Papers by Dr. Sana Akhtar
Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine (JISHIM), 2023
Temperament, used synonymously with the Arabic word Mizaj, is one of the basic concepts of Tibb-e... more Temperament, used synonymously with the Arabic word Mizaj, is one of the basic concepts of Tibb-e-Unani that distinguishes it from other
systems of medicine. Of the seven Al-Umur-Al-Tabi’yah, Mizaj occupies the second position preceded by Arkan upon whose interaction it emerges.
Unani System of Medicine emphasizes that temperament (mizaj) has a direct influence on the personality of an individual and it is supposedly
responsible for health and disease inflicting them. It in fact covers all the aspects of a personality and gives a more consolidated concept in terms
of defining health and disease. However, the concept of temperament is not only confined to the bounds of Unani Medicine but has been discussed
and widely studied in other branches of study as well in context of designating and understanding human personality. This review paper intends to explore the development in the concept of temperament over ages.
Key Words: Mizaj, Personality, Temperament, Unani Medicine
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UNIMED-KULLIYAT, 2018
Aims and objective: To determine any significant difference in the head circumference amongst the... more Aims and objective: To determine any significant difference in the head circumference amongst the females of different temperaments.
Material and method: 100 healthy females volunteers were enrolled for the study in the age group of 18-30 years, who were categorized into Damwi, Safrawi and Balghami mizaj, and their head circumference was measured.
Result: After statistically analyzing the data, no significant difference was found in the head circumference of the females belonging to the three groups.
Conclusion: There is no relations between temperament and head circumference.
Key words: head circumference, Mizaj, temperament, Unani medicine.
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The Unani system of Medicine discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human body under one roo... more The Unani system of Medicine discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human body under one roof and propounds the theory of seven basic principles (Kulliyat-e-Umur-e-Tabi’yah) for the same. Aa‘za (organs) is one of these seven basic principles and belongs to the category of Asbab-e-Maddiyah, which means that they have been considered as one of the materialistic causes for the body; where health or disease resides when acted upon by the Asbab-e-Faila (efficient causes). According to the Greeco-Arab scholars Aa‘za, in particular aa‘za-e-mufradah have their origin in body fluids, specifically the dense part of the humors; a theory which many of today’s physiologists would outright reject based on the fact that cells pour out their secretions into the blood rather vice versa. However, it should not be assumed that our forefathers were absolutely wrong in their theory of organ formation. In this paper, it has been tried to identify the coarse and fine humors with respect to their func...
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Journal of Integrated Community Health, 2019
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UNIMED KULLIYAT A Journal of Unani Medicine, 2016
Hararat-e-Ghariziyah is the primary heat that powers all the faculties of body. This heat act as ... more Hararat-e-Ghariziyah is the primary heat that powers all the faculties of body. This heat act as tool for Tabiyat in particular and for all the faculties of the body in general through which all the physiological functions are accomplished. The preservation of the Hararat-e-Ghariziyah makes the body to live longer and delay the age related changes with preservation of Rutubat-e-Ghariziyah. The Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimum energy expenditure for the body to perform all vital functions and it can be correlated with Hararat-e-Ghariziyah to certain extent. Here, the concept of Hararat-e-Ghariziyah and BMR has been discussed in a logical approach.
Keywords: Basal Metabolic Rate, Hararat-e-Ghariziyah, Rutubat-E-Ghariziyah, Temperament of Ages
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Journal of Integrated Community Health, 2018
Certain theories lie at the core of Unani (Greco-Arab) system of medicine providing it a solid fo... more Certain theories lie at the core of Unani (Greco-Arab) system of medicine providing it a solid foundation. Of these, the prominent ones and widely known are temperamental and humoral theories. But, the one that outshines it from other pathies is the concept of Tab‘iat, which believes that every human body carries its real healer within itself and the role of physician is merely of a supporter. Tab‘iat is the supreme controlling power of the body that governs all body functions and for this purpose it requires some medium at different levels of body organization. These media are basically the structure and temperament of the organs concerned. In this paper, it is aimed to present a comprehensive concept
about tab‘iat, its function and tools.
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The Unani system of Medicine discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human body under one roo... more The Unani system of Medicine discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human body under one roof and propounds the theory of seven basic principles (Kulliyat-e-Umur-e-Tabi'yah) for the same. Aa'za (organs) is one of these seven basic principles and belongs to the category of Asbab-e-Maddiyah, which means that they have been considered as one of the materialistic causes for the body; where health or disease resides when acted upon by the Asbab-e-Faila (efficient causes). According to the Greeco-Arab scholars Aa'za, in particular aa'za-e-mufradah have their origin in body fluids, specifically the dense part of the humors; a theory which many of today's physiologists would outright reject based on the fact that cells pour out their secretions into the blood rather vice versa. However, it should not be assumed that our forefathers were absolutely wrong in their theory of organ formation. In this paper, it has been tried to identify the coarse and fine humors with respect to their functions in the body and how they take part in the formation of cells and tissues to substantiate the concept of cell formation from body fluids put forth by the ancient scholars on modern parameters.
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Background: The Unani philosophers described the nutrition, growth and reproductive functions und... more Background: The Unani philosophers described the nutrition, growth and reproductive functions under the head of Afaal-e-Tabiyah, governed by Quwwat-e-Tabiyah (natural faculty) and it is more operational for the anabolic functions. The nutritive functions under this faculty are carried out specifically by the Quwwat-e-Ghaziyah (nutritive faculty) which is subserved by four faculties viz., Quwwat-e-Jazibah (absorptive faculty), Quwwat-e-Masika (retentive faculty), Quwwat-e-Hazima (transformative faculty), Quwwat-e-Dafi'a (eliminative faculty). These four powers are present in each and every cell of the body, mediated through different temperamental qualities. Most of the metabolic disorders result from the malfunctioning of serving powers of Quwwat-e-gaziyah. Aim: The present review aims at analyzing the concept of Quwwat-e-Jazibah (absorptive faculty) in various aspects as per the classics of Unani Medicine and the diseases caused by immoderation of this faculty, which can be applied in both preventive and therapeutic purpose. Materials & Methods: The present literary review is based on the references available in the basic Unani classics & relevant modern texts. Conclusion: The study concludes that the understanding of concepts of absorptive faculty can be helpful in determining various medical conditions in clinical practice and specially of chronic metabolic disorders, like malabsorption syndrome, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hemochromatosis etc.
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Papers by Dr. Sana Akhtar
systems of medicine. Of the seven Al-Umur-Al-Tabi’yah, Mizaj occupies the second position preceded by Arkan upon whose interaction it emerges.
Unani System of Medicine emphasizes that temperament (mizaj) has a direct influence on the personality of an individual and it is supposedly
responsible for health and disease inflicting them. It in fact covers all the aspects of a personality and gives a more consolidated concept in terms
of defining health and disease. However, the concept of temperament is not only confined to the bounds of Unani Medicine but has been discussed
and widely studied in other branches of study as well in context of designating and understanding human personality. This review paper intends to explore the development in the concept of temperament over ages.
Key Words: Mizaj, Personality, Temperament, Unani Medicine
Material and method: 100 healthy females volunteers were enrolled for the study in the age group of 18-30 years, who were categorized into Damwi, Safrawi and Balghami mizaj, and their head circumference was measured.
Result: After statistically analyzing the data, no significant difference was found in the head circumference of the females belonging to the three groups.
Conclusion: There is no relations between temperament and head circumference.
Key words: head circumference, Mizaj, temperament, Unani medicine.
Keywords: Basal Metabolic Rate, Hararat-e-Ghariziyah, Rutubat-E-Ghariziyah, Temperament of Ages
about tab‘iat, its function and tools.
systems of medicine. Of the seven Al-Umur-Al-Tabi’yah, Mizaj occupies the second position preceded by Arkan upon whose interaction it emerges.
Unani System of Medicine emphasizes that temperament (mizaj) has a direct influence on the personality of an individual and it is supposedly
responsible for health and disease inflicting them. It in fact covers all the aspects of a personality and gives a more consolidated concept in terms
of defining health and disease. However, the concept of temperament is not only confined to the bounds of Unani Medicine but has been discussed
and widely studied in other branches of study as well in context of designating and understanding human personality. This review paper intends to explore the development in the concept of temperament over ages.
Key Words: Mizaj, Personality, Temperament, Unani Medicine
Material and method: 100 healthy females volunteers were enrolled for the study in the age group of 18-30 years, who were categorized into Damwi, Safrawi and Balghami mizaj, and their head circumference was measured.
Result: After statistically analyzing the data, no significant difference was found in the head circumference of the females belonging to the three groups.
Conclusion: There is no relations between temperament and head circumference.
Key words: head circumference, Mizaj, temperament, Unani medicine.
Keywords: Basal Metabolic Rate, Hararat-e-Ghariziyah, Rutubat-E-Ghariziyah, Temperament of Ages
about tab‘iat, its function and tools.