Priscilla Roberts
Part I: Perspectives on Sino-American Relations
Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2
Geopolitics and Cultural Ambitions: The Evolution of US Strategy
in East Asia
Lv Qingguang
Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 14
Balancing Ideology, Strategy, and National Interests: The Reagan
Administration’s China Policies, 1981-1989
Kong Lingyu
Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 69
Recurrent Themes in American Presidential War Rhetoric
Zhang Yuan
Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 78
The Evolution of John Winthrop’s Views on American Indians
Yang Yingrun
Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 100
Words, Views, Moods, and Culture: The Obama Administration
Addresses China, January-November 2014
Mei Renyi
vi Table of Contents
Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 123
Challenging American Cultural Primacy: A New Chinese Long March
Qiu Linguang
Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 136
How US Think Tanks Influence Cultural Security
Xiao Huan
Part II: Educational Exchanges
Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 148
Cultural Cold War: The American Role in Establishing the Chinese
University of Hong Kong (CUHK)
Zhang Yang
Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 170
The Impact of Cultural Exchange Programs on How Participants
Perceive their Host Countries
Chen Peiqin, Wu Ying and Pan Ji
Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 181
The Effects of China-US Exchange Programs on the Professional
Advancement of Chinese Participants: Evidence from Fulbright
Alumni in Beijing and Tianjin
Fu Meirong and Zhao Xin
Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 202
The Image of the Confucius Institutes in US Newspaper Reports
Ye Ying
Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 224
You Can See the Tree, Even in a Forest: Transforming Learning
Paradigms for Global Leadership
Rick J. Arrowood and Eva Kampits
Chapter Thirteen ...................................................................................... 228
ACCEX: Collaboration in Sino-American Cultural Understanding
Kathryn Mohrman
The Power of Culture vii
Chapter Fourteen ..................................................................................... 233
US Educational NGOs and the Implications of Cultural Diplomacy
in China: The Case Study of the US-China Education Trust
Ni Jianping and Pan Yu
Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................ 237
American Studies in China Today: Past, Present, and Future
Liu Jianfeng
Chapter Sixteen ....................................................................................... 254
Transnational American Studies Today: The United States and China
Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Part III: Cultural Encounters: Representations, Appropriations,
and Interpretations
Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 276
Globalization of US National Culture: From Asian Abjection
to Guangdong Gothic
James Innis McDougall
Chapter Eighteen ..................................................................................... 294
Americanizing Female Immigrants in California, 1915-1924
Zhang Qingheng
Chapter Nineteen ..................................................................................... 324
Imagining the Phoenix Metaphor: From Chinese Culture to Chinese
American Culture and Sensibility
Wang Hui
Chapter Twenty ....................................................................................... 336
Crisis and Reconstruction of Cultural Identity: American Born Chinese
in The Joy Luck Club
Tang Jie
Chapter Twenty-One ............................................................................... 346
Going Global: Gender Across East-West Divides
Clara Juncker
viii Table of Contents
Chapter Twenty-Two ............................................................................... 357
Fei Cheng Wu Rao on Two Shores: Rethinking Dual Domination
Through China’s Transnational Matchmaking Show
Shan Mu Zhao
Chapter Twenty-Three ............................................................................. 378
Americanization of a Chinese Pastime? US Television Shows
and Cultural Consumption in China
Li Ye
Chapter Twenty-Four .............................................................................. 388
American Television Shows and Chinese Audiences: Cross-Cultural
Readings of The Good Wife
Huang Xiaoqu
Chapter Twenty-Five ............................................................................... 401
Promoting the “American Dream”: Hollywood Movies and US Soft Power
Li Yang and Xu Lili
Chapter Twenty-Six ................................................................................. 409
Blockbuster Dreams: Chimericanization in American Dreams in China
and Finding Mr. Right
Stacilee Ford
Chapter Twenty-Seven ............................................................................ 428
Why America Must Save the World: Captain America and His Enemies
Zhang Guoxi
Chapter Twenty-Eight ............................................................................. 445
Lost in Translation? Transnational American Rock Music of the Sixties
and Its Misreading in 1980s China
Teng Jimeng
Chapter Twenty-Nine .............................................................................. 466
The Effects of US Media News on Chinese Readers’ Political Trust
Guo Shilei
Chapter Thirty ......................................................................................... 477
US Media Representations of Chinese Women and Gender Issues
in China: The Case Study of the New York Times
Liu Liqun and Chen Zhijuan
The Power of Culture ix
Chapter Thirty-One ................................................................................. 499
Charm Offensive 2013: Comparative Chinese and American Media
Coverage of Peng Liyuan’s First Two International Tours
Zhai Zheng
For further details of the two American Studies Network conferences on which most of this volume is based, see the US-China Education Trust website:
http://www.uscet.org/2013-annual-american-studies-network-conference-10th-anniversary
http://www.uscet.org/2014-annual-american-studies-network-conference
Preface ....................................................................................................... xii
Julia Chang Bloch
Introduction .............................................................................................. xvi
The Power of Culture: Encounters between China and the United States
Priscilla Roberts
Part I: Perspectives on Sino-American Relations
Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2
Geopolitics and Cultural Ambitions: The Evolution of US Strategy
in East Asia
Lv Qingguang
Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 14
Balancing Ideology, Strategy, and National Interests: The Reagan
Administration’s China Policies, 1981-1989
Kong Lingyu
Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 69
Recurrent Themes in American Presidential War Rhetoric
Zhang Yuan
Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 78
The Evolution of John Winthrop’s Views on American Indians
Yang Yingrun
Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 100
Words, Views, Moods, and Culture: The Obama Administration
Addresses China, January-November 2014
Mei Renyi
vi Table of Contents
Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 123
Challenging American Cultural Primacy: A New Chinese Long March
Qiu Linguang
Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 136
How US Think Tanks Influence Cultural Security
Xiao Huan
Part II: Educational Exchanges
Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 148
Cultural Cold War: The American Role in Establishing the Chinese
University of Hong Kong (CUHK)
Zhang Yang
Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 170
The Impact of Cultural Exchange Programs on How Participants
Perceive their Host Countries
Chen Peiqin, Wu Ying and Pan Ji
Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 181
The Effects of China-US Exchange Programs on the Professional
Advancement of Chinese Participants: Evidence from Fulbright
Alumni in Beijing and Tianjin
Fu Meirong and Zhao Xin
Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 202
The Image of the Confucius Institutes in US Newspaper Reports
Ye Ying
Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 224
You Can See the Tree, Even in a Forest: Transforming Learning
Paradigms for Global Leadership
Rick J. Arrowood and Eva Kampits
Chapter Thirteen ...................................................................................... 228
ACCEX: Collaboration in Sino-American Cultural Understanding
Kathryn Mohrman
The Power of Culture vii
Chapter Fourteen ..................................................................................... 233
US Educational NGOs and the Implications of Cultural Diplomacy
in China: The Case Study of the US-China Education Trust
Ni Jianping and Pan Yu
Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................ 237
American Studies in China Today: Past, Present, and Future
Liu Jianfeng
Chapter Sixteen ....................................................................................... 254
Transnational American Studies Today: The United States and China
Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Part III: Cultural Encounters: Representations, Appropriations,
and Interpretations
Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 276
Globalization of US National Culture: From Asian Abjection
to Guangdong Gothic
James Innis McDougall
Chapter Eighteen ..................................................................................... 294
Americanizing Female Immigrants in California, 1915-1924
Zhang Qingheng
Chapter Nineteen ..................................................................................... 324
Imagining the Phoenix Metaphor: From Chinese Culture to Chinese
American Culture and Sensibility
Wang Hui
Chapter Twenty ....................................................................................... 336
Crisis and Reconstruction of Cultural Identity: American Born Chinese
in The Joy Luck Club
Tang Jie
Chapter Twenty-One ............................................................................... 346
Going Global: Gender Across East-West Divides
Clara Juncker
viii Table of Contents
Chapter Twenty-Two ............................................................................... 357
Fei Cheng Wu Rao on Two Shores: Rethinking Dual Domination
Through China’s Transnational Matchmaking Show
Shan Mu Zhao
Chapter Twenty-Three ............................................................................. 378
Americanization of a Chinese Pastime? US Television Shows
and Cultural Consumption in China
Li Ye
Chapter Twenty-Four .............................................................................. 388
American Television Shows and Chinese Audiences: Cross-Cultural
Readings of The Good Wife
Huang Xiaoqu
Chapter Twenty-Five ............................................................................... 401
Promoting the “American Dream”: Hollywood Movies and US Soft Power
Li Yang and Xu Lili
Chapter Twenty-Six ................................................................................. 409
Blockbuster Dreams: Chimericanization in American Dreams in China
and Finding Mr. Right
Stacilee Ford
Chapter Twenty-Seven ............................................................................ 428
Why America Must Save the World: Captain America and His Enemies
Zhang Guoxi
Chapter Twenty-Eight ............................................................................. 445
Lost in Translation? Transnational American Rock Music of the Sixties
and Its Misreading in 1980s China
Teng Jimeng
Chapter Twenty-Nine .............................................................................. 466
The Effects of US Media News on Chinese Readers’ Political Trust
Guo Shilei
Chapter Thirty ......................................................................................... 477
US Media Representations of Chinese Women and Gender Issues
in China: The Case Study of the New York Times
Liu Liqun and Chen Zhijuan
The Power of Culture ix
Chapter Thirty-One ................................................................................. 499
Charm Offensive 2013: Comparative Chinese and American Media
Coverage of Peng Liyuan’s First Two International Tours
Zhai Zheng