Zespół osadniczy w epoki kamienia – Rzucewo, Gmina Puck, Stanowisko 1, Fontes Commentationesque ad Res Gestas Gedani et Pomeraniae 7, 2018
During archaeological research at the site of the Neolithic settlement in Rzucewo in the years 19... more During archaeological research at the site of the Neolithic settlement in Rzucewo in the years 1984 to 2005 small human bone material was found. It came from the useful layer, which was within the limits of two farm and residential structures. The material was collected together with animal bones. The remains belonged to a few people: four adults, two of them young, one of them might have been female and four children. One of them died at the age of infans I (0-6 years old), the rest died at the age of infans II (7-9 years old). Despite bad condition of the remains, distinct metabolic changes such as tooth enamel hypoplasia and porotic hiperostosis appeared. Inflammatory and degenerative conditions might suggest difficult living conditions. No damage suggesting cannibalism was found. At this stage it is extremely difficult to interpret the fact of finding both human and animal remains mixed together in the useful layer. It is worth mentioning that some graves were also found under the hats or nearby them. Yet, neither the bone material nor anthropological documentation survived. Additionally, people of Rzucewo culture is characterised by permanent settlement and using their residential area intensively. The bone material described above still does not explain the reasons for the human remains presence in the residential structures, but it tells a few words about difficult Neolithic seal hunters' living conditions.
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Keywords: Pruszcz Gdański, Oksywie culture, Wielbark culture, the Gothic tribes, palaeodemography, morphological diversity
Summary
The very intriguing results of the analysis of the morphological diversity of the inhabitants of Pruszcz (from sites 5 and 7) and medieval inhabitants of Gdańsk (site 5 at the church of St Nicholas) from 2017 became the premise for a biological reassessment of the Pruszcz populations of the Wielbark culture. These studies showed a relationship between both populations, both men and women. At the same time, they indicated
the continuity of settlement in Pomerania from the Roman period to the Middle Ages. Therefore, this article is an attempt of closer characterisation of the Pruszcz populations from the period of Roman influence. The assessment concerns the demographic and morphological character as well as identifying potential differences between populations.
The analyses, were extended to include the data from site 10, and were based on the published data describing the Pruszcz populations from sites PG 10, PG 7, PG 5, dated from the 2nd century BC to the 4th/5th century AD, which were collected and supplemented with the results of new specialist research.
The life tables analyses show that the parameter of further life expectancy of the newborn (e0 ) for all populations from Pruszcz Gdański was 19–20 years. In turn, the reconstructed value of the further life expectancy of an individual at the age of 20 (e20) resulted in different values. For the population buried in cremation graves (PG 10), it was only 12 years (Table 2), hence the average life expectancy of the population of the Oksywie culture in Pruszcz Gdański was only 32 years. In turn, for the population of the Wielbark culture (inhumation: PG 10, PG 7, PG 5) it was at the level of 18–20 years (Tables 3–8). It shows that this parameter increased by 6–8 years in the following centuries, which means that the average life expectancy of the Wielbark culture population in Pruszcz Gdański was already 38–40 years. The comparison of the obtained data with other results describing the populations from a similar period in Pomerania
and central-eastern Poland shows that the measures for Pruszcz Gdański have higher values (Fig. 2, Table 9).
Measures of the effect of natural selection, which assess the potential of natural selection through differential mortality, showed low Ibs values and increasing Rpot ones. It can therefore be concluded that the biological condition of Pruszcz inhabitants was not good, although it was gradually improving. This was mainly due to the high mortality of sexually immature individuals, who experienced the selection pressure to the greatest extent. It can therefore be concluded that the potential of natural selection through differential mortality in the Pruszcz populations was high.
The analysis of morphological diversity based on the structure of the skulls showed (Figs. 3–8) that some of the men from Pruszcz Gdański most likely came from the north, mainly from the Scandinavian Peninsula, perhaps with other Gothic groups. Additionally, some of them also came from Denmark, perhaps through the territory of today's Germany. Then these new groups assimilated with the local population. Interestingly,
some of the descendants of this mixed population had to travel further south-east, to the right side of the Vistula. In turn, the Pruszcz women manifested much lower dynamics in moving, mainly they came from the local community and were indigenous, it was with them that the newly arrived men entered into relationships. In turn, the descendants of all Pruszcz inhabitants took part in building a new, medieval world in nearby
Gdańsk, as well as in Elbląg. Therefore, these close relations indicate the continuity of settlement in Pomerania from at least the period of Roman influence to the Middle Ages and further, to the Post-medieval period.
Summing up, it can be stated that all the aforementioned data indicate relatively good economic and social conditions in which the Pruszcz population lived. This is also confirmed by the small number and average intensity of lesions of former Pruszcz inhabitants, as well as the condition and biological dynamics of other populations, against which background the Pruszcz one stood out.
Environmental changes in the first centuries AD could also result in a period of increased migration. Numerous inquiries about the nature of the Gothic tribes who came to central-eastern Europe did not bring clear answers to this topic, although it is indicated that it was a union of different tribes. Therefore, the presented results of the analysis of the morphological diversity of the skulls of the Pruszcz populations against
the background of other populations of Pomerania, central-eastern Europe and Scandinavia may bring a new look at the character of the Gothic tribes of the Wielbark culture.
Published: January 2021
ISBN: 978-2-503-59906-9
e-ISBN: 978-2-503-59907-6
in Brody Pomorskie
On site No. 2 in Brody Pomorskie, which is situated in Gdańsk Pomerania, or more precisely in the Starogard Lakeland, near the Wierzyca River valley, three graves were recorded. In the first one, among the pottery, the only bone remains in this cemetery were documented. Radiocarbon examination of these bones revealed a surprisingly early date-4992-4786 Bc (95.4%); 4936-4833 Bc (66.9%). Thus, it is the oldest cemetery in Gdańsk Pomerania, belonging to the circle of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery culture (Stk). The remains are in poor condition. Of the larger bones, occipital squamae with elements of the parietal bones, a fragment of the right petrous part of temporal bone and several small fragments of the aforementioned bones have been preserved. Small fragments of the skull did not allow for extensive descriptions and analyses of the deceased, however it was established that the discovered skull fragments probably belonged to a man who died in adulthood, between the 50 and 60 years of age. Considerable lifespan of the examined individual, as well as rich burial furnishing in the form of five vessels, may indicate a significant role of the man buried in grave No. 1 among the community in which he lived. Additionally, visible lesions in the bones may suggest quite difficult living conditions, including deficiencies of certain nutrients in the diet, or an intense lifestyle with company of animals.
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Bayuda_Studies/titel_5677.ahtml
Keywords: Pruszcz Gdański, Oksywie culture, Wielbark culture, the Gothic tribes, palaeodemography, morphological diversity
Summary
The very intriguing results of the analysis of the morphological diversity of the inhabitants of Pruszcz (from sites 5 and 7) and medieval inhabitants of Gdańsk (site 5 at the church of St Nicholas) from 2017 became the premise for a biological reassessment of the Pruszcz populations of the Wielbark culture. These studies showed a relationship between both populations, both men and women. At the same time, they indicated
the continuity of settlement in Pomerania from the Roman period to the Middle Ages. Therefore, this article is an attempt of closer characterisation of the Pruszcz populations from the period of Roman influence. The assessment concerns the demographic and morphological character as well as identifying potential differences between populations.
The analyses, were extended to include the data from site 10, and were based on the published data describing the Pruszcz populations from sites PG 10, PG 7, PG 5, dated from the 2nd century BC to the 4th/5th century AD, which were collected and supplemented with the results of new specialist research.
The life tables analyses show that the parameter of further life expectancy of the newborn (e0 ) for all populations from Pruszcz Gdański was 19–20 years. In turn, the reconstructed value of the further life expectancy of an individual at the age of 20 (e20) resulted in different values. For the population buried in cremation graves (PG 10), it was only 12 years (Table 2), hence the average life expectancy of the population of the Oksywie culture in Pruszcz Gdański was only 32 years. In turn, for the population of the Wielbark culture (inhumation: PG 10, PG 7, PG 5) it was at the level of 18–20 years (Tables 3–8). It shows that this parameter increased by 6–8 years in the following centuries, which means that the average life expectancy of the Wielbark culture population in Pruszcz Gdański was already 38–40 years. The comparison of the obtained data with other results describing the populations from a similar period in Pomerania
and central-eastern Poland shows that the measures for Pruszcz Gdański have higher values (Fig. 2, Table 9).
Measures of the effect of natural selection, which assess the potential of natural selection through differential mortality, showed low Ibs values and increasing Rpot ones. It can therefore be concluded that the biological condition of Pruszcz inhabitants was not good, although it was gradually improving. This was mainly due to the high mortality of sexually immature individuals, who experienced the selection pressure to the greatest extent. It can therefore be concluded that the potential of natural selection through differential mortality in the Pruszcz populations was high.
The analysis of morphological diversity based on the structure of the skulls showed (Figs. 3–8) that some of the men from Pruszcz Gdański most likely came from the north, mainly from the Scandinavian Peninsula, perhaps with other Gothic groups. Additionally, some of them also came from Denmark, perhaps through the territory of today's Germany. Then these new groups assimilated with the local population. Interestingly,
some of the descendants of this mixed population had to travel further south-east, to the right side of the Vistula. In turn, the Pruszcz women manifested much lower dynamics in moving, mainly they came from the local community and were indigenous, it was with them that the newly arrived men entered into relationships. In turn, the descendants of all Pruszcz inhabitants took part in building a new, medieval world in nearby
Gdańsk, as well as in Elbląg. Therefore, these close relations indicate the continuity of settlement in Pomerania from at least the period of Roman influence to the Middle Ages and further, to the Post-medieval period.
Summing up, it can be stated that all the aforementioned data indicate relatively good economic and social conditions in which the Pruszcz population lived. This is also confirmed by the small number and average intensity of lesions of former Pruszcz inhabitants, as well as the condition and biological dynamics of other populations, against which background the Pruszcz one stood out.
Environmental changes in the first centuries AD could also result in a period of increased migration. Numerous inquiries about the nature of the Gothic tribes who came to central-eastern Europe did not bring clear answers to this topic, although it is indicated that it was a union of different tribes. Therefore, the presented results of the analysis of the morphological diversity of the skulls of the Pruszcz populations against
the background of other populations of Pomerania, central-eastern Europe and Scandinavia may bring a new look at the character of the Gothic tribes of the Wielbark culture.
Published: January 2021
ISBN: 978-2-503-59906-9
e-ISBN: 978-2-503-59907-6
in Brody Pomorskie
On site No. 2 in Brody Pomorskie, which is situated in Gdańsk Pomerania, or more precisely in the Starogard Lakeland, near the Wierzyca River valley, three graves were recorded. In the first one, among the pottery, the only bone remains in this cemetery were documented. Radiocarbon examination of these bones revealed a surprisingly early date-4992-4786 Bc (95.4%); 4936-4833 Bc (66.9%). Thus, it is the oldest cemetery in Gdańsk Pomerania, belonging to the circle of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery culture (Stk). The remains are in poor condition. Of the larger bones, occipital squamae with elements of the parietal bones, a fragment of the right petrous part of temporal bone and several small fragments of the aforementioned bones have been preserved. Small fragments of the skull did not allow for extensive descriptions and analyses of the deceased, however it was established that the discovered skull fragments probably belonged to a man who died in adulthood, between the 50 and 60 years of age. Considerable lifespan of the examined individual, as well as rich burial furnishing in the form of five vessels, may indicate a significant role of the man buried in grave No. 1 among the community in which he lived. Additionally, visible lesions in the bones may suggest quite difficult living conditions, including deficiencies of certain nutrients in the diet, or an intense lifestyle with company of animals.
https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Bayuda_Studies/titel_5677.ahtml
Spis treści
Wstęp (Aleksandra Pudło)
Aleksandra Pudło, Rozwój Zespołu Przedbramia ul. Długiej na podstawie badań archeologicznych prowadzonych w latach 2001–2004
Grzegorz Bukal, Zespół bram ul. Długiej jako element systemu obronnego Gdańska (1343–1612)
Dariusz Kaczor, Wieża Więzienna i Katownia jako kompleks penitencjarny w XVI–XVIII w.
Olga Krukowska, Kafle piecowe z Zespołu Przedbramia ul. Długiej w Gdańsku
Monika Kasprzak, Ceramika naczyniowa z badań archeologicznych w Zespole Przedbramia ul. Długiej
Monika Kasprzak, Zabytki drewniane, kościane i rogowe pozyskane podczas badań archeologicznych w Zespole Przedbramia
Anna Jędrzejczak-Skutnik, Zabytki skórzane pozyskane podczas badań archeologicznych z Zespołu Przedbramia w Gdańsku
Joanna Jabłońska-Dyrda, Przedmioty metalowe z Zespołu Przedbramia ul. Długiej w Gdańsku
Magdalena Kulesz-Hodysz, Fajki z badań archeologicznych w Zespole Przedbramia w Gdańsku
Olga Krukowska, Przedmioty szklane z badań archeologicznych w Zespole Przedbramia ul. Długiej w Gdańsku
Katarzyna Darecka, Wybrane detale stolarki architektonicznej znalezione w trakcie badań archeologicznych w latach 2001–2003 w Zespole Przedbramia ul. Długiej w Gdańsku
Monika Badura, Małgorzata Latałowa, Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z obiektów archeologicznych Zespołu Przedbramia w Gdańsku
Daniel Makowiecki, Wyniki badań archeozoologicznych z Zespołu Przedbramia ul. Długiej w Gdańsku
Podsumowanie (Aleksandra Pudło, Grzegorz Bukal)
Katalog zabytków
Otrzymane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że wartości syntetycznych mierników wskazują, że stan i dynamika biologiczna ludności średniowiecznego Gdańska była podobna do innych populacji średniowiecznych. Na podstawie stopnia zróżnicowania morfologicznego cech metrycznych czaszki stwierdzono, że średniowieczni gdańszczanie wykazywali wysokie podobieństwo biologiczne do populacji głównie z terenu Polski, a także ze Skandynawii. Przyżyciowa wysokość ciała gdańszczan zawierała się w górnej granicy zmienności tej cechy, charakterystycznej dla średniowiecznych populacji miejskich. W późnym średniowieczu kości długie stawały się dłuższe i smuklejsze, a przyżyciowa długość ciała wzrastała, podobnie dymorfizm płciowy badanych cech. Natomiast mierniki stresu fizjologicznego wykazują, że u średniowiecznych gdańszczan występowała względnie niska częstość cribra orbitalia, hipoplazji szkliwa oraz zmian aparatu żucia. Powyższe wyniki dowodzą, że warunki życia i stan zdrowia gdańszczan były na dobrym poziomie.
Gdańsk’s medieval population in the light of recent anthropological research
Numerous studies of past and present human populations demonstrate that the specific nature of urban environments has a significant impact on the biological structure of any given population. The medieval period presents a particular case in point. The aim of research detailed herein was to carry out a physical anthropological analysis of Gdańsk’s medieval population, representing two phases of the city’s development: early and late.
Synthetic indicator values revealed in the results of this analysis suggestthat the conditionand biological dynamics of Gdańsk’s medieval inhabitants were similar to those of other medieval populations. The degree of morphological diversity observed in craniometric traits evinces that Gdańsk’s medieval residents display a high level ofbiological similarity to populations principally from Poland, as well as Scandinavia. Body height for Gdańsk inhabitants is within the upper range of variability for this trait, which is characteristic of medieval urban populations. In the late medieval period long bones become longer and more slender, with increases being noted in body length and in sexual dimorphism for all of the traits examined. Physiological stress indicators reveal a relatively low incidence of cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia and changes in the masticatory system among Gdańsk’s medieval inhabitants. These results attest to the city’s population enjoying a good level of general health and good living conditions.
Exhibition curator: Ewa Trawicka
Exhibition curator: Ewa Trawicka
Exhibition curator: Ewa Adamska-Grzymała
Exhibition curators: Beata Ceynowa, Ewa Trawicka
Exhibition curators: Ewa Trawicka, Maciej Szyszka.
Exhibition curators: Ewa Bojaruniec, Janusz Dargacz, Piotr Paluchowski