- Assistant Professor at Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University. PhD and MA in Psychology. Graduat... moreAssistant Professor at Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University. PhD and MA in Psychology. Graduate of Basic Systemic Psychotherapy yearly course. Her research focuses mainly on on helping behaviors' determinants/correlates and time perspectives.edit
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on people's psychological well-being and mental health. This study aimed to identify factors linked to emotional distress, burnout and sense of safety in teachers related to the... more
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on people's psychological well-being and mental health. This study aimed to identify factors linked to emotional distress, burnout and sense of safety in teachers related to the reopening of Polish schools after lockdown, remote work, and the holiday period between March and August 2020. A total of 1,286 teachers from different educational institutions participated in the online study. A set of questionnaires was used to measure depressive and anxiety symptoms, sense of safety, fear of coronavirus, emotion regulation strategies, resilience, and burnout. Sociodemographic, COVID-19-and work-related variables were also controlled. Path analysis showed that emotion regulation strategies had both direct and indirect (via FCV-19 and resilience) effects on the severity of depressive symptoms, anxiety, burnout and sense of safety. These results are discussed in the context of both possible risk and protective factors for teachers' wellbeing. Possible systemic solutions or therapeutic interventions that may be beneficial for this group are also discussed.
Research Interests: Depression, Resilience, Anxiety, Teacher, Burnout, and 3 moreTeachers, Remote Education, and COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Drawing on the protective motivation theory and parallel response model, in this cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study (N = 212) carried out on a sample of the general public (age 18-65), we aimed to test the potential interaction... more
Drawing on the protective motivation theory and parallel response model, in this cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study (N = 212) carried out on a sample of the general public (age 18-65), we aimed to test the potential interaction effects of fear of COVID-19 and conspiracy beliefs about groups benefitting from the COVID-19 pandemic in predicting subjective assessment of the efficacy of three COVID-19 preventive measures. The results have shown that fear of COVID-19 was positively related to a positive assessment of the efficacy of frequent disinfection of hands and surfaces, but only in people who had COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs on an average or high level. However, on all levels of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, fear of COVID-19 related positively to a positive assessment of mask wearing and social distancing efficacy, however, to a different extent. We discuss the results in light of the protective motivation theory and the affiliation function of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and conforming to the prevention guidelines.
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The COVID-19 pandemic may activate thoughts of death, leading to aversive psychological states. In such situations, defence mechanisms emerge; however, their adaptability depends on many factors. The aim of the study was to investigate... more
The COVID-19 pandemic may activate thoughts of death, leading to aversive psychological states. In such situations, defence mechanisms emerge; however, their adaptability depends on many factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between neurotic defence style and depressive symptoms. We assumed that the sense of coherence underlies this correlation and investigated how both believing (or not) in COVID-19 and having (or not) experience of this disease differentiate this mechanism. Methods: This cross-sectional study (N = 720) was conducted through an online panel. Results: For COVID-19 believers who had no experience of the disease, the higher their neurotic defence style, the lower their sense of coherence, which was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. The same pattern was found for non-believers who have experienced COVID-19. In the group of individuals who believed and experienced COVID-19, the relationship between neurotic defence style and sense of coherence was non-significant. In turn, respondents who neither believed in nor have experienced COVID-19 displayed a positive relationship between neurotic defence style and sense of coherence. Discussion: Although self-deception strategies might be adaptive, they contribute to increased distress, if continued to be used once an individual confronts reality.
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Sense of coherence (SoC) can promote positive coping, and one of its most prominent negative correlates is negative affectivity (NA). In the current study, we hypothesized that future and past time perspectives (TPs) will mediate the... more
Sense of coherence (SoC) can promote positive coping, and one of its most prominent negative correlates is negative affectivity (NA). In the current study, we hypothesized that future and past time perspectives (TPs) will mediate the relationship between sense of coherence and negative affectivity, and the inverse relationship. The study was questionnaire-based, performed online. N = 719 participants aged 25–45 from the general Polish population took part. On the correlation level, NA was negatively related to future and past positive TPs, and positively to past negative TP. Future and past positive TPs were positively related to SoC, whereas the past negative TP was related negatively to SoC. Future and past TPs partially mediated the effect of NA on SoC. The indirect effect was the strongest for past negative TP and very weak for future and past positive TPs. The full model accounted for 52.9% of variance in SoC. Only past negative TP mediated the relationship between SoC and NA. The full model accounted for 29.8% of variance in NA. The results may serve as an inspiration to integrate time perspective aspects within the salutogenic approaches to understanding human behavior and psychological interventions.
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The co-occurrence of COVID-19 conspiracy theories (CCT) and fear of the coronavirus (FCV) can be linked to how safe people feel and how much they endorse vaccinations. School teachers were one of the vaccination priority groups in Poland.... more
The co-occurrence of COVID-19 conspiracy theories (CCT) and fear of the coronavirus (FCV) can be linked to how safe people feel and how much they endorse vaccinations. School teachers were one of the vaccination priority groups in Poland. We conducted three cross-sectional studies (N1 = 1006; N2 = 1689; N3 = 627) to find out the potential interactive effects of CCT belief and FCV in predicting sense of safety (SoS; Studies 1-3), opinions about vaccinations efficacy (Studies 2-3) and endorsement of vaccinations of children (Study 3) among school teachers. In all three studies, the belief in CCT was related to lower SoS only when FCV was low. For low CCT belief, although the belief in vaccination efficacy was higher than for CCT endorsers, it was unrelated to FCV. However, for high and average CCT belief, FCV was linked to belief in vaccination efficacy. FCV was positively related to acceptance of vaccinating children on all levels of CCT endorsement. The results are discussed in light of the available literature and their potential use in public health.
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A vast number of studies have shown that trust is related to socially desirable traits and behaviors. In the present research we have investigated the relationship between generalized trust and beliefs about the importance of socially... more
A vast number of studies have shown that trust is related to socially desirable traits and behaviors. In the present research we have investigated the relationship between generalized trust and beliefs about the importance of socially responsible behaviors (SRB) during the pandemic – namely, following the sanitary regime and getting vaccinated. Basing on the previous findings we assumed that trustful people would be more convinced of the benefits of complying with the pandemic restrictions and getting vaccinated. The hypothesis stated that people with high levels of trust who had COVID-19 or whose close persons had been infected would be the most likely to believe in socially responsible behaviors. We recruited 405 people from the general population (age range 18–65) to participate in an online study conducted via a research platform. The analysis using linear regression has shown that people, whose close persons had suffered from COVID-19 were more inclined to believe in the importance of SRB. The level of trust also predicted the beliefs about the importance of socially responsible behaviors in mitigating the pandemic. Trust was positively related to SRB, except for people whose close persons had been infected with COVID-19. Regardless of the level of trust, people with such experience tended to assess SRB as important to combat the pandemic. These results have shed light on the importance of trust in developing the strategy of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Volunteerism is a sustained prosocial activity, and young adults are one of the most important targets for organizations recruiting volunteers. Empathy and altruistic social value orientation measured by a decomposed game are... more
Volunteerism is a sustained prosocial activity, and young adults are one of the most important targets for organizations recruiting volunteers. Empathy and altruistic social value orientation measured by a decomposed game are dispositional traits that might foster engagement in volunteerism. Using a self-report online-based questionnaire study on two groups of young adults (aged 18-35, N = 224 non-volunteers and N = 178 volunteers in the last year) the relationship between empathy and altruistic social value orientation in both of these groups was explored. The results suggest that volunteers are significantly higher on empathy and altruistic social value orientation than non-volunteers. In non-volunteers, empathy is positively linked to altruistic social value orientation, whereas for volunteers the relationship is inversed. The results provide evidence that volunteers, when high on empathy, might not necessarily be ready to share financial resources with others, as operationalized by a decomposed game.
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The number of people engaging in volunteer firefighting is on the decline. It is important to understand what factors on a personal and social level and from the three stages of the volunteer process model: antecedents, experiences and... more
The number of people engaging in volunteer firefighting is on the decline. It is important to understand what factors on a personal and social level and from the three stages of the volunteer process model: antecedents, experiences and consequences, might be linked to starting and sustaining such engagement. To address this problem, a qualitative, interview-based study was performed on a sample of 10 volunteer firefighters from across Poland. The data were gathered and analyzed in the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methodological framework. The data enabled to group and interpret the information regarding the stage of the volunteer process and the motivations behind the engagement. Implications for retention strategies are provided, with a particular focus on the social support of the firefighters, role of coping skills, relationships with the local community, quality of relationships within the brigade, personal development of the volunteers and the way how firefighters make meaning of their service.
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Both time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions are groups of traits that are connected to self-control abilities and might be important for coping styles. However, to date, no study has systematically investigated their utility in... more
Both time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions are groups of traits that are connected to self-control abilities and might be important for coping styles. However, to date, no study has systematically investigated their utility in predicting coping styles with regard to their multidimensional nature. The current study was correlational and exploratory, aiming to discover what amount of variance in each of the three coping styles, problem-oriented, active emotion-oriented, and avoidant, is accounted for by two groups of predictors: time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions. N = 397 young adults aged 18-35 from the general population took part in the study. Results of a multiple linear regression testing both groups of predictors separately and of hierarchical regression analysis introducing the two predictor groups in subsequent steps suggested that time perspectives accounted for more variance in adaptive coping styles: problem-oriented and active emotion-oriented coping. For avoidant coping, both time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions accounted for a similar amount of variance. The results provide evidence that time perspectives should be investigated in domains related to coping (e.g., mental health issues, substance abuse, risk-taking behaviors), for which impulsivity has been considered an important predictor. Moreover, impulsivity ought to be tested with regard to its multidimensionality.
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This article presents the results of a survey on yet under-researched aspects of remote learning and learning difficulties in higher education during the initial stage (March-June 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 2182 students... more
This article presents the results of a survey on yet under-researched aspects of remote learning and learning difficulties in higher education during the initial stage (March-June 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 2182 students from University of Warsaw in Poland completed a two-part questionnaire regarding academic achievements in the academic year 2019/2020, living conditions and stress related to learning and pandemic, as well as basic demographic information, and Dyslexia Diagnosis Questionnaire (DDQ). The analyses were carried out in three subgroups of students: who self-reported having a formal diagnosis of dyslexia (CDYS), self-reported reading difficulties, but had no formal diagnosis of dyslexia (SIDYS), and who reported no reading difficulties (CON). The results of the survey revealed that compared with the CON group, more students from CDYS and SIDYS groups did not pass at least one exam in the summer semester. CDYS and SIDYS groups experienced higher stress due to epidemiological restrictions, they had more difficulties than CON with the organisation of learning and obtaining credit during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate a need for special consideration of additional support for students experiencing reading difficulties (whether or not they have a formal diagnosis).
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The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a specific social perception of the pandemic—believing or not in COVID-19—predicts borderline personality organizations and whether this relationship is mediated by more primitive... more
The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a specific social perception of the pandemic—believing or not in COVID-19—predicts borderline personality organizations and whether this relationship is mediated by more primitive maladaptive mechanisms—splitting, denial, and dissociation. The online study included 720 organization aged 25–45. Participants were diverse in terms of place of residence, being in a relationship, and education level. Approximately 30% of the general population reported not believing in the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-believers scored slightly higher on borderline symptoms and used more maladaptive defense mechanisms than believers. Individuals who deny COVID-19 are more likely to show characteristics of borderline personality organization. Splitting is an important mechanism in this relationship.
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The research question is whether participation in a two-session workshop led by self-advocates with mild intellectual disability, supported by professional staff, affects high school students’ impression of people with intellectual... more
The research question is whether participation in a two-session workshop led by self-advocates with mild intellectual disability, supported by professional staff, affects high school students’ impression of people with intellectual disability, measured by a self-report questionnaire based on a semantic differential. The study was paper-pencil questionnaire-based and anonymous, conducted in Warsaw, Poland. Three measurements were performed using two semantic differentials – two weeks before the workshop, one day, and three months afterward. Fifty high school students in the workshop group and forty-three students in the control group took part in the study. After the workshop, people with intellectual disability were perceived as more calm, compliant, and adult, and this change was not observed in the control group. The picture of people with ID after the workshop may probably have been even more complex than before. However, the study focuses on a specific intervention and does not include data about other, similar meetings led in another school and by other self-advocates. It is worthy to design anti-discriminatory workshops led by the self-advocates to impact the perceptions of people with intellectual disability. The particular intervention would benefit from alterations. Workshops performed by self-advocates with intellectual disability may be promising in terms of limiting stereotype formation in target groups of workshops. This research fills the gap in the longitudinal studies on the changes in the impressions about people with intellectual disability following an intervention based on personal contact.
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The elderly age group needs particular support in preventing development of depressive symptoms, among others, due to the prospect of passing. This group is heterogeneous in terms of characteristics of ways of spending leisure time,... more
The elderly age group needs particular support in preventing development of depressive symptoms, among others, due to the prospect of passing. This group is heterogeneous in terms of characteristics of ways of spending leisure time, which, as an important aspect of everyday life affecting the quality of interpersonal relationships and well-being, might be related to the level of their depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to find out whether participation in University of Third Age (UTA; leisure time spending directed at personal development) activities versus being a Nursing Home resident (NH; leisure time spending, directed at compensation of difficulties associated to the aging process) may differentiate elderly people in terms of the level of depression taking into account their optimism and acceptance of passing. The study was paper-pencil questionnaire-based, conducted on a sample of people above the age of 59: participants of UTA (N=48) and NH (N=54). In the UTA group, consistently for all levels of acceptance of passing, the higher the level of optimism, the lower the depressive symptoms. However, for the NH group, the higher the acceptance of passing, the lower the role of optimism in predicting depressive symptoms.
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Restrictions due to COVID-19 necessitated staying at home, but in some cases, encouraged charitable behavior, e.g., donating items to people in need (e.g., clothes, food), or money to support combatting COVID-19. Drawing on the previous... more
Restrictions due to COVID-19 necessitated staying at home, but in some cases, encouraged charitable behavior, e.g., donating items to people in need (e.g., clothes, food), or money to support combatting COVID-19. Drawing on the previous findings regarding helping during disastrous situations and roles of time perspective in helping behaviors, the study tested the predictive value of age, gender, previous volunteering, altruistic social value orientation, and time perspectives of donating items to people in need or money to combat COVID-19. The study is pioneering in terms of including time perspectives as individual differences which might contribute to making donations during COVID-19 circumstances. The study was questionnaire-based and conducted online in the eighth week of social distancing in Poland. 150 young adults (age 18-35) took part in the study. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that age, frequency of volunteering before the epidemic, and Present-Hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but none of the tested variables predicted donating money to combat COVID-19. The findings suggest that charitable behavior, especially in the context of extraordinary social situations, needs to be treated as a multifaceted phenomenon. The study indicates that a Present-Hedonistic time perspective would be a promising individual difference to test in future studies on prosociality.
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Background and Aims Moral incongruence involves disapproval of a behaviour in which people engage despite their moral beliefs. Although considerable research has been conducted on how moral incongruence relates to pornography use,... more
Background and Aims Moral incongruence involves disapproval of a behaviour in which people engage despite their moral beliefs. Although considerable research has been conducted on how moral incongruence relates to pornography use, potential roles for moral incongruence in other putative behavioural addictions have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of moral incongruence in self‐perceived addiction to: (1) pornography, (2) internet addiction, (3) social networking, and (4) online gaming. Design A cross‐sectional, preregistered, online survey using multivariable regression. Setting Online study conducted in Poland. Participants 1036 Polish adults aged between 18 and 69 years. Measurements Measures included self‐perceived behavioural addiction to pornography, internet use, social networking and online gaming) and their hypothesized determinants (moral incongruence, frequency of use, time of use, religiosity, age, gender). Findings Higher moral incongruence (β=0.20, p<.001) and higher religiosity (β=0.08, p<.05) were independently associated with higher self‐perceived addiction to pornography. Additionally, frequency of pornography use was the strongest of the analyzed predictors (β=0.43, p<.001). A similar, positive relationship between high moral incongruence and self‐perceived addiction was also present for internet (β=0.16, p<.001), social networking (β=0.18, p<.001) and gaming addictions (β=0.16, p<.001). Religiosity was uniquely, although weakly, connected to pornography addiction, but not to other types of addictive behaviours. Conclusions Moral incongruence may be positively associated with self‐perception of behavioural addictions including not only pornography viewing, but also internet use, social networking and online gaming.
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The paper presents the opinions of self-advocates with mild intellectual disability about their work as social educators – public self-advocates raising disability awareness. Six semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Data... more
The paper presents the opinions of self-advocates with mild intellectual disability about their work as social educators – public self-advocates raising disability awareness. Six semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Data was analyzed within the framework of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The themes which emerged from the interviews comprise: the motives of educators to work as self-advocates, opportunities to gain new skills and to raise public awareness about disability given by this activity, the difficulties they experience being social educators and ways to overcome them, the meaning of self-advocacy in their lives as well as the readiness to recommend this work to other people with disability. The gathered data suggests that, according to the self-advocates, being a social educator enhances the social status of self-advocates. It also provides an opportunity to develop skills, new social roles and sometimes positive identities, which is in line with the assumptions of the theoretical models of self-advocacy.
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Although numerous studies have addressed the impact of the COVID-19 lock-downs on psychological distress, scarce data is available relating to the role of Present-Hedonistic (PH) time perspective and gender differences in the development... more
Although numerous studies have addressed the impact of the COVID-19 lock-downs on psychological distress, scarce data is available relating to the role of Present-Hedonistic (PH) time perspective and gender differences in the development of depressive symptoms and stress during the period of strict social distancing. We hypothesized that gender would moderate the relationship between PH and depressiveness or stress levels, such that PH would negatively correlate with psychological distress in women but correlate positively in men. The present study was online and questionnaire-based. N = 230 participants aged 15-73 from the general population took part in the study. The results of moderation analysis allowed for full acceptance of the hypothesis for depression as a factor, but for stress the hypothesis was only partially confirmed, since the relationship between PH time perspective and stress was not significant for men (although it was positive, as expected). The findings are pioneering in terms of including PH time perspective in predicting psychological distress during the COVID-19 lock-down and have potentially significant implications for practicing clinicians, who could include the development of more adaptive time perspectives and balance them in their therapeutic work with people experiencing lock-down-related distress.
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The changing models of disability influence the way people with disabilities participate in social life, and how they can transform their life and environment. Such participation may take the form of work and volunteering, as well as... more
The changing models of disability influence the way people with disabilities participate in social life, and how they can transform their life and environment. Such participation may take the form of work and volunteering, as well as participation in self-advocacy movements. This paper aims to explore how a woman with hearing impairment perceives her dual role as a regular worker and voluntary self-advocate within one organization that supports those with disabilities. During an interview, she highlighted the role of self-advocacy in her personal and professional life, including the opportunities this gave her to thrive, as well as indicated the potential her work had for raising disability awareness within society. The results are discussed in light of the current literature about the meaning of self-advocacy for people with disabilities.
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Prosociality, understood as the capacity to act in a way that benefits others, is an important feature for emerging adults to fulfill their personal needs and fulfill developmental tasks. This life period is a time of exploration within... more
Prosociality, understood as the capacity to act in a way that benefits others, is an important feature for emerging adults to fulfill their personal needs and fulfill developmental tasks. This life period is a time of exploration within various areas of life, enabling individuals to try out and choose own worldview, lifestyle, work and preferred patterns of interpersonal relationships. This review aims at bringing together the evidence on how prosociality (prosocial orientations, values, behaviors) or deficits in such features may be linked to the fulfillment of three basic human needs as conceptualized by the self-determination theory in emerging adults. The relationships of prosociality to the three tasks in the context of development in emerging adulthood: (1) reaching autonomy from the family of origin, (2) achieving own identity and (3) establishing positive relationships with others, are outlined based on a literature review. Implications for future research are also provided.
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Background In Spring 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Polish government introduced a policy of social distancing. Being apart from one’s social network had the potential to evoke feelings of loneliness. The aim of the study was to... more
Background In Spring 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Polish government introduced a policy of social distancing. Being apart from one’s social network had the potential to evoke feelings of loneliness. The aim of the study was to find out how time perspectives might contribute to feeling lonely during the social distancing period, controlling for Big Five personality traits and perceived social support. Participants and procedure The study was online, questionnaire-based and cross-sectional (N = 964) and was conducted among young adults (aged 18-35) at the end of the third week of social distancing in Poland. Results The results suggested that the Past-Negative time perspective remained significant when controlling for Big Five traits and perceived social support. Emotional stability, extroversion and perceived social support were also significant predictors of low loneliness. Conclusions Negative beliefs about the past may contribute to experiencing greater loneliness when being apart from one’s social network.
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The 1989 collapse of the socialist political system in Poland initiated an avalanche of modifications regarding healthcare policy resulting with new institutions and programs dedicated to monitoring and preventing addiction. In the... more
The 1989 collapse of the socialist political system in Poland initiated an avalanche of modifications regarding healthcare policy resulting with new institutions and programs dedicated to monitoring and preventing addiction. In the current article, we look at the available data allowing to track changes in (1) the prevalence of exposure to addictive substances and behaviors, and (2) changes of addictions prevalence in Poland between 1990 and 2019. Analysis of all available studies on representative samples of Polish population conducted between 1990 and 2019 by sociological and epidemiological research companies and governmental organizations dedicated to the monitoring and treatment of addiction. Our analysis shows decrease of exposed and addicted to tobacco respectively by 13% and 15%. Conversely, we noted an opposite, increasing tendency both in alcohol consumed per capita (a rise by 2.37 litres of pure alcohol per year) and a minor rise in the prevalence of alcohol use disorder within the general population (an increase by 0.2%). The available data connected to other addictions (drugs and behavioral addictions) are more sparse; and therefore has to be interpreted with caution. The present analysis confirms the relative success of nationwide smoking-prevention initiatives introduced in Poland in the post-socialist period, as well as the lower efficiency of corresponding initiatives aimed at alcohol addiction. We identified flaws in the available data, which must be supplemented to carry out an efficient anti-addiction policy. Based on this analysis, future research directions have been formulated and critical research areas identified. The present work is also an opportunity to advocate for creating a more comprehensive and reliable addiction monitoring programs in Poland.
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Self-advocacy is both a competence necessary for independent adult life and a form of activity of people with disability in terms of exercising their rights to self-determine. It is also a form of social inclusion and participation, often... more
Self-advocacy is both a competence necessary for independent adult life and a form of activity of people with disability in terms of exercising their rights to self-determine. It is also a form of social inclusion and participation, often having a character of volunteer engagement of people with disability in work for their minority group. Although the access of people with disability to the sphere of supporting other people is still limited, self-advocacy seems to be a promising form of changing that. In this article self-advocacy and volunteering are discussed in the context of models of disability. The ways how self-advocacy brings to life the functions of volunteerism which concern the creation of self and benefits for the society in general are described. Conclusions are derived with regard to the meaning of self-advocacy and volunteerism in supporting the social participation of people with disability.
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Introduction Dysregulation of emotion (DE) is commonly seen in individuals suffering from compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), as well as represents a crucial element of its common comorbidities like mood, anxiety, and substance use... more
Introduction Dysregulation of emotion (DE) is commonly seen in individuals suffering from compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), as well as represents a crucial element of its common comorbidities like mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Aim To investigate the links between CSB and DE. Methods A review of pertinent literature on CSB and DE was performed using EBSCO, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Main Outcome Measure Patterns of DE were evaluated as a common clinical feature, underlying mechanisms, as well as a target for psychological and pharmacological interventions in CSB. Results Across different conceptualizations of CSB, DE represents the core element of a failure to cope with sexual impulses, thoughts, urges, or resulting uncontrolled sexual behaviors. DE may contribute to the occurrence of CSB while for individuals affected by this condition, sexual arousal and release act as an easier/learned (yet uncontrolled and leading to negative consequences) way of coping with negative mood states. CSB may represent a delusive form of self-regulation. Experience of child sexual abuse and insecure attachment patterns are considered risk factors for CSB (likely to be mediated by DE) but require further investigation. DE is also positively associated with CSB symptom severity. Pharmacological treatments affecting mood regulation, anxiety, impulsivity, and regulation within the brain reward system have been reported to help people with CSB achieve better control over their sexual urges and behavior. However, the available data are scarce and well-powered randomized controlled trials are needed to support these observations. Although improvement in one's emotional self-regulation is considered as an important healing factor in treatment, its benefit in psychological therapies specific to CSB requires further investigation. Conclusion DE represents a core symptom of compulsive sexual behavior disorder and related comorbidities as well as a predisposing factor to the development of compulsive sexual behavior disorder. Addressing DE may facilitate better treatment outcomes for patients with CSB.
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Introduction: To date, multiple models of problematic pornography use have been proposed, but attempts to validate them have been scarce. Aim: In our study, we aimed to evaluate the Pornography Problems due to Moral Incongruence model... more
Introduction: To date, multiple models of problematic pornography use have been proposed, but attempts to validate them have been scarce. Aim: In our study, we aimed to evaluate the Pornography Problems due to Moral Incongruence model proposing that self-appraisals of pornography addiction stem from (i) general dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence between internalized norms and behavior. We investigated whether the model can be used to adequately explain the self-perceptions of addiction to pornography (model 1) and a broader phenomenon of problematic pornography use (model 2). Methods: An online, nationally representative study was conducted on a sample of 1036 Polish adult participants , of whom, 880 declared a lifetime history of viewing pornography. Main Outcome Measure: The outcomes were self-perceived pornography addiction, problematic pornography use, avoidant coping, frequency of pornography use, religiosity, moral disapproval of pornography, and related variables. Results: Our results indicated that avoidant coping (an indicator of general dysregulation), frequency of pornography use (indicator of habits of use), and the distress connected with incongruence between own sexual behavior and internalized norms, attitudes and beliefs positively contributed to self-perceived addiction (model 1) as well as problematic pornography use (model 2). This broadly confirms the basic shape of the PPMI model. There were, however, notable differences between the models. Moral incongruence related distress was only weakly related to self-perceived addiction (b ¼ 0.15, P < .001), with a stronger relation for problematic pornography use (b ¼ 0.31, P < .001). When controlling for other factors, religiosity weakly predicted problematic pornography use (b ¼ 0.13, P < .001), but not self-perceived addiction to pornography (b ¼ 0.03, P ¼ .368). Frequency of pornography use was the strongest predictor of both self-perceived addiction (b ¼ 0.52, P < .001) and problematic pornography use (b ¼ 0.43, P < .001). Clinical Implications: Factors proposed within the PPMI model are distinctly relevant intervention targets, and they should be considered in the process of diagnosis and treatment. Strengths & Limitations: The presented study is the first to evaluate PPMI model. Its main limitation is that it has a cross-sectional design. Conclusion: The PPMI model is a promising framework for investigating the factors related to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Despite the differences between the models and in the strength of specific predictors, (i) dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence all uniquely contribute to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use.
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Badanie dotyczyło poziomu wiedzy na temat zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu (autism spectrum disorders, ASD) oraz opinii dotyczących kształcenia inkluzyjnego dzieci z tymi zaburzeniami u studentów kierunków nauczycielskich (N = 70) i aktywnych... more
Badanie dotyczyło poziomu wiedzy na temat zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu (autism spectrum disorders, ASD) oraz opinii dotyczących kształcenia inkluzyjnego dzieci z tymi zaburzeniami u studentów kierunków nauczycielskich (N = 70) i aktywnych zawodowo nauczycieli ogólnodostępnych szkół podstawowych (N = 70). Poziom wiedzy o ASD oraz opinie na temat inkluzji mierzono dwoma opracowanymi na potrzeby badania kwestionariuszami. Ogólny poziom wiedzy na temat ASD był stosunkowo wysoki, odnotowano jednak utrzymywanie się przekonania o występowaniu u większości osób z ASD wybitnych zdolności, a także niejasności dotyczących znaczenia czynników psychogennych w etiologii tych zaburzeń. Większość badanych nauczycieli była zdania, że dla dzieci z ASD korzystniejsza jest edukacja w specjalnym środowisku szkolnym, uwzględniającym ich szczególne potrzeby. Ze względu na sondażowy charakter badania, specyfikę wykorzystanych narzędzi oraz małą liczbę uczestników uzyskane wyniki należy traktować jako wstęp do dalszych badań.
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The aim of this article is to outline school psychologist’s interventions, which might be useful while supporting a chronically, somatically ill child in their re-entry to school, aiming at broadening their peers’ knowledge about the... more
The aim of this article is to outline school psychologist’s interventions, which might be useful while supporting a chronically, somatically ill child in their re-entry to school, aiming at broadening their peers’ knowledge about the chronic disease and positively changing their attitudes towards the ill child. In the first part, the importance of peer relationships in childhood and adolescence, the relation of their quality to school absences and the positive role of school attendance in the process of adaptation to illness and recovery, are presented. Then, the arguments for school psychologist to become an agent of child’s positive school re-entry are provided. A framework of tasks to be performed by psychologist in the school setting is outlined. The second part focuses on the interventions which might be useful to meet expectations the environment has towards school psychologist in case of an ill child’s return to school. Among them, negative messages’ delivery, educational workshops design and delivery, promoting self-advocacy of the child, preventing violence and supporting child’s siblings have been chosen as important areas of actions related to the child’s peers. A selection of suggestions how to deal with these diverse fields of activity has been outlined, basing on re-entry models, as well as on useful directions and interventions to prevent bullying and support children in developing psychosocial competences, which are discussed in research reports, metaanalyses and professional literature.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to... more
The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, distinguishing ageism from appropriate practice variation as well as giving suggestions to improve the situation. The paper analyses research published worldwide on selected issues connected with ageism with special attention to medical professionals’ attitudes and ageist behaviours of the elderly’s environment in a situation of their disability or illness. Firstly, the relation of ageism to other forms of stereotyping is outlined. Then, the threats of positive ageism are elaborated. The next section is devoted to self-stereotyping of the elderly and its impact on their functioning. Then, the paper discusses medical professionals’ attitudes and ways to measure them, as well as educational interventions that may alter them. Finally, the article refers effective ways of adjusting health promotion messages to the needs of older adults. Ageism bases on mechanisms similar to sexism and racism, but there are some remarkable differences. Positive ageism may be compassionate, however, might be harmful when intruding into an elderly person’s decisions. Self-stereotyping may be described with a model of a vicious cycle. Contact with the elderly is found to be useful in changing medical staff’s attitudes. Family-centred messages are most effective when it comes to health promotion among older adults. Studies on ageism prove that negative convictions about the elderly are harmful and affect their functioning. Inclusion of the elderly should be applied in social contexts as well as in science, as the elderly are often missed out in research samples.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. dotyczącej tego tematu. W artykule... more
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. dotyczącej tego tematu. W artykule Ascha przedstawiającym te badania uwzględnione są teorie i pojęcia cytowane oraz rozszerzane współcześnie przez psychologów poznania społecznego. Opracowanie stanowi krytyczny przegląd raportów z badań naukowych dotyczących zagadnienia formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości. Wyniki analizy tych prac pozwoliły na przedstawienie w niniejszym artykule teorii Solomona Ascha w zaktualizowanym świetle. W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wpływ cech centralnych, w szczególności "ciepła" i "chłodu" odpowiadających za całościową ocenę człowieka. W części drugiej poruszono temat czynników zewnętrznych, na przykład kolejności poznawania cech, wpływu afektywnego i czasu trwania znajomości z ocenianą osobą na uformowane wrażenie. W części trzeciej opisano zjawisko zmian znaczeniowych cech osobowości w zależności od współwystępujących z nimi charakterystyk. Przedstawione w pracy eksperymenty potwierdzają obserwacje Ascha oraz wspierają tezę, że ogólne wrażenie o osobie wpływa na percepcję jej poszczególnych cech. Ludzie nie zdają sobie na ogół sprawy z występowania tego zjawiska. Wyniki badań omówionych w artykule mają szereg implikacji praktycznych dla osób wykonujących zawody związane z ocenianiem, takich jak nauczyciele, rekruterzy czy jurorzy, a także dla osób poddawanych ocenie. Warto, by osoby te zdawały sobie sprawę ze zniekształceń, jakie niesie z sobą automatyczne formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości czy kompetencji innych osób, i miały świadomość, że uleganie takiemu mechanizmowi często łączy się z odpowiedzialnością za los ocenianej osoby, np. w kontekście jej kariery szkolnej czy pracy zawodowej.
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Artykuł prezentuje wybrane XVI- i XVII-wieczne staropolskie teksty parenetyczne dotyczące wzorów osobowych kręgu dworskiego oraz wzorów osobowych kobiet. Zawarte w tych utworach treści parenetyczne analizowane są w artykule pod kątem... more
Artykuł prezentuje wybrane XVI- i XVII-wieczne staropolskie teksty parenetyczne dotyczące wzorów osobowych kręgu dworskiego oraz wzorów osobowych kobiet. Zawarte w tych utworach treści parenetyczne analizowane są w artykule pod kątem występowania idei bliskich platońskiej koncepcji cnót (aretai) – roztropności, męstwa, umiarkowania i sprawiedliwości, znanych później w chrześcijańskim kręgu kulturowym jako cnoty kardynalne. Ich uniwersalność sprawia, że stanowią dobrą podstawę do opisu cech charakterystycznych większości wzorów osobowych. W części pierwszej zarysowane zostaje tło historycznoliterackie powstawania literatury parenetycznej w kulturze europejskiej od czasów starożytności do wieku XVII. W części drugiej omówiono konkretne utwory staropolskie przedstawiające dwa wybrane wzory osobowe: dworzanina i kobiety. Poddane analizie zostają: Dworzanin polski Łukasza Górnickiego, Rozmowy Artaksesa i Ewandra Stanisława Herakliusza Lubomirskiego, Wzór pań mężnych Jana Kochanowskiego oraz Sprawy abo historyje znacznych niewiast Erazma Otwinowskiego. W każdym z utworów autorka poszukuje idei bliskich platońskiej koncepcji cnót i budując wokół nich analizę danego wzoru osobowego, przedstawia charakterystyczne cechy idealnego dworzanina i doskonałej kobiety.
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Although language evolution is an area in science yet to be developed, its foundations lay on empirical research. The aim of this article is to present three categories of ways to get empirical data on language evolution: observing... more
Although language evolution is an area in science yet to be developed, its foundations lay on empirical research. The aim of this article is to present three categories of ways to get empirical data on language evolution: observing language in laboratory, monitoring animal communication and analysing pidgins and creoles. The part of the paper about language in laboratory bases on English-language articles presenting the experiments made in this field of research: tacit communication game, embodied communication game, alien language experiments, Pictionary-like tasks. The part about monitoring animal communication describes observations of primates and mentions the topic of birds and other animals’ communication. The part about pidgins and creoles explains how pidgin becomes a creole, what is the difference between them and how they contribute to the development of language evolution as a field of research. It also presents an example of naturally emerged Nicaraguan Sign Language and concludes with an outline of main controversies and trends to be continued in language evolution.
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The Teaching English in Poland (TEIP) program relies on summer camps during which native English speakers, American volunteers, teach Polish children and adolescents using the language immersion method-during everyday activities, sports... more
The Teaching English in Poland (TEIP) program relies on summer camps during which native English speakers, American volunteers, teach Polish children and adolescents using the language immersion method-during everyday activities, sports and art classes, and similar occasions. A vital aspect of the evaluation of the program is researching its impact on the young people; however, the opinions of the volunteers regarding their participation and engagement in the program are equally important. The paper aims to recognize the value of the volunteers' opinions about what made them decide to take part in the program, about the positive and negative aspects of their engagement as well as what benefits and costs connected to participation in the program they notice. The first part outlines the theoretical aspects of volunteer engagement among adults, of which the most important aspect from the perspective of the TEIP is the process of volunteer engagement and the motivations for volunteering. Part two presents the results of a short opinion survey conducted among the TEIP volunteers, along with an interpretation of the results. The summary focuses on the meaning of the study results and the limitations of the described research.
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Program „Teaching English in Poland” (TEIP) opiera się na organizacji wakacyjnych obozów, podczas których amerykańscy wolontariusze uczą polskie dzieci i polską młodzież metodą „zanurzenia w języku”, czyli w trakcie codziennych... more
Program „Teaching English in Poland” (TEIP) opiera się na organizacji wakacyjnych obozów, podczas których amerykańscy wolontariusze uczą polskie dzieci i polską młodzież metodą „zanurzenia w języku”, czyli w trakcie codziennych aktywności, zajęć sportowych, artystycznych i innych podobnych wspólnych działań. Ważnym aspektem ewaluacji programu jest badanie jego efektów wśród młodzieży, nie mniej istotne są jednak opinie samych wolontariuszy na temat ich udziału w tej inicjatywie i ich zaangażowania. Artykuł ma zaprezentować ich zdanie na temat tego, co spowodowało podjęcie przez nich decyzji o przystąpieniu do programu, jakie są według nich pozytywne i negatywne strony udziału w nim oraz jakie korzyści i koszty związane z tym udziałem zauważają. W pierwszej części zostaną przedstawione teoretyczne aspekty zaangażowania w wolontariat osób dorosłych (najważniejsze z perspektywy programu TEIP) – dotyczące włączenia w wolontariat oraz funkcji wolontariatu. W drugiej części zostaną zaprezentowane wyniki krótkiego badania opinii wolontariuszy programu TEIP wraz z ich interpretacją. W podsumowaniu skupiono się na znaczeniu wyników przedstawionego badania oraz towarzyszących mu ograniczeniach.
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The participatory budget in Warsaw is a form of citizen involvement in city planning. The projects submitted in the budget concern, among other things, the physical transformation of space, organizing events integrating the community, and... more
The participatory budget in Warsaw is a form of citizen involvement in city planning. The projects submitted in the budget concern, among other things, the physical transformation of space, organizing events integrating the community, and educational programs. Each of the above categories may determine the inclusion of people with disabilities in society. Social inclusion in the perspective of city change is an interesting and still rarely researched phenomenon. This article is an analysis of the content of projects for people with disabilities submitted and implemented under the participatory budget in Warsaw in the years 2015–2020. On the basis of the collected material, a quantitative study was conducted and the results were used to formulate conclusions on how urban space is used and transformed through grassroots initiatives for people with disabilities. We present the scientific implications of the abovementioned analysis in the contexts of city sociology and environmental and rehabilitation psychology.
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Book review.
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The paper concentrates on evaluating workshops entitled “Siła Woli” for high school students, prepared by Open Door Association, conducted by self-advocates with intellectual disability. Two studies are presented: (1) interviews with... more
The paper concentrates on evaluating workshops entitled “Siła Woli” for high school students, prepared by Open Door Association, conducted by self-advocates with intellectual disability. Two studies are presented: (1) interviews with educators about their experiences in being self-advocates; (2) a study on high school students, examining changes in attitudes towards people with intellectual disability which might have occurred after participating in a meeting with educators. Workshops were positively assessed by the participants, however, did not cause lasting changes in the attitudes towards persons with disabilities. Taking this into account, the summary section includes tips which might be useful for the Association during planning further workshops, as well as possible directions of future studies evaluating their effectiveness.
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W pracy przedstawiono proces i wyniki ewaluacji warsztatów dla licealistów „Siła Woli” przeprowadzonych przez self-adwokatów z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną ze Stowarzyszenia Otwarte Drzwi. Zaprezentowano dwa badania: (1) wywiady z edukatorami na temat ich doświadczeń w byciu rzecznikiem własnych praw oraz (2) badanie uczestników warsztatów sprawdzające ewentualne zmiany opinii i postaw wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną pod wpływem udziału w spotkaniu z edukatorami. Warsztaty zostały pozytywnie ocenione przez uczestników, jednak nie przełożyły się na trwałą modyfikację ich postaw wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością. W części podsumowującej przedstawiono wskazówki dotyczące planowania kolejnych oddziaływań Stowarzyszenia i możliwe kierunki przyszłych badań ewaluujących ich skuteczność.
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W pracy przedstawiono proces i wyniki ewaluacji warsztatów dla licealistów „Siła Woli” przeprowadzonych przez self-adwokatów z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną ze Stowarzyszenia Otwarte Drzwi. Zaprezentowano dwa badania: (1) wywiady z edukatorami na temat ich doświadczeń w byciu rzecznikiem własnych praw oraz (2) badanie uczestników warsztatów sprawdzające ewentualne zmiany opinii i postaw wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną pod wpływem udziału w spotkaniu z edukatorami. Warsztaty zostały pozytywnie ocenione przez uczestników, jednak nie przełożyły się na trwałą modyfikację ich postaw wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością. W części podsumowującej przedstawiono wskazówki dotyczące planowania kolejnych oddziaływań Stowarzyszenia i możliwe kierunki przyszłych badań ewaluujących ich skuteczność.
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Polskie tłumaczenie Skali Lęku przed Koronawirusem FCV-19S | Polish translation of Fear of COVID-19 Scale FCV-19S.
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Supporting information on methodology and supplementary tables.