<p>The factor “zone” represents the part of the study plot under tramping influence or the ... more <p>The factor “zone” represents the part of the study plot under tramping influence or the control one.</p
<p>Comparison of goodness of fit the different functions describing the changes of the incr... more <p>Comparison of goodness of fit the different functions describing the changes of the increment sizes for each study sites and zones separately.</p
<p>Basic statistic, GLK (Gleichläufigkeit) and EPS (expressed population signal) and mean s... more <p>Basic statistic, GLK (Gleichläufigkeit) and EPS (expressed population signal) and mean sensitivity of tree time-series of both study plots.</p
<p>A–trees growing in the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, B–tre... more <p>A–trees growing in the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, B–trees growing near the track in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, C–trees growing in the control zone beyond the track in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot, D–trees growing near the track in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot. 1 –linear fit, 2 –negative exponential fit, 3 –best-fitted curve: for A–negative exponential, B–Weibull fit, C and D– 3rd degree polynominal. Below the main charts q-q plots for each fitted curves are presented.</p
<p>(a) trees growing in the vicinity of the tourist track and (b) trees growing beyond the ... more <p>(a) trees growing in the vicinity of the tourist track and (b) trees growing beyond the scope of the track impact calculated for the whole growing period (sz_t, k_t) as well as separately for the periods before and after the breaking points located in 1960 (sz_60, k_60), 1970 (sz_70, k_70) and 1980, (sz_80, k_80).</p
<p>a–average normalized increments of trees from the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopien... more <p>a–average normalized increments of trees from the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, b–average normalized increments of trees growing near the track in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, c–average normalized increments of trees growing near the track in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot, d–average normalized increments of trees in the control zone in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot. e–regression line for tree increment changes, f–negative exponential fit for tree increment.</p
<p>Fitting parameters for the regression lines calculated for given time periods together w... more <p>Fitting parameters for the regression lines calculated for given time periods together with the significance levels for the comparison of the regression and b coefficients.</p
Dead wood plays important function in the riverine environment. Dead trees lying in stream channe... more Dead wood plays important function in the riverine environment. Dead trees lying in stream channels modify the speed of the current and the shape of the channel, thus have a great influence on channel morphology. Coarse woody debris (CWD) exert influence on variation in channel width and gradient as well as promote lateral channel migration and sedi- ment storage. In this paper we study the characteristics of dead wood delivered to two mountain streams, the Waksmundzki Stream and Pysznianski Stream in the Tatra Mts. The inflow of dead trees to the stream channels was determined with the use of dendrochronological methods. In both channels, a similar number of CWD was found - ca. 60 units per 100 m. In the Waskmundzki Stream more logs were aggregated in form of dams than in the Pysznianski Stream. The distribution of diam- eters, decay classes, and length classes was similar for both streams. Bank erosion is the most common cause of inflow of dead wood to the stream channel. Cross-da...
This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and ... more This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km<sup>2</sup> and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cro...
This paper shows that tree-ring trends might be used for the assessment of the intensity of tramp... more This paper shows that tree-ring trends might be used for the assessment of the intensity of trampling along touristic tracks in the forests. The study aims at determining the effects of trampling, on the dynamics of annual increments in trees subject to pressure from hiking tourism. The studies were conducted at a spruce stand in the Tatra Mts., on sections of different trails. Within each trail, four transects were determined. Transects include the zones with damage from trampling and the un-affected areas, treated as a reference zones. Selected trees growing in both zones were sampled by coring and the core samples were used to develop sequences of annual increment widths. Next, the dynamics of increments in trees growing in the tourist zone and the reference zone were compared. The decrease in the annual increments was significantly more rapid in trees growing directly along the trail that those in trees deep in the forest stand in one locality. This finding may testify the adver...
<p>The factor “zone” represents the part of the study plot under tramping influence or the ... more <p>The factor “zone” represents the part of the study plot under tramping influence or the control one.</p
<p>Comparison of goodness of fit the different functions describing the changes of the incr... more <p>Comparison of goodness of fit the different functions describing the changes of the increment sizes for each study sites and zones separately.</p
<p>Basic statistic, GLK (Gleichläufigkeit) and EPS (expressed population signal) and mean s... more <p>Basic statistic, GLK (Gleichläufigkeit) and EPS (expressed population signal) and mean sensitivity of tree time-series of both study plots.</p
<p>A–trees growing in the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, B–tre... more <p>A–trees growing in the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, B–trees growing near the track in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, C–trees growing in the control zone beyond the track in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot, D–trees growing near the track in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot. 1 –linear fit, 2 –negative exponential fit, 3 –best-fitted curve: for A–negative exponential, B–Weibull fit, C and D– 3rd degree polynominal. Below the main charts q-q plots for each fitted curves are presented.</p
<p>(a) trees growing in the vicinity of the tourist track and (b) trees growing beyond the ... more <p>(a) trees growing in the vicinity of the tourist track and (b) trees growing beyond the scope of the track impact calculated for the whole growing period (sz_t, k_t) as well as separately for the periods before and after the breaking points located in 1960 (sz_60, k_60), 1970 (sz_70, k_70) and 1980, (sz_80, k_80).</p
<p>a–average normalized increments of trees from the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopien... more <p>a–average normalized increments of trees from the control zone in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, b–average normalized increments of trees growing near the track in the "Cyrla-Kopieniec" study plot, c–average normalized increments of trees growing near the track in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot, d–average normalized increments of trees in the control zone in the "Hala Gąsienicowa–Rówień Waksmundzka" study plot. e–regression line for tree increment changes, f–negative exponential fit for tree increment.</p
<p>Fitting parameters for the regression lines calculated for given time periods together w... more <p>Fitting parameters for the regression lines calculated for given time periods together with the significance levels for the comparison of the regression and b coefficients.</p
Dead wood plays important function in the riverine environment. Dead trees lying in stream channe... more Dead wood plays important function in the riverine environment. Dead trees lying in stream channels modify the speed of the current and the shape of the channel, thus have a great influence on channel morphology. Coarse woody debris (CWD) exert influence on variation in channel width and gradient as well as promote lateral channel migration and sedi- ment storage. In this paper we study the characteristics of dead wood delivered to two mountain streams, the Waksmundzki Stream and Pysznianski Stream in the Tatra Mts. The inflow of dead trees to the stream channels was determined with the use of dendrochronological methods. In both channels, a similar number of CWD was found - ca. 60 units per 100 m. In the Waskmundzki Stream more logs were aggregated in form of dams than in the Pysznianski Stream. The distribution of diam- eters, decay classes, and length classes was similar for both streams. Bank erosion is the most common cause of inflow of dead wood to the stream channel. Cross-da...
This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and ... more This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km<sup>2</sup> and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cro...
This paper shows that tree-ring trends might be used for the assessment of the intensity of tramp... more This paper shows that tree-ring trends might be used for the assessment of the intensity of trampling along touristic tracks in the forests. The study aims at determining the effects of trampling, on the dynamics of annual increments in trees subject to pressure from hiking tourism. The studies were conducted at a spruce stand in the Tatra Mts., on sections of different trails. Within each trail, four transects were determined. Transects include the zones with damage from trampling and the un-affected areas, treated as a reference zones. Selected trees growing in both zones were sampled by coring and the core samples were used to develop sequences of annual increment widths. Next, the dynamics of increments in trees growing in the tourist zone and the reference zone were compared. The decrease in the annual increments was significantly more rapid in trees growing directly along the trail that those in trees deep in the forest stand in one locality. This finding may testify the adver...
Uploads
Papers