Papers by Tomasz Cymbalak
Archaeologica Pragensia , 2022
In connection with preparatory work and preparation of documents for a project aiming at the over... more In connection with preparatory work and preparation of documents for a project aiming at the overall revitalization of Charles Square (Prague 2 – New Town, land plots nos. 2417/1, 2418/1, 2419/1), an evaluation excavation was carried out there in the summer months of 2020. Building interventions from the time of World War II in the square are represented by several underground facilities for the protection of the population and a facility used to store water for firefighting purposes. The most prominent feature was a firefighting water reservoir which had been built in front of the south facade of the New Town Hall in late 1943. The other
underground interventions include two to three concrete air raid shelters for the civilian population. One of them was located in the square’s southern part. We only know its approximate location thanks to a photograph taken after an aerial bomb hit it on 14 February 1945
and subsequently taken aerial photographs. The othershelter, with an estimated length of 49.5 m, waslocated in the southwestern segment of the square’s northern part. The shelter had a longitudinal plan and consisted of perpendicularly interconnected corridors. The whole was protected by a not very thick (ca. 15 cm) reinforced concrete vault which was supposed to be covered by at least 0.5 m of soil. One of the two entrances to the shelter, the remains of which we managed to document, was originally located just next to the still standing statue of Eliška Krásnohorská.
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Staletá Praha , 2023
Jew’s harp – a small metal musical instrument widely used in Europe since the High Middle Ages – ... more Jew’s harp – a small metal musical instrument widely used in Europe since the High Middle Ages – has become an interesting topic for Western European researchers in recent decades. This article brings the first presentation of Jew’s harp from archaeological excavations in Prague. The 4 pieces of this Prague small collection were subjected to micro-analysis by the EDS-SEM method. Also other archaeological
finds of Jew’s harp from the lands of the Bohemian Crown are presented – 2 pieces from Moravia and 7 pieces from Lower Silesia. The author introduces the interpretation of this small object as a musical instrument into the awareness of the professional archaeological community. Reviewing the similarity of the instrument with construction metal fittings, its material being mainly iron, could (significantly) increase the number of archeologically recovered Jew’s harps from the Czech lands.
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The transformation of burgher houses in medieval Moravia with respect to Bohemia and Silesia – Lenka Lisá – Marek Peška et al., 2022
The first attempt to evaluate several micromorphological situations from the historical core of P... more The first attempt to evaluate several micromorphological situations from the historical core of Prague, which were obtained by archaeological research, extends the spectrum of data on the problem of the oldest development of the city. Last but not least, it provides new and more detailed information on the formation of floor horizons of extinct buildings and the activities that were carried out in their interiors.
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The transformation of burgher houses in medieval Moravia with respect to Bohemia and Silesia – Lenka Lisá – Marek Peška et al., 2022
Summary of the existing knowledge about the masonryless profane medieval architecture in the cent... more Summary of the existing knowledge about the masonryless profane medieval architecture in the centre of the Czech metropolis. The primary analysis of selected fragmentary sources related to the issue of early bourgeois buildings, which were obtained through archaeological excavations, leads to a more precise picture of the local agglomeration in its early days.
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STALETÁ PRAHA XXXVIII, 38, 2022/2, 2022
Extensive archaeological excavations, which were conducted at the Národní Avenue in Prague, allow... more Extensive archaeological excavations, which were conducted at the Národní Avenue in Prague, allows for a broad study of various phases
of the city development, from the pre-location settlement at the end of the early Middle Ages, through the medieval proto-town and the developed city to the advanced Central European metropolis of the modern period. The analyses of archaeozoological and archaeobotanical assemblages reveal not only the information about the changes in the former inhabitants’ diet during the studied timeline, but also allows to compare the materials from different sectors of the excavated area or the finds obtained with the use of different field methods (i.e. hand-collected vs. floated samples). The results also enrich our information about the animal husbandry and the plant use, the former environment in the area and its vicinity, the introduction of new domestic species, import of exotic goods, and even about the methods of the archaeological research.
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I. Loskotová (ed.), Rudolfovo číslo. Rudolfu Procházkoví k 65. narozeninám kolegové a přátelé. Brno 2021, 150-178., 2021
Rich and poor in medieval Prague.
The article does not attempt to comprehensively capture the ... more Rich and poor in medieval Prague.
The article does not attempt to comprehensively capture the topic of wealth and poverty in medieval Prague, which would not be possible even given the scale. The main goal will be to draw attention to selected aspects of this complex and extensive issue through disparate misclear. The program will be about linking the testimony of written and material sources, including warnings of some methodological limitations of research, which lie in the lack of preserved sources. Analytical probes will focus on the lives of wealthy upper class members, craftsmen, but also the poor, the so-called people on the margins or the position of the Jewish population within the city. On the contrary, the high material culture of the upper strata of the Prague city population will be demonstrated through several selected documents of luxury objects or buildings that the citizens of Prague built.
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The Past Has a Future! ● A Conference to Mark the Centenary of Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology UW / conference brochure /, 2019
Dostatek i luksus są nieodzownymi przymiotami najwyższych warstw społeczeństwa. Poza przedstawici... more Dostatek i luksus są nieodzownymi przymiotami najwyższych warstw społeczeństwa. Poza przedstawicielami rad miejskich i patrycjuszami, którzy dysponowali znaczącą pozycją i wpływami wśród ogółu mieszkańców średniowiecznych miast, możemy do tego grona zaliczyć wykonawców różnych rzemiosł i profesji.
Dostępne źródła pisane z obszaru Czech i Moraw przynoszą o nich względnie bogate informacje, które dopełniają obszerne rezultaty badań historycznych. Zgoła odmienną sytuację obserwujemy w przypadku niższych i najniższych warstw ludności.
Zarówno archiwalia, jak i dane uzyskane dzięki badaniom archeologicznym, nieprzynoszą na ich temat pewnych i rozstrzygających ustaleń umożliwiających bardziej szczegółowo analizować zróznicowanie ekonomiczne w ramach populacji. Pozycję społeczną i kondycję finansową możemy dokładniej badać jedynie w przypadku wyraźnie ograniczonej, najmajętniejszej grupy mieszczan. Najbiedniejsi zaś, pozostawali poza marginesem. To jednak nie wykluczało sytuacji, w których ponadprzeciętne jednostki dokonały awansu społecznego. Można stwierdzić, że uschyłku panowania dynastii luksemburskiej w Czechach, górne warstwy społeczeństwa definiowały ubóstwo w celu autoprezentacji, a zarazem chęci utrwalenia istniejącego porządku klasowego. Na przeciwległym biegunie, biedni określili się w celu aktywizacji swojego kapitału społecznego oraz wsparcia ich interesów.
Bogactwo średniowiecznej aglomeracji Pragi potwierdza wysoki poziom wytwórczości rzemiesniczej, szerokie spektrum wymiany handlowej w ramach rynków lokalnych i europejskich, sposoby i formy manifestacji prestiżu jej obywateli oraz rozwój terytorialny miasta w połowie XIV wieku.
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Průzkumy památek XXVII - 1/2020, 2020
The brief contribution deals with the finding of fragments of an Early Gothic tracery window that... more The brief contribution deals with the finding of fragments of an Early Gothic tracery window that can be related to the Gothic reconstruction of a Romanesque monastic church whose construction was completed in 1182.
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KRAJINOU ARCHEOLOGIE, KRAJINOU SKLA Studie věnované PhDr. Evě Černé, 2020
The article analyses an assemblage of Early Modern glass from the fill of a cesspit from the firs... more The article analyses an assemblage of Early Modern glass from the fill of a cesspit from the first half of the 17th century discovered in connection with the construction of the Quadrio Shopping Centre in Prague – New Town. Among other artefacts, the cesspit contained an armorial beaker of the Kirchmayer of Reichwitz family from Prague. In addition to a description of the find context supplemented with a short historical overview of the construction development of the studied area and the local ownership relationships, attention is paid to the absolute chronology of the creation and circulation of finds based on a comparison of various types of historical sources. As such, the preserved coat of arms on the glass beaker provides a view into the history of a privileged Prague burgher family, several members of which were actors in the political history of Prague – Old Town administration at the beginning of the 17th century.
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STALETÁ PRAHA XXXV, 35/2, 2019
The paper presents everyday life of the inhabitants of Prague New Town in the early modern period... more The paper presents everyday life of the inhabitants of Prague New Town in the early modern period through archaeological finds coming from the fill of a large cesspit belonging to the former burgher house No. 69/II in Spálená Street. The performed analysis proved the interpretation of the finds’ context difficult with regard to the repetitive use of the feature. The assemblage of the artefacts is not exceptional; therefore attention was focused on its most attractive component – the pewter ware. The authors attempted a broader search of this issue and analysis of available written evidence with the aim to find out whether the obtained data can bring nearer the events on the smallest urban cell represented by a burgher plot.
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Archaeologica Pragensia , 2018
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Příspěvky k ústecké vlastivědě č. 18, 2018
Traces of August 1968 Occupation in Ústí nad Labem (Czech Republic)
On the 20th August 1968 at a... more Traces of August 1968 Occupation in Ústí nad Labem (Czech Republic)
On the 20th August 1968 at about 23:00, the Soviet Army entered Ústí nad Labem. The entry of the occupation troops into the city caused a wave of resistance. Already the following day, the main square was filled with protesters and people were removing road signs to disorientate the military convoys. A general strike followed later, 15 people were on a hunger strike, the city council refused to supply the armies with food and petrol. As in other places in Czechoslovakia, the most conspicuous manifestations of the protest were painted emotional and expressive inscriptions disagreeing with the invasion. These texts literally ‘decorated’ the whole city.
Most of the material traces of the occupation, previously seen in Ústí at virtually every turn, disappeared over the following nearly 50 years. Some of them, however, are surprisingly well preserved in situ until today, although their existence is often unknown even to the local residents and their knowledge is limited to a narrow circle of experts. These include, for example, a long section of a curbstone in Železářská Street damaged by a tank belt or the inscriptions from Tovární Street presented here, which began to talk to us again thanks to the falling-off façade paint with which they were covered. In terms of frequency, concentration and quality of preservation, these inscriptions are absolutely unique. The aim of this exhibition is to introduce them to the wider and professional public, to point out their exceptional value, and to stir a discussion of how to effectively protect these traces of the August 1968 occupation so that they can be read even by future generations.
The inscriptions were discovered on two buildings in Tovární Street in Ústí nad Labem: inscription no. 1 was found on a building of a former glass factory in the SPOLCHEMIE chemical plant, inscriptions no. 2-9 on the street façade of a warehouse owned by the same company. The content of the inscriptions was later considered politically unacceptable and the texts were covered with a new façade paint. Over the following years, however, the texts began to show through the paint so that they had to be painted over several times. Recently, the covering paint started to fall off again and the already forgotten texts were re-discovered nearly 50 years after.
On the 320 m long façade of the warehouse, it was possible to decipher eight inscriptions. In fifteen other cases, only the uppermost beige façade paint fell off so far. Therefore, we can locate these fifteen inscriptions on the building but, unfortunately, we cannot read them yet. Four of these unreadable examples, however, appear in a 1968 documentary film so that their content is known to us. A building with more than 20 relatively well preserved anti-occupation inscriptions from August 1968 is unique in the Czech Republic. For this reason, our further effort will aim at presenting this historical artefact in its entirety and to ensure its adequate institutional protection.
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Archaeologica Pragensia 2018/24, 2018
Městotvorné procesy v centru Pražské kotliny, lépe řečeno na pravém vltavském břehu v období vrch... more Městotvorné procesy v centru Pražské kotliny, lépe řečeno na pravém vltavském břehu v období vrcholného středověku, dokládá několik reliktů dřevohliněných a kamenných staveb ze 13.–14. století. Vzhledem k četným sídlištním aktivitám a širokému spektru doprovodných jevů, jejichž výsledkem je současná hustá a stylově pestrá zástavba v prostoru Starého a Nového Města, je studium nejstarších středověkých staveb odkázáno na informace získané prostřednictvím archeologických výzkumů nebo stavebně-historického průzkumu.
V rámci sledovaného prostoru, tj. mezi Staroměstským a Karlovým náměstím, je na první pohled znatelný kvantitativní rozdíl v počtu dochovaných reliktů nezděných staveb z doby středověku. Tato skutečnost je dána nejen odlišnou hustotou původní zástavby, jež se zde v průběhu staletí vytvářela a postupně nahrazovala starší struktury, ale i mírou prozkoumanosti Starého a Nového Města, na níž je stav poznání nejstarších obydlí v rámci pravobřežní části pražské předlokační aglomerace závislý. V tomto kontextu má nemalý význam i proměna zástavby v mladších obdobích, ale hlavně podsklepování starších staveb.
Nejstarší předlokační domy obyvatel raně středověké Prahy byly zastoupeny převážně objekty dřevěnými, bohužel se do dnešních dnů žádný nedochoval. Samostatnou kapitolu v architektonickém vývoji města představují kamenné obytné stavby, tzv. kvádříkové domy, které se od 2. poloviny 12. století začínají objevovat jak v pražském podhradí na levém břehu řeky, tak v prostoru pozdějšího Starého i Nového Města. Poslední terénní výzkumy dokládají také výskyt monolitických hliněných konstrukcí, tzv. nabíjeného typu, které je možno interpretovat jako provizorium v úvodní etapě formování stavební podoby raných městských parcel. Finální tvar měšťanského domu reprezentuji vícepodlažní podsklepené zděné stavby, jež jsou orientovány podél uličních čar či veřejných prostranství.
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Archaeologica Pragensia 2018/24, 2018
Two assemblages of vertebrate remains, mainly animal bones, were analysed in this paper: one from... more Two assemblages of vertebrate remains, mainly animal bones, were analysed in this paper: one from the city of Prague (Národní Avenue) and one from the Central Bohemian town of Kolín (Karlovo Square). At both sites, the excavation covered the situation from the final phases of Early Middle Ages to Early Post-Medieval Era. This means, that the assemblages gave us a unique opportunity to study different phases of the city development from the pre-locational settlement of the end of the Early Middle Ages through the Medieval “proto-city” and city to the Post-Medieval times.
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Zprávy památkové péče, 2018
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FORUM URBES MEDII AEVI, 2015
Spits and their parts belong to artifacts that were an integral part of many medieval kitchens. W... more Spits and their parts belong to artifacts that were an integral part of many medieval kitchens. We know them from many archeological, iconographical and writtensources. They mainly comprise metal turnspits and various kinds of metal stands anddevices for turning the prepared food.To specific finds belong the brick spit‑supports. They represent a special kind of building ceramics that is not very common. These supports were a fixed part of raised kitchen furnaces and served for holding a metal turnspit above the fire. To characteristic features of these artifacts belong holes or troughs for placing of individual turnspit sand often rich stamped and engraved decoration.The paper is going to present a collection of these artifacts, which were foundduring a rescue archeological research in the locality Palác Národní in the New Town of Prague. During this research, several of these artifacts were found in the area of the original civic parcels. Older known finds from the Czech region have been mostly incorrectly interpreted, unlike the finds in Poland and Western Europe.
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FORUM URBES MEDII AEVI, 2017
Research and Documentation of a High Middle Ages Structure on Charvátova Street in Prague
Rescue... more Research and Documentation of a High Middle Ages Structure on Charvátova Street in Prague
Rescue archaeological research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2009 by the Prague department of the National Heritage Institute in the northeastern part of the current multifunctional Quadrio building, discovered the ruins of a large stone building of the High Middle Ages. Its location, size, preservation condition, and the structures laid the foundation for the interdisciplinary cooperation and application of new documentation methods.
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Národní–Mikulandská, Research of a Block of Flats. An Outline of the Transformation of the Mediev... more Národní–Mikulandská, Research of a Block of Flats. An Outline of the Transformation of the Medieval Settlement on the Boundaries of the Old and New Towns of Prague in the Light of Current Archaeological Sources
The article will present the most significant findings of extensive archaeological research whose rescue terrain work was carried out in the northwestern section of the New Town of Prague. The researched area is situated in close proximity to the Old Town fortification of the first half of the 13th century. The localisation, expanse, and thickness of the historical overburden have provided an exceptional opportunity to learn about the individual components and structure of the local stratigraphy as evidence of the historical development of this part of the capital. In accordance with the latest methodology trends, the archaeological material of eight original burgher plots was subjected to multidisciplinary research in which a large number of specialists participated (an archaeologist, geologist, building historian, archivist, numismatist, anthropologist, and archaeobotanists). The text will be based on the analysis of two general profiles of the locality. Their analysis will enable learning about the methodology of research and its most significant findings. The multifariousness of the settlement activities of the local inhabitants, from the end of the Early Middle Ages to the Modern Times, will be presented with respect to the issues related to the pre-location and early town settlement periods.
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Staletá Praha 33, 2017
The article briefly summarises current knowledge of the building development of one of the most i... more The article briefly summarises current knowledge of the building development of one of the most important ecclesiastic buildings at Prague-Old Town. Archaeological excavations in the interior and the closest surroundings of St. Michael's church revealed evidence of several phases of its building modifications. The first building phase is represented by a single nave church with an apsis, altered several times in the following medieval period, with radical Baroque transformation and subsequent adaptations resulting into current state of the church. The latest survey of the evolution of the western tribune of the Romanesque sanctuary is presented in detail, including its place in a wider context of sacred architecture of medieval Bohemia. Also the anthropogenic stratigraphy in the main nave is characterised, including the evidence of the local stonemason's guild activity in the high medieval ages.
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Přehled výzkumů, 2017
The archaeological excavation conducted in Prague – New Town in 2013 at the intersection of today... more The archaeological excavation conducted in Prague – New Town in 2013 at the intersection of today’s Národní třída – Mikulandská streets, i.e. in the medieval New Town, yielded, among other things, the unique find of a late medieval long sword. The sword was found in an oval feature of an unknown function (definitely not a cesspit), whose demise dates to the turn of the 16th century. The sword, which can be classified as an Oakeshott type XVIIIb, T14, 12a, can be dated to the period between the second half of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century. These and other findings come from an analysis of the find situation, from metallographic examination, and mainly from detailed typo-chronological analysis of the weapon and marks, by which the sword was signed.
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Papers by Tomasz Cymbalak
underground interventions include two to three concrete air raid shelters for the civilian population. One of them was located in the square’s southern part. We only know its approximate location thanks to a photograph taken after an aerial bomb hit it on 14 February 1945
and subsequently taken aerial photographs. The othershelter, with an estimated length of 49.5 m, waslocated in the southwestern segment of the square’s northern part. The shelter had a longitudinal plan and consisted of perpendicularly interconnected corridors. The whole was protected by a not very thick (ca. 15 cm) reinforced concrete vault which was supposed to be covered by at least 0.5 m of soil. One of the two entrances to the shelter, the remains of which we managed to document, was originally located just next to the still standing statue of Eliška Krásnohorská.
finds of Jew’s harp from the lands of the Bohemian Crown are presented – 2 pieces from Moravia and 7 pieces from Lower Silesia. The author introduces the interpretation of this small object as a musical instrument into the awareness of the professional archaeological community. Reviewing the similarity of the instrument with construction metal fittings, its material being mainly iron, could (significantly) increase the number of archeologically recovered Jew’s harps from the Czech lands.
of the city development, from the pre-location settlement at the end of the early Middle Ages, through the medieval proto-town and the developed city to the advanced Central European metropolis of the modern period. The analyses of archaeozoological and archaeobotanical assemblages reveal not only the information about the changes in the former inhabitants’ diet during the studied timeline, but also allows to compare the materials from different sectors of the excavated area or the finds obtained with the use of different field methods (i.e. hand-collected vs. floated samples). The results also enrich our information about the animal husbandry and the plant use, the former environment in the area and its vicinity, the introduction of new domestic species, import of exotic goods, and even about the methods of the archaeological research.
The article does not attempt to comprehensively capture the topic of wealth and poverty in medieval Prague, which would not be possible even given the scale. The main goal will be to draw attention to selected aspects of this complex and extensive issue through disparate misclear. The program will be about linking the testimony of written and material sources, including warnings of some methodological limitations of research, which lie in the lack of preserved sources. Analytical probes will focus on the lives of wealthy upper class members, craftsmen, but also the poor, the so-called people on the margins or the position of the Jewish population within the city. On the contrary, the high material culture of the upper strata of the Prague city population will be demonstrated through several selected documents of luxury objects or buildings that the citizens of Prague built.
Dostępne źródła pisane z obszaru Czech i Moraw przynoszą o nich względnie bogate informacje, które dopełniają obszerne rezultaty badań historycznych. Zgoła odmienną sytuację obserwujemy w przypadku niższych i najniższych warstw ludności.
Zarówno archiwalia, jak i dane uzyskane dzięki badaniom archeologicznym, nieprzynoszą na ich temat pewnych i rozstrzygających ustaleń umożliwiających bardziej szczegółowo analizować zróznicowanie ekonomiczne w ramach populacji. Pozycję społeczną i kondycję finansową możemy dokładniej badać jedynie w przypadku wyraźnie ograniczonej, najmajętniejszej grupy mieszczan. Najbiedniejsi zaś, pozostawali poza marginesem. To jednak nie wykluczało sytuacji, w których ponadprzeciętne jednostki dokonały awansu społecznego. Można stwierdzić, że uschyłku panowania dynastii luksemburskiej w Czechach, górne warstwy społeczeństwa definiowały ubóstwo w celu autoprezentacji, a zarazem chęci utrwalenia istniejącego porządku klasowego. Na przeciwległym biegunie, biedni określili się w celu aktywizacji swojego kapitału społecznego oraz wsparcia ich interesów.
Bogactwo średniowiecznej aglomeracji Pragi potwierdza wysoki poziom wytwórczości rzemiesniczej, szerokie spektrum wymiany handlowej w ramach rynków lokalnych i europejskich, sposoby i formy manifestacji prestiżu jej obywateli oraz rozwój terytorialny miasta w połowie XIV wieku.
On the 20th August 1968 at about 23:00, the Soviet Army entered Ústí nad Labem. The entry of the occupation troops into the city caused a wave of resistance. Already the following day, the main square was filled with protesters and people were removing road signs to disorientate the military convoys. A general strike followed later, 15 people were on a hunger strike, the city council refused to supply the armies with food and petrol. As in other places in Czechoslovakia, the most conspicuous manifestations of the protest were painted emotional and expressive inscriptions disagreeing with the invasion. These texts literally ‘decorated’ the whole city.
Most of the material traces of the occupation, previously seen in Ústí at virtually every turn, disappeared over the following nearly 50 years. Some of them, however, are surprisingly well preserved in situ until today, although their existence is often unknown even to the local residents and their knowledge is limited to a narrow circle of experts. These include, for example, a long section of a curbstone in Železářská Street damaged by a tank belt or the inscriptions from Tovární Street presented here, which began to talk to us again thanks to the falling-off façade paint with which they were covered. In terms of frequency, concentration and quality of preservation, these inscriptions are absolutely unique. The aim of this exhibition is to introduce them to the wider and professional public, to point out their exceptional value, and to stir a discussion of how to effectively protect these traces of the August 1968 occupation so that they can be read even by future generations.
The inscriptions were discovered on two buildings in Tovární Street in Ústí nad Labem: inscription no. 1 was found on a building of a former glass factory in the SPOLCHEMIE chemical plant, inscriptions no. 2-9 on the street façade of a warehouse owned by the same company. The content of the inscriptions was later considered politically unacceptable and the texts were covered with a new façade paint. Over the following years, however, the texts began to show through the paint so that they had to be painted over several times. Recently, the covering paint started to fall off again and the already forgotten texts were re-discovered nearly 50 years after.
On the 320 m long façade of the warehouse, it was possible to decipher eight inscriptions. In fifteen other cases, only the uppermost beige façade paint fell off so far. Therefore, we can locate these fifteen inscriptions on the building but, unfortunately, we cannot read them yet. Four of these unreadable examples, however, appear in a 1968 documentary film so that their content is known to us. A building with more than 20 relatively well preserved anti-occupation inscriptions from August 1968 is unique in the Czech Republic. For this reason, our further effort will aim at presenting this historical artefact in its entirety and to ensure its adequate institutional protection.
V rámci sledovaného prostoru, tj. mezi Staroměstským a Karlovým náměstím, je na první pohled znatelný kvantitativní rozdíl v počtu dochovaných reliktů nezděných staveb z doby středověku. Tato skutečnost je dána nejen odlišnou hustotou původní zástavby, jež se zde v průběhu staletí vytvářela a postupně nahrazovala starší struktury, ale i mírou prozkoumanosti Starého a Nového Města, na níž je stav poznání nejstarších obydlí v rámci pravobřežní části pražské předlokační aglomerace závislý. V tomto kontextu má nemalý význam i proměna zástavby v mladších obdobích, ale hlavně podsklepování starších staveb.
Nejstarší předlokační domy obyvatel raně středověké Prahy byly zastoupeny převážně objekty dřevěnými, bohužel se do dnešních dnů žádný nedochoval. Samostatnou kapitolu v architektonickém vývoji města představují kamenné obytné stavby, tzv. kvádříkové domy, které se od 2. poloviny 12. století začínají objevovat jak v pražském podhradí na levém břehu řeky, tak v prostoru pozdějšího Starého i Nového Města. Poslední terénní výzkumy dokládají také výskyt monolitických hliněných konstrukcí, tzv. nabíjeného typu, které je možno interpretovat jako provizorium v úvodní etapě formování stavební podoby raných městských parcel. Finální tvar měšťanského domu reprezentuji vícepodlažní podsklepené zděné stavby, jež jsou orientovány podél uličních čar či veřejných prostranství.
Rescue archaeological research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2009 by the Prague department of the National Heritage Institute in the northeastern part of the current multifunctional Quadrio building, discovered the ruins of a large stone building of the High Middle Ages. Its location, size, preservation condition, and the structures laid the foundation for the interdisciplinary cooperation and application of new documentation methods.
The article will present the most significant findings of extensive archaeological research whose rescue terrain work was carried out in the northwestern section of the New Town of Prague. The researched area is situated in close proximity to the Old Town fortification of the first half of the 13th century. The localisation, expanse, and thickness of the historical overburden have provided an exceptional opportunity to learn about the individual components and structure of the local stratigraphy as evidence of the historical development of this part of the capital. In accordance with the latest methodology trends, the archaeological material of eight original burgher plots was subjected to multidisciplinary research in which a large number of specialists participated (an archaeologist, geologist, building historian, archivist, numismatist, anthropologist, and archaeobotanists). The text will be based on the analysis of two general profiles of the locality. Their analysis will enable learning about the methodology of research and its most significant findings. The multifariousness of the settlement activities of the local inhabitants, from the end of the Early Middle Ages to the Modern Times, will be presented with respect to the issues related to the pre-location and early town settlement periods.
underground interventions include two to three concrete air raid shelters for the civilian population. One of them was located in the square’s southern part. We only know its approximate location thanks to a photograph taken after an aerial bomb hit it on 14 February 1945
and subsequently taken aerial photographs. The othershelter, with an estimated length of 49.5 m, waslocated in the southwestern segment of the square’s northern part. The shelter had a longitudinal plan and consisted of perpendicularly interconnected corridors. The whole was protected by a not very thick (ca. 15 cm) reinforced concrete vault which was supposed to be covered by at least 0.5 m of soil. One of the two entrances to the shelter, the remains of which we managed to document, was originally located just next to the still standing statue of Eliška Krásnohorská.
finds of Jew’s harp from the lands of the Bohemian Crown are presented – 2 pieces from Moravia and 7 pieces from Lower Silesia. The author introduces the interpretation of this small object as a musical instrument into the awareness of the professional archaeological community. Reviewing the similarity of the instrument with construction metal fittings, its material being mainly iron, could (significantly) increase the number of archeologically recovered Jew’s harps from the Czech lands.
of the city development, from the pre-location settlement at the end of the early Middle Ages, through the medieval proto-town and the developed city to the advanced Central European metropolis of the modern period. The analyses of archaeozoological and archaeobotanical assemblages reveal not only the information about the changes in the former inhabitants’ diet during the studied timeline, but also allows to compare the materials from different sectors of the excavated area or the finds obtained with the use of different field methods (i.e. hand-collected vs. floated samples). The results also enrich our information about the animal husbandry and the plant use, the former environment in the area and its vicinity, the introduction of new domestic species, import of exotic goods, and even about the methods of the archaeological research.
The article does not attempt to comprehensively capture the topic of wealth and poverty in medieval Prague, which would not be possible even given the scale. The main goal will be to draw attention to selected aspects of this complex and extensive issue through disparate misclear. The program will be about linking the testimony of written and material sources, including warnings of some methodological limitations of research, which lie in the lack of preserved sources. Analytical probes will focus on the lives of wealthy upper class members, craftsmen, but also the poor, the so-called people on the margins or the position of the Jewish population within the city. On the contrary, the high material culture of the upper strata of the Prague city population will be demonstrated through several selected documents of luxury objects or buildings that the citizens of Prague built.
Dostępne źródła pisane z obszaru Czech i Moraw przynoszą o nich względnie bogate informacje, które dopełniają obszerne rezultaty badań historycznych. Zgoła odmienną sytuację obserwujemy w przypadku niższych i najniższych warstw ludności.
Zarówno archiwalia, jak i dane uzyskane dzięki badaniom archeologicznym, nieprzynoszą na ich temat pewnych i rozstrzygających ustaleń umożliwiających bardziej szczegółowo analizować zróznicowanie ekonomiczne w ramach populacji. Pozycję społeczną i kondycję finansową możemy dokładniej badać jedynie w przypadku wyraźnie ograniczonej, najmajętniejszej grupy mieszczan. Najbiedniejsi zaś, pozostawali poza marginesem. To jednak nie wykluczało sytuacji, w których ponadprzeciętne jednostki dokonały awansu społecznego. Można stwierdzić, że uschyłku panowania dynastii luksemburskiej w Czechach, górne warstwy społeczeństwa definiowały ubóstwo w celu autoprezentacji, a zarazem chęci utrwalenia istniejącego porządku klasowego. Na przeciwległym biegunie, biedni określili się w celu aktywizacji swojego kapitału społecznego oraz wsparcia ich interesów.
Bogactwo średniowiecznej aglomeracji Pragi potwierdza wysoki poziom wytwórczości rzemiesniczej, szerokie spektrum wymiany handlowej w ramach rynków lokalnych i europejskich, sposoby i formy manifestacji prestiżu jej obywateli oraz rozwój terytorialny miasta w połowie XIV wieku.
On the 20th August 1968 at about 23:00, the Soviet Army entered Ústí nad Labem. The entry of the occupation troops into the city caused a wave of resistance. Already the following day, the main square was filled with protesters and people were removing road signs to disorientate the military convoys. A general strike followed later, 15 people were on a hunger strike, the city council refused to supply the armies with food and petrol. As in other places in Czechoslovakia, the most conspicuous manifestations of the protest were painted emotional and expressive inscriptions disagreeing with the invasion. These texts literally ‘decorated’ the whole city.
Most of the material traces of the occupation, previously seen in Ústí at virtually every turn, disappeared over the following nearly 50 years. Some of them, however, are surprisingly well preserved in situ until today, although their existence is often unknown even to the local residents and their knowledge is limited to a narrow circle of experts. These include, for example, a long section of a curbstone in Železářská Street damaged by a tank belt or the inscriptions from Tovární Street presented here, which began to talk to us again thanks to the falling-off façade paint with which they were covered. In terms of frequency, concentration and quality of preservation, these inscriptions are absolutely unique. The aim of this exhibition is to introduce them to the wider and professional public, to point out their exceptional value, and to stir a discussion of how to effectively protect these traces of the August 1968 occupation so that they can be read even by future generations.
The inscriptions were discovered on two buildings in Tovární Street in Ústí nad Labem: inscription no. 1 was found on a building of a former glass factory in the SPOLCHEMIE chemical plant, inscriptions no. 2-9 on the street façade of a warehouse owned by the same company. The content of the inscriptions was later considered politically unacceptable and the texts were covered with a new façade paint. Over the following years, however, the texts began to show through the paint so that they had to be painted over several times. Recently, the covering paint started to fall off again and the already forgotten texts were re-discovered nearly 50 years after.
On the 320 m long façade of the warehouse, it was possible to decipher eight inscriptions. In fifteen other cases, only the uppermost beige façade paint fell off so far. Therefore, we can locate these fifteen inscriptions on the building but, unfortunately, we cannot read them yet. Four of these unreadable examples, however, appear in a 1968 documentary film so that their content is known to us. A building with more than 20 relatively well preserved anti-occupation inscriptions from August 1968 is unique in the Czech Republic. For this reason, our further effort will aim at presenting this historical artefact in its entirety and to ensure its adequate institutional protection.
V rámci sledovaného prostoru, tj. mezi Staroměstským a Karlovým náměstím, je na první pohled znatelný kvantitativní rozdíl v počtu dochovaných reliktů nezděných staveb z doby středověku. Tato skutečnost je dána nejen odlišnou hustotou původní zástavby, jež se zde v průběhu staletí vytvářela a postupně nahrazovala starší struktury, ale i mírou prozkoumanosti Starého a Nového Města, na níž je stav poznání nejstarších obydlí v rámci pravobřežní části pražské předlokační aglomerace závislý. V tomto kontextu má nemalý význam i proměna zástavby v mladších obdobích, ale hlavně podsklepování starších staveb.
Nejstarší předlokační domy obyvatel raně středověké Prahy byly zastoupeny převážně objekty dřevěnými, bohužel se do dnešních dnů žádný nedochoval. Samostatnou kapitolu v architektonickém vývoji města představují kamenné obytné stavby, tzv. kvádříkové domy, které se od 2. poloviny 12. století začínají objevovat jak v pražském podhradí na levém břehu řeky, tak v prostoru pozdějšího Starého i Nového Města. Poslední terénní výzkumy dokládají také výskyt monolitických hliněných konstrukcí, tzv. nabíjeného typu, které je možno interpretovat jako provizorium v úvodní etapě formování stavební podoby raných městských parcel. Finální tvar měšťanského domu reprezentuji vícepodlažní podsklepené zděné stavby, jež jsou orientovány podél uličních čar či veřejných prostranství.
Rescue archaeological research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2009 by the Prague department of the National Heritage Institute in the northeastern part of the current multifunctional Quadrio building, discovered the ruins of a large stone building of the High Middle Ages. Its location, size, preservation condition, and the structures laid the foundation for the interdisciplinary cooperation and application of new documentation methods.
The article will present the most significant findings of extensive archaeological research whose rescue terrain work was carried out in the northwestern section of the New Town of Prague. The researched area is situated in close proximity to the Old Town fortification of the first half of the 13th century. The localisation, expanse, and thickness of the historical overburden have provided an exceptional opportunity to learn about the individual components and structure of the local stratigraphy as evidence of the historical development of this part of the capital. In accordance with the latest methodology trends, the archaeological material of eight original burgher plots was subjected to multidisciplinary research in which a large number of specialists participated (an archaeologist, geologist, building historian, archivist, numismatist, anthropologist, and archaeobotanists). The text will be based on the analysis of two general profiles of the locality. Their analysis will enable learning about the methodology of research and its most significant findings. The multifariousness of the settlement activities of the local inhabitants, from the end of the Early Middle Ages to the Modern Times, will be presented with respect to the issues related to the pre-location and early town settlement periods.
To specific finds belong the brick spit-supports. They represent a special kind of building ceramics that is not very common. These supports were a fixed part of raised kitchen furnaces and served for holding a metal turnspit above the fire. To characteristic features of these artifacts belong holes or troughs for placing of individual turnspits and often rich stamped and engraved decoration.
The contribution is going to present a collection of these artifacts, which were found during a rescue archeological research in the locality Palác Národní in Prague New Town. During this research, several of these artifacts were found in the area of the original civic parcels. Older known finds from the Czech region have been mostly incorrectly interpreted, unlike the finds in Poland and Western Europe.
In connection with the rescue archaeological research, which took place in the spring and summer of 2018 in the area of Jinonice yard (Prague 5), unusually preserved remains of a manor house from the High Middle Ages were discovered. During fieldwork, focused on the area of the main courtyard of the original farm and brewery, relics of two bridge structures from the time of the existence of the older, ditch-surrounded farmyard / fortress were also revealed. The location of the archaeological excavation and the state of preservation allowed us to get acquainted in more detail only with the younger construction of the wooden bridge from the middle of the 14th century. The older structure from the beginning of the 14th century has been preserved in situ. The humid environment of the moat and the favorable geological conditions of the locality have contributed to the preservation of the mentioned wooden historical structures to the present day. The research, documentation and conservation of wooden elements made it possible to approach the appearance of the local fortress and to specify the period of its existence. Field activity and subsequent the processing of research results has been supplemented by other professional analyzes and surveys, which in recent years have been a traditional and integral part of archaeological research.
výzkumů nebo stavebněhistorického průzkumu.
Příspěve k j e výstupem z právě realizovaného projektu GAČR č. 17-23836S „Proměna městského domu ve 13. století (Brno–Praha–Wroclaw)“ pro rok 2018
jámy, jímky nebo studny, druhotně využité k ukládání odpadu. Z jejich obsahu byl získán bohatý soubor materiální kultury časově spadající do širšího časového období od vzniku Nového Města v roce 1348 až na práh industriální éry na sklonku 18. století. Vedle keramiky reprezentované rozličnými nádobami se jako druhá nejpočetnější skupina výrobků určených ke stolování uplatnily nádoby ze skla. Jejich přítomnost ve výplni odpadních objektů svědčí o jejich oblibě u široké vrstvy obyvatel města již od počátků novoměstské obce a schopnosti výrobců a prodejců uspokojit postupně rostoucí poptávku po uvedené kategorii výrobků. Analýza nálezového fondu společně se sledováním prostorové distribuce jednotlivých skupin předmětů tak otvírá možnosti studia i sociálního kontextu sledovaného prostoru v závislosti na množství a kvalitě jednotlivých typů nálezů. Celkové vyhodnocení nálezového souboru z výzkumu nebylo dosud dokončeno a stále probíhá.
are considered to be unique. Lasting exploration as well as effort to protect local municipal built-up area from the era of Charles IV., commenced in the middle of the last century, was crowned by signing several of them in the Cultural Memory Register of the Czech Republic.
měšťanské zástavby z doby Karla IV., započatých v polovině minulého století, bylo zapsání některých z nich na seznam kulturních památek ČR.
szczegółowo analizować zróznicowanie ekonomiczne w ramach populacji. Pozycję społeczną i kondycję finansową możemy dokładniej badać jedynie w przypadku wyraźnie ograniczonej, najmajętniejszej grupy mieszczan. Najbiedniejsi zaś, pozostawali poza marginesem. To jednak nie wykluczało sytuacji, w których ponadprzeciętne jednostki dokonały awansu społecznego. Można stwierdzić, że uschyłku panowania dynastii luksemburskiej w Czechach, górne warstwy społeczeństwa definiowały ubóstwo w celu autoprezentacji,
a zarazem chęci utrwalenia istniejącego porządku klasowego. Na przeciwległym biegunie, biedni określili się w celu aktywizacji swojego kapitału społecznego oraz wsparcia ich interesów. Bogactwo średniowiecznej aglomeracji Pragi potwierdza wysoki poziom wytwórczości rzemiesniczej, szerokie spektrum wymiany handlowej w ramach rynków lokalnych i europejskich, sposoby i formy manifestacji prestiżu jej obywateli oraz rozwój terytorialny miasta w połowie XIV wieku.