Papers by Mladen Obad-Scitaroci
U radu se prikazuje metoda analize i procjene stanja zaštite nepokretnog
arheološkog naslijeđa Se... more U radu se prikazuje metoda analize i procjene stanja zaštite nepokretnog
arheološkog naslijeđa Sesveta razvijena za potrebe izrade
Studije zaštite i prezentacijskog potencijala arheološkog nalazišta
Kuzelin i bliskih arheoloških nalazišta te se donose rezultati procjene
i analize stanja 50 do sada poznatih arheoloških nalazišta na
administrativnom području gradske četvrti Sesvete (Grad Zagreb).
U istraživanju se polazi sa stajališta da je arheološko naslijeđe razvojni
resurs područja koji se prema načelima održivog upravljanja
treba uključiti u suvremeni razvoj. Analiza i procjena stanja zaštite
arheološkog naslijeđa prva je etapa interdisciplinarnog procesa i
preduvjet za definiranje postavki održivog upravljanja koje uključuje
zaštitu, očuvanje, prezentaciju, interpretaciju, planiranje, unaprjeđenje
i korištenje arheološkog naslijeđa. Rezultati istraživanja dobiveni
primjenom metode na području Sesveta ukazuju na probleme u
zaštiti arheološkog naslijeđa, a metoda se smatra primjenjivom i na
ostala područja u Republici Hrvatskoj.
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The paper examines urban integration of archaeological heritage in the town of Zadar via analysis... more The paper examines urban integration of archaeological heritage in the town of Zadar via analysis of the town’s history and urban development; the history of archaeological research and archaeological heritage protection and preservation; and the analysis of the relevant developed urban or spatial planning documents in relation to archaeological
heritage. The history of archaeological research, of archaeological heritage protection and preservation and of urban and spatial planning in Zadar have not yet been systematically scientifically researched, and cover the period between the late 19th century (first archaeological excavations) and 2015.
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In the modern Winter Olympics, the landscape and territorial impact of sports facilities and infr... more In the modern Winter Olympics, the landscape and territorial impact of sports facilities and infrastructures, especially the transportation network required to connect the host city with the mountain venues, is a major challenging issue, matter of concern to planners. Three case studies are compared from this viewpoint, to point out common and different problems, strategies and outcomes: Turin 2006, Sochi 2014 and the plan for Krakow 2022.
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This paper, based on the analysis of Graèišæe settlement, investigates the elements of identity o... more This paper, based on the analysis of Graèišæe settlement, investigates the elements of identity of medieval settlements in Istria, a region of similar geographical and building features. Elements of identity, studied in the context of the historical development of the settlement, are its topography, fabric and structure, defense system, and the most prominent areas and structures that formed it.
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This research paper focuses on the protection and usage of immovable archaeological heritage from... more This research paper focuses on the protection and usage of immovable archaeological heritage from an urban-planning perspective. The analysis of the international and national protection-related documents has served as a basis
for a research into theoretical and legal starting points for the protection and improvement of the archaeological heritage within the fields of urban and physical planning.
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Cultural Heritage – Possibilities for Spatial and Economic Development, Oct 2015
The historical and cultural area spanning from the Lake Balaton in Hungary to the Sava River in C... more The historical and cultural area spanning from the Lake Balaton in Hungary to the Sava River in Croatia calls for stronger international and intraregional connections between Southern Transdanubia and Central Slavonia. Considering the main spatial, natural and cultural factors of the demarcated historical route, this paper aims to inaugurate a new theoretical basis for a spatial development which overcomes territorial borders and to propose a unique concept of heritage revitalisation. Focusing on country house building as a clear formal manifestation of socio-cultural givens, the authors deliberate over four main functional models for built heritage revitalisation and creative utilisation – the seasonal, educational, ecological, and medical model. Interconnected in the rhizomatic system, the country houses serve as nodes of different functional intensity along the route marked by the historic presence of Counts Jankovich.
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The scientific conference Cultural Heritage — Possibilities for Spatial and Economic Development ... more The scientific conference Cultural Heritage — Possibilities for Spatial and Economic Development is organized by the Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb and the Department of Fine Arts, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
The starting point of the conference stems from the research project Heritage Urbanism and is based on the premise that heritage must not only be a historic monument (protected object), but also an active factor (creative entity) in contemporary life and cultural, social, economic and spatial development of a community.
Recognizing the importance of basic cultural and historic research that leads to better understanding of cultural heritage, as well as its spatial context, the conference will cover three major paper topics focused on the following guidelines:
- criteria, methods, models and scenarios of revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage
- new high-quality interventions that turn cultural heritage into an essential local development factor.
There are three groups of topics for conference papers: planning and heritage, perceiving heritage and development based on heritage.
PLANNING AND HERITAGE
Cultural and historical heritage demands serious considerations regarding its conservation and enhancement. Planning and new interventions in historical, urban and rural environments are an important part of the planning process that requires the development of appropriate methods along with the application of special knowledge and approaches. Spatial development must recognize the existing layers of history, not only by analysing and recording them, but also by developing methods for their evaluation and inclusion into the development of the area. Spatial planning documentation for areas rich in heritage sites requires adjustment/ change of existing spatial planning methods and models, as well as of the legislative framework. Technological and infrastructure systems in such a spatial context also require a different technical approach.
The questions that arise are: How can we plan contemporary interventions in historical environments in a functional and well-arranged manner? What are the preferred methods and sustainable scenarios?
PERCEIVING HERITAGE
Cultural and historical environment can be found all around us but in order to understand it and let it become the development incentive, we need to learn how to interpret it and create attitudes toward it via special forms of education and promotion. Rural heritage, heritage of small towns, military and vernacular architecture, as well as all other types of heritage, are important components of the broader spatial context. In the urban environment, we observe cultural heritage by interpreting and experiencing the urban fabric through the urban morphology of historical sites, whereas in landscape we observe it in preserved landscape patterns as testimonies to man’s presence in the area.
The questions are: Which elements of landscape and urban identity can become bearers of new development? What are the relevant factors and applicable criteria, methods and models?
DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HERITAGE
Development based on cultural and historical heritage requires the use of new tools and new methods in creating development scenarios. The saying “Heritage as a resource for economic development” is very widespread; however, good examples of it are rare. Successful projects imply new approaches in whereby the architectural and planning section is only one part of a bigger project. There are calls for new kinds of collaboration and adjustments to project, organizational and financial frameworks. A special form of reflection on the broader context of heritage can be seen in high-quality projects, which provide thematic networking and development of new visions and scenarios for heritage development incorporated into international project collaboration.
The questions are: What are the acceptable/sustainable development models based on cultural and historic heritage, especially in the context of space capacity? Which urban and architectural criteria and methods are important to ensure design and construction excellence on heritage sites?
Goals and objectives
The goal is to approach cultural heritage as an active resource in contemporary life and an initiator of sustainable development through multi-disciplinary, multi-national and multi-regional participation. In addition to theoretical models that will help in developing the criteria, methods and scenarios for the revitalization of cultural heritage, illustrative examples from Croatia, Europe and the rest of the world are also welcome – especially those serving as models for revitalization and new interventions in the immediate and surrounding area of cultural heritage sites. Cultural heritage is observed in spatial context – from landscape and historical parts of towns/settlements to individual architectural complexes and buildings with their surrounding urban and rural environment.
The goal is to answer the questions – how can policies, approaches, methods, theoretical models and conservation practice and enhancement of cultural heritage sites be oriented towards and included within spatial and economic development, taking into account cultural and historical, spatial and environmental, as well as social traits of a specific area?
Conference participants
The book of abstracts contains 142 abstracts - 87 from Croatia and 55 from 19 countries on four continents.
The works were contributed by a total of 227 authors - 116 from Croatia and 111 from other countries.
The authors come from 38 universities - 33 European, three Asian, one African and one Australian.
Many papers are co-authored by authors from several different countries and universities. Numerous papers are co-authored by professors and their students and doctoral candidates, presenting the research carried out as part of the graduate or doctoral programme and as part of ongoing or completed research projects.
The authors come from the following countries (in the order of the total number of papers): Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Serbia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Ethiopia, China, New Zealand, Germany, Poland and Thailand.
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The garden of the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga located at Batahovina, in Rijeka Dubrovačka... more The garden of the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga located at Batahovina, in Rijeka Dubrovačka near Dubrovnik, create a unique garden complex. The villas and gardens have been subject to recurrent modifications and neglect over the centuries. Two main stages of the garden's development are examined – the Renaissance and that of Romanticism with accentuated features of historicism. Also assessed are the garden`s historic layers as a starting point for the renovation, revitalization and promotion.
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In the focus of this research is the development and changes of the Renaissance gardens of the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga, a rare example in the Dubrovnik area, where a garden embraces in terms of both style and period of construction two villas into a unique complex. The villas with the garden are located at Batahovina in Rijeka Dubrovačka, a narrow inlet only a few kilometres from the historic nucleus of the City of Dubrovnik.
During the Dubrovnik Republic (1358-1806), the territory of Rijeka Dubrovačka proved ideal for cultivation due to the benefits of mild climate, fertile soil and abundant water resources. In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, simple buildings used for harvest storage were built in this area. From the end of the fifteenth, and notably in the sixteenth century, at the time of the Republic's economic prosperity, Ragusan nobility started building representative country complexes in Rijeka Dubrovačka, which initially served both farming and leisure. Some fifty of them were known to cluster along a five-kilometre stretch of Rijeka Dubrovačka. Their construction also reflected the trends that prevailed in the Renaissance Italy.
Villas in the Dubrovnik area were usually located on the very coast and were protected by high stone walls. The complex consisted of a building and garden. The building had a typical L-ground plan. The garden bears all the Renaissance features – orthogonal system of main and side paths, some of which covered by a pergola. Water features in the form of a pool with sea water, wall fountains and cisterns. Sculptures are rare. This type of the Renaissance garden is known as Dubrovnik Renaissance garden as a typological synonym of the Renaissance garden. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the walled complexes were surrounded by farming land which, because of the steep slopes of Rijeka Dubrovačka, was laid out in terraces supported by dry-wall structures.
The plot on which the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga were constructed has been rearranged and rebuilt by a succession of owners. The paper traces the borders of the first estate on this location according to the Libro negro del Astarea, the second oldest cadastral register of the Dubrovnik Republic, which shows that the space where the two villas and their gardens were constructed was originally part of one whole. The first known villa on this site, villa Bona-Caboga, was constructed in the period 1520-1540. The second villa Stay-Caboga was constructed in the latter half of the sixteenth century. At that time each villa had its own garden space.
On the basis of the available documents, archival data, Franciscan cadastral register from 1837., garden designs from the mid-twentieth century, numerous historical photographs from the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but also field work, three historic layers of the garden have been identified: Renaissance layer, Romantic layer with the features of historicism, and the twentieth-century layer. According to the established criteria, the historic layers of the garden have been evaluated as a starting point for the renovation, revitalization and promotion of the villa and garden complex.
Renaissance features are primarily discerned in the fact that the villa Bona-Caboga integrated into the landscape ― up to the first floor it was dug into the terrain. Thus the first floor of the building had direct access to the back gardens by which the boundary between closed and open space was negated. The gardens were organized on three levels and became part of the house. The garden ground-plans are simple, resulting from the spatial characteristics. Both villas and their gardens stand on a very narrow coastal belt. The construction of the villa Bona-Caboga follows a typical Renaissance pattern in which the main path runs along the axis of the house, dividing the house and the garden into two approximately equal parts. The front of the house faced onto the main path flanked by rectangular garden patches. A single-axis garden design of the villa Stay-Caboga is completely independent of the interior layout of the house itself. The main path covered by the pergola follows the facade of the house until the border with the villa Bona-Caboga. The path is also the skeleton of the orthogonal pattern which once included transversed garden patches, side paths, pond and cisterns.
By the turn of the twentieth century, the villa gardens were physically reunited into a unique complex and thoroughly redesigned thanks to the zeal of the last owner of the two estates, Bernard Henrik Caboga. The reshaping included a significant deflection from the hitherto applied Renaissance pattern which, over the past centuries, remained a constant feature in most of Dubrovnik's country complexes. The changes in design reflected the current European trends where many public and private gardens were redesigned in the Romantic spirit under the influence of the English landscape style, with emphasis on the gardenesque style. The Renaissance path in the lower part of the garden was removed, and the main feature of the new arrangement was the organically shaped path bordered with exotic plants. The most valuable section of the Romantic layer is the upper part of the garden with a representative pathway, which provided a modern interpretation of Dubrovnik's traditional building samples.
In the twentieth century, the villas and the garden witnessed decay and inadequate interventions. With the construction of the Adriatic Highway in 1963, half of the wing of the villa Stay-Caboga was demolished, and the route simply devoured a part of the garden onto which both villas faced. One of the main factors of the garden's preservation is the preservation of its identity, which implies coherence of the villas' gardens in a unique whole. Considering the results of the evaluation process, a need for the application of the reminiscent methods has been suggested with regard to the Renaissance and Romantic design in the lower part of the garden, bearing in mind the altered spatial relations which do not allow consistent reconstruction of any single layer. In the upper part of the garden, given the criteria of originality, preservation and value of the Romantic garden elements, the reconstruction method is imperative.
According to the criteria stated, the proposed garden evaluation concept can serve as basis for the renovation of other villas in the Dubrovnik area.
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The gardens of the summer villa of the old and renowned Dubrovnik noble family of Gučetić-Gozze... more The gardens of the summer villa of the old and renowned Dubrovnik noble family of Gučetić-Gozze in Trsteno, 25 kilometres west of Dubrovnik, was built between 1494 and 1502 in the Renaissance spirit. Throughout the following five centuries, it developed spatially, formally, and stylistically with recognizable concepts of the early and late Renaissance, Baroque, Romanticism, and Historicism. The single-axis composition of the garden has been preserved throughout all of these periods, which points to a detachment from the usual layout of Dubrovnik Renaissance gardens in the form of an irregular grid. The single-axis composition singles out Trsteno as a typological idiosyncrasy in Dubrovnik’s Renaissance garden architecture.
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This research encompasses 96 villas situated on the northern hillsides of Zagreb, built between 1... more This research encompasses 96 villas situated on the northern hillsides of Zagreb, built between 1736 and 1938. Twenty-three villas, unknown until today, have been discovered through this research while half of the registered ones have been preserved. Their urban, ambient, landscaping and architectural features have been researched and defined. The late 19th and the early 20th century villas were an important segment of Zagreb city planning and development.
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The Heritage Urbanism project is based on the premise that heritage must not only be a historic m... more The Heritage Urbanism project is based on the premise that heritage must not only be a historic monument (protected object), but also an active factor (creative entity) in contemporary life and cultural, social, economic, and spatial development of a community.
Recognizing the importance of basic cultural and historic research that leads to better understanding of cultural heritage, as well as its spatial context, the conference will cover three major paper topics focused on the following guidelines:
• criteria, methods, models and scenarios of revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage
• new high-quality interventions that turn cultural heritage into an essential local development factor.
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Perivojna arhitektura projekta EXPO’98 važan je čimbenik urbane preobrazbe i unapređenja okoliša ... more Perivojna arhitektura projekta EXPO’98 važan je čimbenik urbane preobrazbe i unapređenja okoliša istočnoga obalnog područja Lisabona površine 350 ha. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da udio perivojne arhitekture iznosi znatnih 40% ukupne površine predjela. Provedba projekta dugoročno je pridonijela stvaranju prostornog identiteta grada, poboljšanju cjelokupne vrsnoće života i održivom razvoju širega područja.
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Croatian-Hungarian cultural and architectural relations are the result of more than eight centuri... more Croatian-Hungarian cultural and architectural relations are the result of more than eight centuries long cohabitation in the same kingdom. In the paper, which is the result of a research on country house building in Hungary and in Croatia, the authors present an overview of manors built in both countries, focusing on those built in the age of historicism. The manors are analysed, sorted, and presented according to the main stylistic trends of that period.
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The age of historicism in northern Croatia marks the last epoch under the regime of the Kingdom o... more The age of historicism in northern Croatia marks the last epoch under the regime of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Dual Manarchy before the Treaty ofTrianon in 1920. All Croatian continental regions, including Mountainous Croatia and the coastal region (not including Istria and Dalmatia), were the Croatian parts of Transleithania. Those regions constituted the southern borders of the Kingdom, so the trend of m anor house building appeared here somewhat later than in the neighboring countries. T he nobility, aristocracy, and landed gentry built manor houses in Slavonia, Hrvatsko Zagorje, and Međimurje as centers of their feudal estates and of agricultural production, but these also served as their primary or country residences. As their estates were no longer threatened by the Ottoman Empire
from the l8th century onward, the nobility began to build residential country houses without fortifications, and former burgs, castles and fortresses were soon replaced by country houses, mansions and curiae.
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ANNALES - Series Historia et Sociologia, Jun 30, 2014
The theme of this article is public parks in towns and spas in Croatia from the 18th century and ... more The theme of this article is public parks in towns and spas in Croatia from the 18th century and up until WWI (until 1918). Due to its geographical location Croatia has always been under a dual cultural influence: Italian, from the southeast and across the Adriatic Sea, and from the northwest from Austria and Germany. The most significant public parks in Croatia are compared to similar parks in Europe. In comparison, public parks in adjacent regions have been chosen (Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, Italy), within countries of Central and Western Europe. Comparisons are conducted according to the time (year) of the establishment of the park. This comparison allows for monitoring of the appearance of parks and their further development within the same time periods and within different countries.
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Prostor, Dec 30, 2012
Croatian-Hungarian cultural and architectural relations are the result of more than eight centuri... more Croatian-Hungarian cultural and architectural relations are the result of more than eight centuries long cohabitation in the same kingdom. In the paper, which is the result of a research on country house building in Hungary and in Croatia, the authors present an overview of manors built in both countries, focusing on those built in the age of historicism. The manors are analysed, sorted, and presented according to the main stylistic trends of that period.
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Prostor, Faculty of Architecture University of Zagreb, Jul 30, 2014
This research encompasses 96 villas situated on the northern hillsides of Za- greb, built between... more This research encompasses 96 villas situated on the northern hillsides of Za- greb, built between 1736 and 1938. Twenty-three villas, unknown until today, have been discovered through this research while half of the registered ones have been preserved. Their urban, ambient, landscaping and architectural fea- tures have been researched and defined. The late 19th and the early 20th century villas were an important segment of Zagreb city planning and development.
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Prostor, 2012
Among 65 existing historic squares in Zagreb, 25 have been selected for this analysis. They were ... more Among 65 existing historic squares in Zagreb, 25 have been selected for this analysis. They were formed until 1918 in the areas of Upper town, Kaptol, Central city area and some suburban villages. Based on the clearly defined selection criteria and methodology, this paper considers the origin and historical stratification of the squares according to the periods of their formation as well as their comparable urban features (their site, topography, size and area, forms and proportions, functional and traffic characteristics, equipment, vegetation, landscaping, architectural accents etc.).
Squares are urban public spaces with a particular identity and social significance. The city of Zagreb presently has 65 squares out of which 25 are the historic ones laid out until the end of the First World War (1918); 10 squares were formed in the period of Modernism (1918-1941) whereas 30 squares have been laid out in the period of contemporary urban growth (after 1945). Almost all analyzed historic squares in Zagreb were created on a modestly sized area of the city until 1918 including Kaptol, Upper town and the Central city area with an exception of the three former village squares (Pod- sused, Šestine and Markuševec), today incorporated in the City of Zagreb.
General characteristics of the squares − Squares in Zagreb have predominantly been the object of historiographic research with cultural, historical and artistic interpretations whereas their urban aspect has been largely neglected. This research is based on the archives and documents such as maps and plans as well as photo documentation in the Municipial Archive in Zagreb and the Museum of Zagreb.
Most of the analyzed public spaces in Zagreb are clearly defined as squares according to their characteristics such as their name, official status, his- torical origin or their urban structural, morphological and functional features. However, some of them are atypical and even ambiguous as far as their conceptual definition is concerned. These are the unnamed ‘pseudo-squares’ (street widenings, ‘niches’ in the urban fabric, common semi-public spaces in residential neighbourhoods etc.) that cannot be officially characterized as squares in terms of their status and names, yet they do possess certain square-like characteristics in terms of their urban features and ambient associations (for example the funnel-like beginning of Mesniecka street, the junctions of Preradoviceva and Masarykova streets, Jurišiceva and Petrinjska streets, part of the old Vlaska street and in particular the corner semi square in front of St Blaz church)
Kaptol, although the oldest Zagreb square, does not have the word „square” in its name. Some squares apparently seem to be a part of the ‘historical concept’ of the historicist Central city area although they have been recently formed on the vacant lots created at a later date in the urban fabric (Franjo Tuðman square was laid out after the Rudolf’s barracks had been demolished in 1978). There are also numerous unbuilt squares from the regulation plans of Zagreb (1887, 1905, 1907) that were part of the historic city concept.
Origin of squares - historical framework − Two typical but functionally different squares were formed in medieval Zagreb: the church square in front of the Kaptol cathedral and the trade square called Markov trg on Gradec. Historically, the older one should be the Kaptol square (originating in the 11th century?) although spatially and structurally it was formed in the Renaissance. Gradec square has pre- served the mid 13th century Romanesque concept almost intact. That makes it the oldest Zagreb square. It is difficult to trace accurately the origin of the historic squares of the former suburban villages. However, taking into consideration the origin of their churches, it may well be assumed that the square in Markuševec dates from the 14th cen- tury and the one in Šestine from the 17th century. The early Baroque matrix of Zagreb dates from medieval times. In an extensive 17th century urban reconstruction, two new churches on Gradec were accompanied by the formation of three new squares (St Catherine sq., Jesuits sq. and Markoviæ sq.): one square in front of the eastern city gate (Trg brace hrvatskog zmaja) and Jelaecic square, nowadays the central city square of Zagreb.
In the mid 19th century and the early modernization period Zagreb had only seven squares (along with two market squares in the northern villages). Just a few decades later 16 new squares were formed that were markedly historicist. Among them there is the well-known system of seven park squares forming the U-shaped green belt of Zagreb.
After 1897 when Preradovic’s square was formed, no other square has ever been laid out that might be considered a part of the city’s historic fabric. Most of the earlier public spaces were finished until 1918 in terms of the surrounding construction, vegetation or equipment. The last completed squares that originated in the 19th century were Mazuranic and Maecek squares at the beginning of De- želic street (both laid out until the late 1920s). Thus the concept of the city squares from the Second regulation plan was mostly implemented. The next square (called Trg hrvatskih velikana) after 1897 in Zagreb was created 30 years later following the completion of the Stock market building in 1927. Urban features of the squares − Most squares in Zagreb have been laid out on a flat horizontal ground (occasionally it is the result of filling up and hydroamelioration). Only some of the Upper town squares as well as parts of the squares in Šestine and Markussevec were positioned on the slope. The smallest square in Zagreb is Markovic square (up to the neighbouring facades it measures 22 ́24 meters with an area of only 0,052 hectares) whereas the biggest one before 1918 was Tomislav square (124 ́315 m with an area of 3,905 hectares), almost 74 times larger than the former! The average area of Zagreb historic squares is 1,369 hectares whereas all 25 analyzed squares take up 34,23 hectares which makes a considerable part of the urban fabric of historic Zagreb in its boundary lines until 1918. Most of the historic squares in Zagreb were planned even in the earliest periods of medieval urbanization and they therefore have regular and geometric forms such as a) quadrilateral shapes (some examples are almost regular squares); Jelaèiæ square has the most elongated proportions (1:2,58); b) triangular or funnel-like shapes; c) organic examples or the ones with complex plans. The buildings on almost all squares are built in continuous rows on the regulation lines with the building height of 3-4 levels (ground-floor + 3(4) levels).
In earlier historical periods the squares were predominantly intended for trade or gatherings in front of the churches whereas more recently they had mostly market and park or promenade functions. Only 4 squares are pedestrian while 20 squares serve for public city transport (trams or buses) and other forms of traffic.
The equipment of the squares differs: mostly there is a sculpture or a fountain while other elements vary depending on the character of the space. Vegetation is dominant on park squares of the U-shaped green belt although it is also present on all squares in the central city area.
Regarding their characteristics, the squares in Zagreb belong to the Central European context and at the same time form a valuable part of our urban heritage.
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Urban Morphology, Oct 2008
Developments on the sites of bastion fortifications are often well- designed expansions of city c... more Developments on the sites of bastion fortifications are often well- designed expansions of city cores with mainly public buildings, representative residential buildings and public spaces. The transformation of bastion fortifications in the Croatian towns of Karlovac and Osijek in the early- twentieth century resulted in the creation of urban landscapes that can be compared in their characteristics with similar areas in major cities such as Frankfurt, Hamburg and Copenhagen. Developments in these two towns are comparable to those in the nineteenth century in many parts of Europe. They are inner fringe belts forming boundary zones between historically and morphologically distinct housing areas.
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Prostor, 2013
Croatian landscapes belong to the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions of Europe and represent a s... more Croatian landscapes belong to the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions of Europe and represent a significant element that contributes to European landscape diversity, which has officially been proven by Croatia’s ratification of the European Landscape Convention. The purpose of the paper is to provide an analysis of the legislative status of landscape protection in Croatia and compare it with laws and regulations of individual European countries with the goal of discovering similarities or shortcomings and the need for their advancement. The aim of the paper is to draw conclusions from the comparison so as to provide guidelines which could improve the state of landscape protection in Croatia and, at the same time, make the application of the European Landscape Convention in Croatia more effective. Although it is not the single most important precondition in landscape protection of a country, legislature is nevertheless very important. The analysis has shown its current state and provided assessment of how much it ensures landscape protection as an important element of recognizability and spatial identity of Croatia. Despite the signing of the European Landscape Convention (2000), and the passing of the Act on the Ratification of the European Landscape Convention (2002) there has been no additional laws or subordinate regulation governing the issue of landscape protection or a ministry appointed for the implementation of the convention. Landscape protection has been dealt with in Croatia from the perspective of different ”sectors” and several laws within which landscape protection has been differently interpreted. Individual approaches in different professional and scientific fields, such as cultural heritage protection, physical and natural protection and physical planning only partially include landscape, while physical planning has been recognized as a common and integrative instrument of its protection. Consequently, landscape protection is governed by four laws and planning documents pertaining to natural and cultural heritage protection, landscape protection and physical planning. Other laws, whose application and execution strongly impact the appearance and state of land- scape, do not demonstrate any specific attitude to- wards landscape or its recognition in a specific way. According to the European Landscape Convention, each signatory has been obliged to take necessary measures: to identify and classify landscapes, to assess them on the basis of professional evaluation criteria; to analyze the pressures transforming them and to observe and keep records of the changes. However, there have been no legal acts or regulations which might determine in more detail the jurisdiction over or methods for the implementation of these requirements. Landscapes of exceptional value have been recognized by the Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property as one type of cultural heritage. The Nature Protection Act directly includes landscape as an element of protection in the category of exceptional landscape and monuments of landscape architecture.
Certain European countries (Italy, Germany, Great Britain, France and other) have a long legal tradition in landscape protection which predates the European Landscape Convention. In addition to its recognized status in specific laws and regulations, landscape has been left as a separate entity or part of environment which has been recognized and is contained in the constitutions of numerous European countries. In addition to direct protection, spatial and urban plans, landscape is included in a special type of required planning in a number of countries - the Landscape Protection Plan, which is adopted on several levels, from the local to the national one. There are few countries in which landscape protection is regulated by specific laws, or which have several national laws on landscape (Italy, Germany etc).
Application of landscape recognition and documentation methods without proper legal foundations and measures which could ensure landscape protection is not sufficiently effective. Depending on landscape values, the legal system enables various protection methods and degree of legal influence: typological classification, legal protection of outstanding landscapes, integration of landscape protection measures into physical planning documentation and the creation of the Landscape Protection Plan. The analysis and comparison between the legal landscape protection in Croatia and the legislation of European countries, especially the European Landscape Convention, shows certain deficiencies. Among all analyse laws, not a single one takes an integral approach to landscape as it is described in the convention. They rather take into consideration particular landscape components. Positive sides and advantages of the Croatian regulation over the rest is the Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property which understands landscape as a testimony of human activity in a certain space and as such contains cultural and historical significance and determines its protection accordingly. However, the legal documentation does not contain protection measures and there is no requirement for the creation of Landscape Protection Plan. The shortcomings of other analyse laws include a lack of recognition of landscape as an entity shaped by people’s activities in the natural environment. Consequently, the Physical Planning and Construction Act does not envisage any need for the creation of regulatory foundation for landscape and the integration of landscape protection measures into any sort of physical planning documentation applicable on any administrative level.
In order to ensure satisfactory landscape protection and achieve desired impacts in the spatial management and development in Croatia, the paper suggests the following: landscapes should be an integral element of the constitution as a crucial component of spatial identity. Additionally, there should be a single legal document for landscape protection in the form of Landscape Protection Act and its should be adjusted to the existing legal framework (Nature Protection Act, Environmental Protection Act, Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property, Physical Planning and Construction Act). There should also be an institution in charge of all activities related to landscape protection and coordination of inter-sectoral activities. The Landscape Protection Plan should be integrated into the framework of physical planning documentation. There should be a National Landscape Protection Strategy and Programm, and landscape should be integrated into physical planning and other relevant policies. The Croatian legal framework on landscape protection supplemented with the aforementioned propositions would enable Croatia’s participation in the international information exchange and the creation of European classification - the European Landscape Atlas and in the programms of their protection.
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Papers by Mladen Obad-Scitaroci
arheološkog naslijeđa Sesveta razvijena za potrebe izrade
Studije zaštite i prezentacijskog potencijala arheološkog nalazišta
Kuzelin i bliskih arheoloških nalazišta te se donose rezultati procjene
i analize stanja 50 do sada poznatih arheoloških nalazišta na
administrativnom području gradske četvrti Sesvete (Grad Zagreb).
U istraživanju se polazi sa stajališta da je arheološko naslijeđe razvojni
resurs područja koji se prema načelima održivog upravljanja
treba uključiti u suvremeni razvoj. Analiza i procjena stanja zaštite
arheološkog naslijeđa prva je etapa interdisciplinarnog procesa i
preduvjet za definiranje postavki održivog upravljanja koje uključuje
zaštitu, očuvanje, prezentaciju, interpretaciju, planiranje, unaprjeđenje
i korištenje arheološkog naslijeđa. Rezultati istraživanja dobiveni
primjenom metode na području Sesveta ukazuju na probleme u
zaštiti arheološkog naslijeđa, a metoda se smatra primjenjivom i na
ostala područja u Republici Hrvatskoj.
heritage. The history of archaeological research, of archaeological heritage protection and preservation and of urban and spatial planning in Zadar have not yet been systematically scientifically researched, and cover the period between the late 19th century (first archaeological excavations) and 2015.
for a research into theoretical and legal starting points for the protection and improvement of the archaeological heritage within the fields of urban and physical planning.
The starting point of the conference stems from the research project Heritage Urbanism and is based on the premise that heritage must not only be a historic monument (protected object), but also an active factor (creative entity) in contemporary life and cultural, social, economic and spatial development of a community.
Recognizing the importance of basic cultural and historic research that leads to better understanding of cultural heritage, as well as its spatial context, the conference will cover three major paper topics focused on the following guidelines:
- criteria, methods, models and scenarios of revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage
- new high-quality interventions that turn cultural heritage into an essential local development factor.
There are three groups of topics for conference papers: planning and heritage, perceiving heritage and development based on heritage.
PLANNING AND HERITAGE
Cultural and historical heritage demands serious considerations regarding its conservation and enhancement. Planning and new interventions in historical, urban and rural environments are an important part of the planning process that requires the development of appropriate methods along with the application of special knowledge and approaches. Spatial development must recognize the existing layers of history, not only by analysing and recording them, but also by developing methods for their evaluation and inclusion into the development of the area. Spatial planning documentation for areas rich in heritage sites requires adjustment/ change of existing spatial planning methods and models, as well as of the legislative framework. Technological and infrastructure systems in such a spatial context also require a different technical approach.
The questions that arise are: How can we plan contemporary interventions in historical environments in a functional and well-arranged manner? What are the preferred methods and sustainable scenarios?
PERCEIVING HERITAGE
Cultural and historical environment can be found all around us but in order to understand it and let it become the development incentive, we need to learn how to interpret it and create attitudes toward it via special forms of education and promotion. Rural heritage, heritage of small towns, military and vernacular architecture, as well as all other types of heritage, are important components of the broader spatial context. In the urban environment, we observe cultural heritage by interpreting and experiencing the urban fabric through the urban morphology of historical sites, whereas in landscape we observe it in preserved landscape patterns as testimonies to man’s presence in the area.
The questions are: Which elements of landscape and urban identity can become bearers of new development? What are the relevant factors and applicable criteria, methods and models?
DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HERITAGE
Development based on cultural and historical heritage requires the use of new tools and new methods in creating development scenarios. The saying “Heritage as a resource for economic development” is very widespread; however, good examples of it are rare. Successful projects imply new approaches in whereby the architectural and planning section is only one part of a bigger project. There are calls for new kinds of collaboration and adjustments to project, organizational and financial frameworks. A special form of reflection on the broader context of heritage can be seen in high-quality projects, which provide thematic networking and development of new visions and scenarios for heritage development incorporated into international project collaboration.
The questions are: What are the acceptable/sustainable development models based on cultural and historic heritage, especially in the context of space capacity? Which urban and architectural criteria and methods are important to ensure design and construction excellence on heritage sites?
Goals and objectives
The goal is to approach cultural heritage as an active resource in contemporary life and an initiator of sustainable development through multi-disciplinary, multi-national and multi-regional participation. In addition to theoretical models that will help in developing the criteria, methods and scenarios for the revitalization of cultural heritage, illustrative examples from Croatia, Europe and the rest of the world are also welcome – especially those serving as models for revitalization and new interventions in the immediate and surrounding area of cultural heritage sites. Cultural heritage is observed in spatial context – from landscape and historical parts of towns/settlements to individual architectural complexes and buildings with their surrounding urban and rural environment.
The goal is to answer the questions – how can policies, approaches, methods, theoretical models and conservation practice and enhancement of cultural heritage sites be oriented towards and included within spatial and economic development, taking into account cultural and historical, spatial and environmental, as well as social traits of a specific area?
Conference participants
The book of abstracts contains 142 abstracts - 87 from Croatia and 55 from 19 countries on four continents.
The works were contributed by a total of 227 authors - 116 from Croatia and 111 from other countries.
The authors come from 38 universities - 33 European, three Asian, one African and one Australian.
Many papers are co-authored by authors from several different countries and universities. Numerous papers are co-authored by professors and their students and doctoral candidates, presenting the research carried out as part of the graduate or doctoral programme and as part of ongoing or completed research projects.
The authors come from the following countries (in the order of the total number of papers): Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Serbia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Ethiopia, China, New Zealand, Germany, Poland and Thailand.
***
In the focus of this research is the development and changes of the Renaissance gardens of the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga, a rare example in the Dubrovnik area, where a garden embraces in terms of both style and period of construction two villas into a unique complex. The villas with the garden are located at Batahovina in Rijeka Dubrovačka, a narrow inlet only a few kilometres from the historic nucleus of the City of Dubrovnik.
During the Dubrovnik Republic (1358-1806), the territory of Rijeka Dubrovačka proved ideal for cultivation due to the benefits of mild climate, fertile soil and abundant water resources. In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, simple buildings used for harvest storage were built in this area. From the end of the fifteenth, and notably in the sixteenth century, at the time of the Republic's economic prosperity, Ragusan nobility started building representative country complexes in Rijeka Dubrovačka, which initially served both farming and leisure. Some fifty of them were known to cluster along a five-kilometre stretch of Rijeka Dubrovačka. Their construction also reflected the trends that prevailed in the Renaissance Italy.
Villas in the Dubrovnik area were usually located on the very coast and were protected by high stone walls. The complex consisted of a building and garden. The building had a typical L-ground plan. The garden bears all the Renaissance features – orthogonal system of main and side paths, some of which covered by a pergola. Water features in the form of a pool with sea water, wall fountains and cisterns. Sculptures are rare. This type of the Renaissance garden is known as Dubrovnik Renaissance garden as a typological synonym of the Renaissance garden. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the walled complexes were surrounded by farming land which, because of the steep slopes of Rijeka Dubrovačka, was laid out in terraces supported by dry-wall structures.
The plot on which the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga were constructed has been rearranged and rebuilt by a succession of owners. The paper traces the borders of the first estate on this location according to the Libro negro del Astarea, the second oldest cadastral register of the Dubrovnik Republic, which shows that the space where the two villas and their gardens were constructed was originally part of one whole. The first known villa on this site, villa Bona-Caboga, was constructed in the period 1520-1540. The second villa Stay-Caboga was constructed in the latter half of the sixteenth century. At that time each villa had its own garden space.
On the basis of the available documents, archival data, Franciscan cadastral register from 1837., garden designs from the mid-twentieth century, numerous historical photographs from the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but also field work, three historic layers of the garden have been identified: Renaissance layer, Romantic layer with the features of historicism, and the twentieth-century layer. According to the established criteria, the historic layers of the garden have been evaluated as a starting point for the renovation, revitalization and promotion of the villa and garden complex.
Renaissance features are primarily discerned in the fact that the villa Bona-Caboga integrated into the landscape ― up to the first floor it was dug into the terrain. Thus the first floor of the building had direct access to the back gardens by which the boundary between closed and open space was negated. The gardens were organized on three levels and became part of the house. The garden ground-plans are simple, resulting from the spatial characteristics. Both villas and their gardens stand on a very narrow coastal belt. The construction of the villa Bona-Caboga follows a typical Renaissance pattern in which the main path runs along the axis of the house, dividing the house and the garden into two approximately equal parts. The front of the house faced onto the main path flanked by rectangular garden patches. A single-axis garden design of the villa Stay-Caboga is completely independent of the interior layout of the house itself. The main path covered by the pergola follows the facade of the house until the border with the villa Bona-Caboga. The path is also the skeleton of the orthogonal pattern which once included transversed garden patches, side paths, pond and cisterns.
By the turn of the twentieth century, the villa gardens were physically reunited into a unique complex and thoroughly redesigned thanks to the zeal of the last owner of the two estates, Bernard Henrik Caboga. The reshaping included a significant deflection from the hitherto applied Renaissance pattern which, over the past centuries, remained a constant feature in most of Dubrovnik's country complexes. The changes in design reflected the current European trends where many public and private gardens were redesigned in the Romantic spirit under the influence of the English landscape style, with emphasis on the gardenesque style. The Renaissance path in the lower part of the garden was removed, and the main feature of the new arrangement was the organically shaped path bordered with exotic plants. The most valuable section of the Romantic layer is the upper part of the garden with a representative pathway, which provided a modern interpretation of Dubrovnik's traditional building samples.
In the twentieth century, the villas and the garden witnessed decay and inadequate interventions. With the construction of the Adriatic Highway in 1963, half of the wing of the villa Stay-Caboga was demolished, and the route simply devoured a part of the garden onto which both villas faced. One of the main factors of the garden's preservation is the preservation of its identity, which implies coherence of the villas' gardens in a unique whole. Considering the results of the evaluation process, a need for the application of the reminiscent methods has been suggested with regard to the Renaissance and Romantic design in the lower part of the garden, bearing in mind the altered spatial relations which do not allow consistent reconstruction of any single layer. In the upper part of the garden, given the criteria of originality, preservation and value of the Romantic garden elements, the reconstruction method is imperative.
According to the criteria stated, the proposed garden evaluation concept can serve as basis for the renovation of other villas in the Dubrovnik area.
Recognizing the importance of basic cultural and historic research that leads to better understanding of cultural heritage, as well as its spatial context, the conference will cover three major paper topics focused on the following guidelines:
• criteria, methods, models and scenarios of revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage
• new high-quality interventions that turn cultural heritage into an essential local development factor.
from the l8th century onward, the nobility began to build residential country houses without fortifications, and former burgs, castles and fortresses were soon replaced by country houses, mansions and curiae.
Squares are urban public spaces with a particular identity and social significance. The city of Zagreb presently has 65 squares out of which 25 are the historic ones laid out until the end of the First World War (1918); 10 squares were formed in the period of Modernism (1918-1941) whereas 30 squares have been laid out in the period of contemporary urban growth (after 1945). Almost all analyzed historic squares in Zagreb were created on a modestly sized area of the city until 1918 including Kaptol, Upper town and the Central city area with an exception of the three former village squares (Pod- sused, Šestine and Markuševec), today incorporated in the City of Zagreb.
General characteristics of the squares − Squares in Zagreb have predominantly been the object of historiographic research with cultural, historical and artistic interpretations whereas their urban aspect has been largely neglected. This research is based on the archives and documents such as maps and plans as well as photo documentation in the Municipial Archive in Zagreb and the Museum of Zagreb.
Most of the analyzed public spaces in Zagreb are clearly defined as squares according to their characteristics such as their name, official status, his- torical origin or their urban structural, morphological and functional features. However, some of them are atypical and even ambiguous as far as their conceptual definition is concerned. These are the unnamed ‘pseudo-squares’ (street widenings, ‘niches’ in the urban fabric, common semi-public spaces in residential neighbourhoods etc.) that cannot be officially characterized as squares in terms of their status and names, yet they do possess certain square-like characteristics in terms of their urban features and ambient associations (for example the funnel-like beginning of Mesniecka street, the junctions of Preradoviceva and Masarykova streets, Jurišiceva and Petrinjska streets, part of the old Vlaska street and in particular the corner semi square in front of St Blaz church)
Kaptol, although the oldest Zagreb square, does not have the word „square” in its name. Some squares apparently seem to be a part of the ‘historical concept’ of the historicist Central city area although they have been recently formed on the vacant lots created at a later date in the urban fabric (Franjo Tuðman square was laid out after the Rudolf’s barracks had been demolished in 1978). There are also numerous unbuilt squares from the regulation plans of Zagreb (1887, 1905, 1907) that were part of the historic city concept.
Origin of squares - historical framework − Two typical but functionally different squares were formed in medieval Zagreb: the church square in front of the Kaptol cathedral and the trade square called Markov trg on Gradec. Historically, the older one should be the Kaptol square (originating in the 11th century?) although spatially and structurally it was formed in the Renaissance. Gradec square has pre- served the mid 13th century Romanesque concept almost intact. That makes it the oldest Zagreb square. It is difficult to trace accurately the origin of the historic squares of the former suburban villages. However, taking into consideration the origin of their churches, it may well be assumed that the square in Markuševec dates from the 14th cen- tury and the one in Šestine from the 17th century. The early Baroque matrix of Zagreb dates from medieval times. In an extensive 17th century urban reconstruction, two new churches on Gradec were accompanied by the formation of three new squares (St Catherine sq., Jesuits sq. and Markoviæ sq.): one square in front of the eastern city gate (Trg brace hrvatskog zmaja) and Jelaecic square, nowadays the central city square of Zagreb.
In the mid 19th century and the early modernization period Zagreb had only seven squares (along with two market squares in the northern villages). Just a few decades later 16 new squares were formed that were markedly historicist. Among them there is the well-known system of seven park squares forming the U-shaped green belt of Zagreb.
After 1897 when Preradovic’s square was formed, no other square has ever been laid out that might be considered a part of the city’s historic fabric. Most of the earlier public spaces were finished until 1918 in terms of the surrounding construction, vegetation or equipment. The last completed squares that originated in the 19th century were Mazuranic and Maecek squares at the beginning of De- želic street (both laid out until the late 1920s). Thus the concept of the city squares from the Second regulation plan was mostly implemented. The next square (called Trg hrvatskih velikana) after 1897 in Zagreb was created 30 years later following the completion of the Stock market building in 1927. Urban features of the squares − Most squares in Zagreb have been laid out on a flat horizontal ground (occasionally it is the result of filling up and hydroamelioration). Only some of the Upper town squares as well as parts of the squares in Šestine and Markussevec were positioned on the slope. The smallest square in Zagreb is Markovic square (up to the neighbouring facades it measures 22 ́24 meters with an area of only 0,052 hectares) whereas the biggest one before 1918 was Tomislav square (124 ́315 m with an area of 3,905 hectares), almost 74 times larger than the former! The average area of Zagreb historic squares is 1,369 hectares whereas all 25 analyzed squares take up 34,23 hectares which makes a considerable part of the urban fabric of historic Zagreb in its boundary lines until 1918. Most of the historic squares in Zagreb were planned even in the earliest periods of medieval urbanization and they therefore have regular and geometric forms such as a) quadrilateral shapes (some examples are almost regular squares); Jelaèiæ square has the most elongated proportions (1:2,58); b) triangular or funnel-like shapes; c) organic examples or the ones with complex plans. The buildings on almost all squares are built in continuous rows on the regulation lines with the building height of 3-4 levels (ground-floor + 3(4) levels).
In earlier historical periods the squares were predominantly intended for trade or gatherings in front of the churches whereas more recently they had mostly market and park or promenade functions. Only 4 squares are pedestrian while 20 squares serve for public city transport (trams or buses) and other forms of traffic.
The equipment of the squares differs: mostly there is a sculpture or a fountain while other elements vary depending on the character of the space. Vegetation is dominant on park squares of the U-shaped green belt although it is also present on all squares in the central city area.
Regarding their characteristics, the squares in Zagreb belong to the Central European context and at the same time form a valuable part of our urban heritage.
Certain European countries (Italy, Germany, Great Britain, France and other) have a long legal tradition in landscape protection which predates the European Landscape Convention. In addition to its recognized status in specific laws and regulations, landscape has been left as a separate entity or part of environment which has been recognized and is contained in the constitutions of numerous European countries. In addition to direct protection, spatial and urban plans, landscape is included in a special type of required planning in a number of countries - the Landscape Protection Plan, which is adopted on several levels, from the local to the national one. There are few countries in which landscape protection is regulated by specific laws, or which have several national laws on landscape (Italy, Germany etc).
Application of landscape recognition and documentation methods without proper legal foundations and measures which could ensure landscape protection is not sufficiently effective. Depending on landscape values, the legal system enables various protection methods and degree of legal influence: typological classification, legal protection of outstanding landscapes, integration of landscape protection measures into physical planning documentation and the creation of the Landscape Protection Plan. The analysis and comparison between the legal landscape protection in Croatia and the legislation of European countries, especially the European Landscape Convention, shows certain deficiencies. Among all analyse laws, not a single one takes an integral approach to landscape as it is described in the convention. They rather take into consideration particular landscape components. Positive sides and advantages of the Croatian regulation over the rest is the Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property which understands landscape as a testimony of human activity in a certain space and as such contains cultural and historical significance and determines its protection accordingly. However, the legal documentation does not contain protection measures and there is no requirement for the creation of Landscape Protection Plan. The shortcomings of other analyse laws include a lack of recognition of landscape as an entity shaped by people’s activities in the natural environment. Consequently, the Physical Planning and Construction Act does not envisage any need for the creation of regulatory foundation for landscape and the integration of landscape protection measures into any sort of physical planning documentation applicable on any administrative level.
In order to ensure satisfactory landscape protection and achieve desired impacts in the spatial management and development in Croatia, the paper suggests the following: landscapes should be an integral element of the constitution as a crucial component of spatial identity. Additionally, there should be a single legal document for landscape protection in the form of Landscape Protection Act and its should be adjusted to the existing legal framework (Nature Protection Act, Environmental Protection Act, Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property, Physical Planning and Construction Act). There should also be an institution in charge of all activities related to landscape protection and coordination of inter-sectoral activities. The Landscape Protection Plan should be integrated into the framework of physical planning documentation. There should be a National Landscape Protection Strategy and Programm, and landscape should be integrated into physical planning and other relevant policies. The Croatian legal framework on landscape protection supplemented with the aforementioned propositions would enable Croatia’s participation in the international information exchange and the creation of European classification - the European Landscape Atlas and in the programms of their protection.
arheološkog naslijeđa Sesveta razvijena za potrebe izrade
Studije zaštite i prezentacijskog potencijala arheološkog nalazišta
Kuzelin i bliskih arheoloških nalazišta te se donose rezultati procjene
i analize stanja 50 do sada poznatih arheoloških nalazišta na
administrativnom području gradske četvrti Sesvete (Grad Zagreb).
U istraživanju se polazi sa stajališta da je arheološko naslijeđe razvojni
resurs područja koji se prema načelima održivog upravljanja
treba uključiti u suvremeni razvoj. Analiza i procjena stanja zaštite
arheološkog naslijeđa prva je etapa interdisciplinarnog procesa i
preduvjet za definiranje postavki održivog upravljanja koje uključuje
zaštitu, očuvanje, prezentaciju, interpretaciju, planiranje, unaprjeđenje
i korištenje arheološkog naslijeđa. Rezultati istraživanja dobiveni
primjenom metode na području Sesveta ukazuju na probleme u
zaštiti arheološkog naslijeđa, a metoda se smatra primjenjivom i na
ostala područja u Republici Hrvatskoj.
heritage. The history of archaeological research, of archaeological heritage protection and preservation and of urban and spatial planning in Zadar have not yet been systematically scientifically researched, and cover the period between the late 19th century (first archaeological excavations) and 2015.
for a research into theoretical and legal starting points for the protection and improvement of the archaeological heritage within the fields of urban and physical planning.
The starting point of the conference stems from the research project Heritage Urbanism and is based on the premise that heritage must not only be a historic monument (protected object), but also an active factor (creative entity) in contemporary life and cultural, social, economic and spatial development of a community.
Recognizing the importance of basic cultural and historic research that leads to better understanding of cultural heritage, as well as its spatial context, the conference will cover three major paper topics focused on the following guidelines:
- criteria, methods, models and scenarios of revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage
- new high-quality interventions that turn cultural heritage into an essential local development factor.
There are three groups of topics for conference papers: planning and heritage, perceiving heritage and development based on heritage.
PLANNING AND HERITAGE
Cultural and historical heritage demands serious considerations regarding its conservation and enhancement. Planning and new interventions in historical, urban and rural environments are an important part of the planning process that requires the development of appropriate methods along with the application of special knowledge and approaches. Spatial development must recognize the existing layers of history, not only by analysing and recording them, but also by developing methods for their evaluation and inclusion into the development of the area. Spatial planning documentation for areas rich in heritage sites requires adjustment/ change of existing spatial planning methods and models, as well as of the legislative framework. Technological and infrastructure systems in such a spatial context also require a different technical approach.
The questions that arise are: How can we plan contemporary interventions in historical environments in a functional and well-arranged manner? What are the preferred methods and sustainable scenarios?
PERCEIVING HERITAGE
Cultural and historical environment can be found all around us but in order to understand it and let it become the development incentive, we need to learn how to interpret it and create attitudes toward it via special forms of education and promotion. Rural heritage, heritage of small towns, military and vernacular architecture, as well as all other types of heritage, are important components of the broader spatial context. In the urban environment, we observe cultural heritage by interpreting and experiencing the urban fabric through the urban morphology of historical sites, whereas in landscape we observe it in preserved landscape patterns as testimonies to man’s presence in the area.
The questions are: Which elements of landscape and urban identity can become bearers of new development? What are the relevant factors and applicable criteria, methods and models?
DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HERITAGE
Development based on cultural and historical heritage requires the use of new tools and new methods in creating development scenarios. The saying “Heritage as a resource for economic development” is very widespread; however, good examples of it are rare. Successful projects imply new approaches in whereby the architectural and planning section is only one part of a bigger project. There are calls for new kinds of collaboration and adjustments to project, organizational and financial frameworks. A special form of reflection on the broader context of heritage can be seen in high-quality projects, which provide thematic networking and development of new visions and scenarios for heritage development incorporated into international project collaboration.
The questions are: What are the acceptable/sustainable development models based on cultural and historic heritage, especially in the context of space capacity? Which urban and architectural criteria and methods are important to ensure design and construction excellence on heritage sites?
Goals and objectives
The goal is to approach cultural heritage as an active resource in contemporary life and an initiator of sustainable development through multi-disciplinary, multi-national and multi-regional participation. In addition to theoretical models that will help in developing the criteria, methods and scenarios for the revitalization of cultural heritage, illustrative examples from Croatia, Europe and the rest of the world are also welcome – especially those serving as models for revitalization and new interventions in the immediate and surrounding area of cultural heritage sites. Cultural heritage is observed in spatial context – from landscape and historical parts of towns/settlements to individual architectural complexes and buildings with their surrounding urban and rural environment.
The goal is to answer the questions – how can policies, approaches, methods, theoretical models and conservation practice and enhancement of cultural heritage sites be oriented towards and included within spatial and economic development, taking into account cultural and historical, spatial and environmental, as well as social traits of a specific area?
Conference participants
The book of abstracts contains 142 abstracts - 87 from Croatia and 55 from 19 countries on four continents.
The works were contributed by a total of 227 authors - 116 from Croatia and 111 from other countries.
The authors come from 38 universities - 33 European, three Asian, one African and one Australian.
Many papers are co-authored by authors from several different countries and universities. Numerous papers are co-authored by professors and their students and doctoral candidates, presenting the research carried out as part of the graduate or doctoral programme and as part of ongoing or completed research projects.
The authors come from the following countries (in the order of the total number of papers): Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Serbia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Ethiopia, China, New Zealand, Germany, Poland and Thailand.
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In the focus of this research is the development and changes of the Renaissance gardens of the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga, a rare example in the Dubrovnik area, where a garden embraces in terms of both style and period of construction two villas into a unique complex. The villas with the garden are located at Batahovina in Rijeka Dubrovačka, a narrow inlet only a few kilometres from the historic nucleus of the City of Dubrovnik.
During the Dubrovnik Republic (1358-1806), the territory of Rijeka Dubrovačka proved ideal for cultivation due to the benefits of mild climate, fertile soil and abundant water resources. In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, simple buildings used for harvest storage were built in this area. From the end of the fifteenth, and notably in the sixteenth century, at the time of the Republic's economic prosperity, Ragusan nobility started building representative country complexes in Rijeka Dubrovačka, which initially served both farming and leisure. Some fifty of them were known to cluster along a five-kilometre stretch of Rijeka Dubrovačka. Their construction also reflected the trends that prevailed in the Renaissance Italy.
Villas in the Dubrovnik area were usually located on the very coast and were protected by high stone walls. The complex consisted of a building and garden. The building had a typical L-ground plan. The garden bears all the Renaissance features – orthogonal system of main and side paths, some of which covered by a pergola. Water features in the form of a pool with sea water, wall fountains and cisterns. Sculptures are rare. This type of the Renaissance garden is known as Dubrovnik Renaissance garden as a typological synonym of the Renaissance garden. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the walled complexes were surrounded by farming land which, because of the steep slopes of Rijeka Dubrovačka, was laid out in terraces supported by dry-wall structures.
The plot on which the villas Bona-Caboga and Stay-Caboga were constructed has been rearranged and rebuilt by a succession of owners. The paper traces the borders of the first estate on this location according to the Libro negro del Astarea, the second oldest cadastral register of the Dubrovnik Republic, which shows that the space where the two villas and their gardens were constructed was originally part of one whole. The first known villa on this site, villa Bona-Caboga, was constructed in the period 1520-1540. The second villa Stay-Caboga was constructed in the latter half of the sixteenth century. At that time each villa had its own garden space.
On the basis of the available documents, archival data, Franciscan cadastral register from 1837., garden designs from the mid-twentieth century, numerous historical photographs from the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but also field work, three historic layers of the garden have been identified: Renaissance layer, Romantic layer with the features of historicism, and the twentieth-century layer. According to the established criteria, the historic layers of the garden have been evaluated as a starting point for the renovation, revitalization and promotion of the villa and garden complex.
Renaissance features are primarily discerned in the fact that the villa Bona-Caboga integrated into the landscape ― up to the first floor it was dug into the terrain. Thus the first floor of the building had direct access to the back gardens by which the boundary between closed and open space was negated. The gardens were organized on three levels and became part of the house. The garden ground-plans are simple, resulting from the spatial characteristics. Both villas and their gardens stand on a very narrow coastal belt. The construction of the villa Bona-Caboga follows a typical Renaissance pattern in which the main path runs along the axis of the house, dividing the house and the garden into two approximately equal parts. The front of the house faced onto the main path flanked by rectangular garden patches. A single-axis garden design of the villa Stay-Caboga is completely independent of the interior layout of the house itself. The main path covered by the pergola follows the facade of the house until the border with the villa Bona-Caboga. The path is also the skeleton of the orthogonal pattern which once included transversed garden patches, side paths, pond and cisterns.
By the turn of the twentieth century, the villa gardens were physically reunited into a unique complex and thoroughly redesigned thanks to the zeal of the last owner of the two estates, Bernard Henrik Caboga. The reshaping included a significant deflection from the hitherto applied Renaissance pattern which, over the past centuries, remained a constant feature in most of Dubrovnik's country complexes. The changes in design reflected the current European trends where many public and private gardens were redesigned in the Romantic spirit under the influence of the English landscape style, with emphasis on the gardenesque style. The Renaissance path in the lower part of the garden was removed, and the main feature of the new arrangement was the organically shaped path bordered with exotic plants. The most valuable section of the Romantic layer is the upper part of the garden with a representative pathway, which provided a modern interpretation of Dubrovnik's traditional building samples.
In the twentieth century, the villas and the garden witnessed decay and inadequate interventions. With the construction of the Adriatic Highway in 1963, half of the wing of the villa Stay-Caboga was demolished, and the route simply devoured a part of the garden onto which both villas faced. One of the main factors of the garden's preservation is the preservation of its identity, which implies coherence of the villas' gardens in a unique whole. Considering the results of the evaluation process, a need for the application of the reminiscent methods has been suggested with regard to the Renaissance and Romantic design in the lower part of the garden, bearing in mind the altered spatial relations which do not allow consistent reconstruction of any single layer. In the upper part of the garden, given the criteria of originality, preservation and value of the Romantic garden elements, the reconstruction method is imperative.
According to the criteria stated, the proposed garden evaluation concept can serve as basis for the renovation of other villas in the Dubrovnik area.
Recognizing the importance of basic cultural and historic research that leads to better understanding of cultural heritage, as well as its spatial context, the conference will cover three major paper topics focused on the following guidelines:
• criteria, methods, models and scenarios of revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage
• new high-quality interventions that turn cultural heritage into an essential local development factor.
from the l8th century onward, the nobility began to build residential country houses without fortifications, and former burgs, castles and fortresses were soon replaced by country houses, mansions and curiae.
Squares are urban public spaces with a particular identity and social significance. The city of Zagreb presently has 65 squares out of which 25 are the historic ones laid out until the end of the First World War (1918); 10 squares were formed in the period of Modernism (1918-1941) whereas 30 squares have been laid out in the period of contemporary urban growth (after 1945). Almost all analyzed historic squares in Zagreb were created on a modestly sized area of the city until 1918 including Kaptol, Upper town and the Central city area with an exception of the three former village squares (Pod- sused, Šestine and Markuševec), today incorporated in the City of Zagreb.
General characteristics of the squares − Squares in Zagreb have predominantly been the object of historiographic research with cultural, historical and artistic interpretations whereas their urban aspect has been largely neglected. This research is based on the archives and documents such as maps and plans as well as photo documentation in the Municipial Archive in Zagreb and the Museum of Zagreb.
Most of the analyzed public spaces in Zagreb are clearly defined as squares according to their characteristics such as their name, official status, his- torical origin or their urban structural, morphological and functional features. However, some of them are atypical and even ambiguous as far as their conceptual definition is concerned. These are the unnamed ‘pseudo-squares’ (street widenings, ‘niches’ in the urban fabric, common semi-public spaces in residential neighbourhoods etc.) that cannot be officially characterized as squares in terms of their status and names, yet they do possess certain square-like characteristics in terms of their urban features and ambient associations (for example the funnel-like beginning of Mesniecka street, the junctions of Preradoviceva and Masarykova streets, Jurišiceva and Petrinjska streets, part of the old Vlaska street and in particular the corner semi square in front of St Blaz church)
Kaptol, although the oldest Zagreb square, does not have the word „square” in its name. Some squares apparently seem to be a part of the ‘historical concept’ of the historicist Central city area although they have been recently formed on the vacant lots created at a later date in the urban fabric (Franjo Tuðman square was laid out after the Rudolf’s barracks had been demolished in 1978). There are also numerous unbuilt squares from the regulation plans of Zagreb (1887, 1905, 1907) that were part of the historic city concept.
Origin of squares - historical framework − Two typical but functionally different squares were formed in medieval Zagreb: the church square in front of the Kaptol cathedral and the trade square called Markov trg on Gradec. Historically, the older one should be the Kaptol square (originating in the 11th century?) although spatially and structurally it was formed in the Renaissance. Gradec square has pre- served the mid 13th century Romanesque concept almost intact. That makes it the oldest Zagreb square. It is difficult to trace accurately the origin of the historic squares of the former suburban villages. However, taking into consideration the origin of their churches, it may well be assumed that the square in Markuševec dates from the 14th cen- tury and the one in Šestine from the 17th century. The early Baroque matrix of Zagreb dates from medieval times. In an extensive 17th century urban reconstruction, two new churches on Gradec were accompanied by the formation of three new squares (St Catherine sq., Jesuits sq. and Markoviæ sq.): one square in front of the eastern city gate (Trg brace hrvatskog zmaja) and Jelaecic square, nowadays the central city square of Zagreb.
In the mid 19th century and the early modernization period Zagreb had only seven squares (along with two market squares in the northern villages). Just a few decades later 16 new squares were formed that were markedly historicist. Among them there is the well-known system of seven park squares forming the U-shaped green belt of Zagreb.
After 1897 when Preradovic’s square was formed, no other square has ever been laid out that might be considered a part of the city’s historic fabric. Most of the earlier public spaces were finished until 1918 in terms of the surrounding construction, vegetation or equipment. The last completed squares that originated in the 19th century were Mazuranic and Maecek squares at the beginning of De- želic street (both laid out until the late 1920s). Thus the concept of the city squares from the Second regulation plan was mostly implemented. The next square (called Trg hrvatskih velikana) after 1897 in Zagreb was created 30 years later following the completion of the Stock market building in 1927. Urban features of the squares − Most squares in Zagreb have been laid out on a flat horizontal ground (occasionally it is the result of filling up and hydroamelioration). Only some of the Upper town squares as well as parts of the squares in Šestine and Markussevec were positioned on the slope. The smallest square in Zagreb is Markovic square (up to the neighbouring facades it measures 22 ́24 meters with an area of only 0,052 hectares) whereas the biggest one before 1918 was Tomislav square (124 ́315 m with an area of 3,905 hectares), almost 74 times larger than the former! The average area of Zagreb historic squares is 1,369 hectares whereas all 25 analyzed squares take up 34,23 hectares which makes a considerable part of the urban fabric of historic Zagreb in its boundary lines until 1918. Most of the historic squares in Zagreb were planned even in the earliest periods of medieval urbanization and they therefore have regular and geometric forms such as a) quadrilateral shapes (some examples are almost regular squares); Jelaèiæ square has the most elongated proportions (1:2,58); b) triangular or funnel-like shapes; c) organic examples or the ones with complex plans. The buildings on almost all squares are built in continuous rows on the regulation lines with the building height of 3-4 levels (ground-floor + 3(4) levels).
In earlier historical periods the squares were predominantly intended for trade or gatherings in front of the churches whereas more recently they had mostly market and park or promenade functions. Only 4 squares are pedestrian while 20 squares serve for public city transport (trams or buses) and other forms of traffic.
The equipment of the squares differs: mostly there is a sculpture or a fountain while other elements vary depending on the character of the space. Vegetation is dominant on park squares of the U-shaped green belt although it is also present on all squares in the central city area.
Regarding their characteristics, the squares in Zagreb belong to the Central European context and at the same time form a valuable part of our urban heritage.
Certain European countries (Italy, Germany, Great Britain, France and other) have a long legal tradition in landscape protection which predates the European Landscape Convention. In addition to its recognized status in specific laws and regulations, landscape has been left as a separate entity or part of environment which has been recognized and is contained in the constitutions of numerous European countries. In addition to direct protection, spatial and urban plans, landscape is included in a special type of required planning in a number of countries - the Landscape Protection Plan, which is adopted on several levels, from the local to the national one. There are few countries in which landscape protection is regulated by specific laws, or which have several national laws on landscape (Italy, Germany etc).
Application of landscape recognition and documentation methods without proper legal foundations and measures which could ensure landscape protection is not sufficiently effective. Depending on landscape values, the legal system enables various protection methods and degree of legal influence: typological classification, legal protection of outstanding landscapes, integration of landscape protection measures into physical planning documentation and the creation of the Landscape Protection Plan. The analysis and comparison between the legal landscape protection in Croatia and the legislation of European countries, especially the European Landscape Convention, shows certain deficiencies. Among all analyse laws, not a single one takes an integral approach to landscape as it is described in the convention. They rather take into consideration particular landscape components. Positive sides and advantages of the Croatian regulation over the rest is the Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property which understands landscape as a testimony of human activity in a certain space and as such contains cultural and historical significance and determines its protection accordingly. However, the legal documentation does not contain protection measures and there is no requirement for the creation of Landscape Protection Plan. The shortcomings of other analyse laws include a lack of recognition of landscape as an entity shaped by people’s activities in the natural environment. Consequently, the Physical Planning and Construction Act does not envisage any need for the creation of regulatory foundation for landscape and the integration of landscape protection measures into any sort of physical planning documentation applicable on any administrative level.
In order to ensure satisfactory landscape protection and achieve desired impacts in the spatial management and development in Croatia, the paper suggests the following: landscapes should be an integral element of the constitution as a crucial component of spatial identity. Additionally, there should be a single legal document for landscape protection in the form of Landscape Protection Act and its should be adjusted to the existing legal framework (Nature Protection Act, Environmental Protection Act, Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Property, Physical Planning and Construction Act). There should also be an institution in charge of all activities related to landscape protection and coordination of inter-sectoral activities. The Landscape Protection Plan should be integrated into the framework of physical planning documentation. There should be a National Landscape Protection Strategy and Programm, and landscape should be integrated into physical planning and other relevant policies. The Croatian legal framework on landscape protection supplemented with the aforementioned propositions would enable Croatia’s participation in the international information exchange and the creation of European classification - the European Landscape Atlas and in the programms of their protection.