Evolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior
Research shows that interpersonal rejection increases aggression and decreases helping toward the... more Research shows that interpersonal rejection increases aggression and decreases helping toward the rejecter. Based on the assumptions of the evolutionary approach, it was hypothesized that aggression would be higher and helping would be lower after rejection by a same-sex rather than an opposite-sex other. Moreover, it was predicted that the effect for aggression would be stronger in men, and the effect for helping would be stronger in women. Participants ( N = 100) were rejected or accepted by a same- or opposite-sex person, and later aggression and helping were measured using the tangram Help-Hurt task. The major finding was that same-sex rejection resulted in more aggression and less helping than opposite-sex rejection, but the rejectee's sex did not moderate the effect. Instead, men were more aggressive and less helping independently of condition. Along with the sexual exchange theory, more negative behavior in same-sex rejection could be interpreted as raised in-group sexual...
Transphobia is an under-examined but important type of prejudice to study in Polish culture. Pola... more Transphobia is an under-examined but important type of prejudice to study in Polish culture. Poland is a country where a majority of transgender people feel discriminated against. There is a need for a more evidence-based measures for researchers and practitioners to better understand transphobia. The main purpose of the present three studies (n = 300 participants for each study) was to validate the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS; Hill and Willoughby 2005) and the Transphobia Scale (TS; Nagoshi et al. 2008) in Polish culture and to identify the possible psychological and demographic factors that matter in forming attitudes toward transgender individuals. The results confirm that Polish versions of both the GTS and the TS are reliable instruments to measure attitudes toward transgender individuals. Moreover, the studies revealed that both traditional and modern homonegativity, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, religious fundamentalism, attitudes toward gender roles, and biological and cultural beliefs about the origins of gender differences were significant predictors of transphobia. As in previous studies, men were more prejudiced toward gender nonconformists in comparison to women. These studies contribute well-adapted tools for measuring transphobia and data-driven collection of significant predictors of transphobia.
/0000-0002-9575-5398. Streszczenie: Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie, czy i w jakim st... more /0000-0002-9575-5398. Streszczenie: Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie, czy i w jakim stop-niu metody wychowawcze doświadcza-ne w dzieciństwie wiążą się z cechą, eks-presją i kontrolą złości u dorosłych kobiet. W badaniu uwzględniono karanie fizycz-ne, metody punitywne oraz agresję psy-chologiczną jako trzy odmienne metody wychowawcze, które mogą mieć wkład w natężenie różnych aspektów złości w ży-ciu dorosłym. W badaniu udział wzięły 243 kobiety w wieku od 19. do 32. roku życia (M = 20,81, SD = 1,77). Badane oce-niały, w jakim stopniu ich rodzice stoso-wali wobec nich trzy wyszczególnione me-tody wychowawcze oraz określały częstość doświadczania złości, jej ekspresji na ze-wnątrz i do wewnątrz oraz stopień kontro-li zewnętrznej i wewnętrznej ekspresji zło-ści. Analizy ujawniły, że w retrospektywnej ocenie metod wychowawczych, badane ko-biety najczęściej doświadczały od rodzi-ców agresji psychologicznej, to jest celo-wo wywoływanego poczucia winy, wstydu oraz komunikowania warunkowej miłości. Ta metoda wychowawcza okazała się rów-nież kluczową, jeśli chodzi o natężenie ce-chy złości oraz jej zewnętrzną i wewnętrzną ekspresję. Wbrew oczekiwaniom nie odno-towano istotnych statystycznie związków pomiędzy karaniem fizycznym a uwzględ-nionymi aspektami złości. Wyniki badania są dyskutowane w kontekście rodzajowej so-cjalizacji emocji oraz negatywnych konse-kwencji psychologicznych stosowania agre-sji psychologicznej w wychowaniu dziecka. Słowa kluczowe: metody wychowawcze, agresja psychologiczna, złość-cecha, eks-presja złości, kontrola złości. WPROWADZENIE Przeżywanie złości nie wymaga uprzedniego uczenia się ani też nabycia pewnego po-ziomu samoświadomości, który jest warunkiem koniecznym do tego, aby poczuć dumę lub wstyd za własne decyzje czy zachowania. Dlatego złość jest wraz ze smutkiem czy ra-dością uznawana za emocję podstawową, której mimiczna ekspresja, jak i percepcja ma zgodnie z przełomowymi badaniami Paula Ekmana (1999) charakter ponadkulturowy. Ewolucyjnie uwarunkowane sposoby wyrazu emocji złości pozwalają zatem dość łatwo odczytać stan emocjonalny u partnera interakcji przeżywającego złość, nawet jeśli po-chodzi on z innego kręgu kulturowego; ale trafne przewidzenie tego, w jaki sposób się on zachowa w następstwie odczuwanej złości, jest już obarczone sporą dozą ryzyka. Uzna
Three experiments examined the effect of aggression-evoking cues on aggressive cognitions related... more Three experiments examined the effect of aggression-evoking cues on aggressive cognitions related to physical, verbal, and relational aggression and internal states (anger and hostility). In Experiment 1 (n = 40), the priming effect of masculinity threat on four categories of aggressive cognitions was investigated among males; Experiment 2 (n = 46) tested whether exposure to images stimulating negative and sexual arousal induced higher accessibility of aggressive constructs in men; in Experiment 3 (n = 95), female participants completed a self-report questionnaire measuring aggressive behavior, administered so as to activate their aggressive cognitions. All three studies revealed that, when the concept " aggression " is activated, the accessibility of physically aggressive thoughts increases regardless of the participant's sex or the sorts of stimuli used to evoke aggressive cognitions. Thoughts related to verbal and relational aggression, anger, and hostility were not activated. The findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive-neoassociationistic model of aggression in which physical aggression may play the role of the core of an aggression cognition network that is easily activated without spreading that effect on associated constructs.
Research has shown that ostracism results in aggressive behavior towards the ostracising other, b... more Research has shown that ostracism results in aggressive behavior towards the ostracising other, but also causes displaced aggression—aggression directed towards an innocent person. Our study investigated whether displaced aggressive responses to ostracism were increased by three types of aggression proneness (readiness for aggression) based on different mechanisms: emotional-impulsive, habitual-cognitive or personality-imma-nent. Participants (n = 118) played a Cyberball game in which they were either excluded or included, next prepared a hot sauce sample for another person as an indicator of aggression and completed the Readiness for Interpersonal Aggression Inventory. Results showed that ostracism evoked more aggression in participants with high rather than with low emotional-impulsive readiness for aggression. Only this type of readiness moderated the ostracism-aggression relationship indicating that mostly affective mechanisms induce displaced aggressive responses to exclusion.
This study was to examine the sex differences in three patterns of readiness for interpersonal ag... more This study was to examine the sex differences in three patterns of readiness for interpersonal aggression in the four following countries: Italy, Poland, Spain, and the USA. Readiness for aggression is a set of psychological processes that regulate aggressive manifestation. Three patterns of readiness are distinguished: emotional-impulsive readiness associated with anger proneness and lack of ability to emotional control (EIR); habitual-cognitive readiness based on specific habits, scripts and beliefs about usefulness of aggression (HCR); personality-immanent readiness related to stable need to hurt others as a source of satisfaction (PIR). The data were collected from 1277 high school graduates and students aged 18 to 26 including 574 males and 704 females. The results showed that females regardless of cultural settings exhibited higher levels of emotional-impulsive readiness for aggression than males, whereas males across four countries scored higher than females on habitual-cognitive and personality-immanent readiness. The sex differences in readiness for aggression were explained with regard to gender stereotype, particularly with respect to the communal orientation predominantly internalized by females and agentic orientation represented by males.
Evolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior
Research shows that interpersonal rejection increases aggression and decreases helping toward the... more Research shows that interpersonal rejection increases aggression and decreases helping toward the rejecter. Based on the assumptions of the evolutionary approach, it was hypothesized that aggression would be higher and helping would be lower after rejection by a same-sex rather than an opposite-sex other. Moreover, it was predicted that the effect for aggression would be stronger in men, and the effect for helping would be stronger in women. Participants ( N = 100) were rejected or accepted by a same- or opposite-sex person, and later aggression and helping were measured using the tangram Help-Hurt task. The major finding was that same-sex rejection resulted in more aggression and less helping than opposite-sex rejection, but the rejectee's sex did not moderate the effect. Instead, men were more aggressive and less helping independently of condition. Along with the sexual exchange theory, more negative behavior in same-sex rejection could be interpreted as raised in-group sexual...
Transphobia is an under-examined but important type of prejudice to study in Polish culture. Pola... more Transphobia is an under-examined but important type of prejudice to study in Polish culture. Poland is a country where a majority of transgender people feel discriminated against. There is a need for a more evidence-based measures for researchers and practitioners to better understand transphobia. The main purpose of the present three studies (n = 300 participants for each study) was to validate the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS; Hill and Willoughby 2005) and the Transphobia Scale (TS; Nagoshi et al. 2008) in Polish culture and to identify the possible psychological and demographic factors that matter in forming attitudes toward transgender individuals. The results confirm that Polish versions of both the GTS and the TS are reliable instruments to measure attitudes toward transgender individuals. Moreover, the studies revealed that both traditional and modern homonegativity, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, religious fundamentalism, attitudes toward gender roles, and biological and cultural beliefs about the origins of gender differences were significant predictors of transphobia. As in previous studies, men were more prejudiced toward gender nonconformists in comparison to women. These studies contribute well-adapted tools for measuring transphobia and data-driven collection of significant predictors of transphobia.
/0000-0002-9575-5398. Streszczenie: Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie, czy i w jakim st... more /0000-0002-9575-5398. Streszczenie: Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie, czy i w jakim stop-niu metody wychowawcze doświadcza-ne w dzieciństwie wiążą się z cechą, eks-presją i kontrolą złości u dorosłych kobiet. W badaniu uwzględniono karanie fizycz-ne, metody punitywne oraz agresję psy-chologiczną jako trzy odmienne metody wychowawcze, które mogą mieć wkład w natężenie różnych aspektów złości w ży-ciu dorosłym. W badaniu udział wzięły 243 kobiety w wieku od 19. do 32. roku życia (M = 20,81, SD = 1,77). Badane oce-niały, w jakim stopniu ich rodzice stoso-wali wobec nich trzy wyszczególnione me-tody wychowawcze oraz określały częstość doświadczania złości, jej ekspresji na ze-wnątrz i do wewnątrz oraz stopień kontro-li zewnętrznej i wewnętrznej ekspresji zło-ści. Analizy ujawniły, że w retrospektywnej ocenie metod wychowawczych, badane ko-biety najczęściej doświadczały od rodzi-ców agresji psychologicznej, to jest celo-wo wywoływanego poczucia winy, wstydu oraz komunikowania warunkowej miłości. Ta metoda wychowawcza okazała się rów-nież kluczową, jeśli chodzi o natężenie ce-chy złości oraz jej zewnętrzną i wewnętrzną ekspresję. Wbrew oczekiwaniom nie odno-towano istotnych statystycznie związków pomiędzy karaniem fizycznym a uwzględ-nionymi aspektami złości. Wyniki badania są dyskutowane w kontekście rodzajowej so-cjalizacji emocji oraz negatywnych konse-kwencji psychologicznych stosowania agre-sji psychologicznej w wychowaniu dziecka. Słowa kluczowe: metody wychowawcze, agresja psychologiczna, złość-cecha, eks-presja złości, kontrola złości. WPROWADZENIE Przeżywanie złości nie wymaga uprzedniego uczenia się ani też nabycia pewnego po-ziomu samoświadomości, który jest warunkiem koniecznym do tego, aby poczuć dumę lub wstyd za własne decyzje czy zachowania. Dlatego złość jest wraz ze smutkiem czy ra-dością uznawana za emocję podstawową, której mimiczna ekspresja, jak i percepcja ma zgodnie z przełomowymi badaniami Paula Ekmana (1999) charakter ponadkulturowy. Ewolucyjnie uwarunkowane sposoby wyrazu emocji złości pozwalają zatem dość łatwo odczytać stan emocjonalny u partnera interakcji przeżywającego złość, nawet jeśli po-chodzi on z innego kręgu kulturowego; ale trafne przewidzenie tego, w jaki sposób się on zachowa w następstwie odczuwanej złości, jest już obarczone sporą dozą ryzyka. Uzna
Three experiments examined the effect of aggression-evoking cues on aggressive cognitions related... more Three experiments examined the effect of aggression-evoking cues on aggressive cognitions related to physical, verbal, and relational aggression and internal states (anger and hostility). In Experiment 1 (n = 40), the priming effect of masculinity threat on four categories of aggressive cognitions was investigated among males; Experiment 2 (n = 46) tested whether exposure to images stimulating negative and sexual arousal induced higher accessibility of aggressive constructs in men; in Experiment 3 (n = 95), female participants completed a self-report questionnaire measuring aggressive behavior, administered so as to activate their aggressive cognitions. All three studies revealed that, when the concept " aggression " is activated, the accessibility of physically aggressive thoughts increases regardless of the participant's sex or the sorts of stimuli used to evoke aggressive cognitions. Thoughts related to verbal and relational aggression, anger, and hostility were not activated. The findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive-neoassociationistic model of aggression in which physical aggression may play the role of the core of an aggression cognition network that is easily activated without spreading that effect on associated constructs.
Research has shown that ostracism results in aggressive behavior towards the ostracising other, b... more Research has shown that ostracism results in aggressive behavior towards the ostracising other, but also causes displaced aggression—aggression directed towards an innocent person. Our study investigated whether displaced aggressive responses to ostracism were increased by three types of aggression proneness (readiness for aggression) based on different mechanisms: emotional-impulsive, habitual-cognitive or personality-imma-nent. Participants (n = 118) played a Cyberball game in which they were either excluded or included, next prepared a hot sauce sample for another person as an indicator of aggression and completed the Readiness for Interpersonal Aggression Inventory. Results showed that ostracism evoked more aggression in participants with high rather than with low emotional-impulsive readiness for aggression. Only this type of readiness moderated the ostracism-aggression relationship indicating that mostly affective mechanisms induce displaced aggressive responses to exclusion.
This study was to examine the sex differences in three patterns of readiness for interpersonal ag... more This study was to examine the sex differences in three patterns of readiness for interpersonal aggression in the four following countries: Italy, Poland, Spain, and the USA. Readiness for aggression is a set of psychological processes that regulate aggressive manifestation. Three patterns of readiness are distinguished: emotional-impulsive readiness associated with anger proneness and lack of ability to emotional control (EIR); habitual-cognitive readiness based on specific habits, scripts and beliefs about usefulness of aggression (HCR); personality-immanent readiness related to stable need to hurt others as a source of satisfaction (PIR). The data were collected from 1277 high school graduates and students aged 18 to 26 including 574 males and 704 females. The results showed that females regardless of cultural settings exhibited higher levels of emotional-impulsive readiness for aggression than males, whereas males across four countries scored higher than females on habitual-cognitive and personality-immanent readiness. The sex differences in readiness for aggression were explained with regard to gender stereotype, particularly with respect to the communal orientation predominantly internalized by females and agentic orientation represented by males.
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