The extraction of unsustainable natural resources like sand and topsoil for construction is distu... more The extraction of unsustainable natural resources like sand and topsoil for construction is disturbing ecological balance, affecting local hydrology and wildlife. The inter-governmental panel on climate change (IPCC) has discussed its adverse impacts worldwide and has restricted its extraction. This article has mooted some of its potential threats and remedies to combat climate change and other social issues associated with the brick industry. Bricks made of clay are commonly used as a building material for masonry works in densely populated South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. To make clay bricks, the topsoil of the floodplain area where most agriculture productivity is carried out is utilized in millions of tons every year. The main drawbacks of topsoil removal are the depletion of the seed bank, removing soil biota, and diminishing soil properties and functions. Furthermore, the process often involves burning firewood as emitting fuel CO 2, SO2, NO2, and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Thus, the clay brick-making industry contributes to the greenhouse gases directly affecting soil fertility. The primary focus of this review article is to promote research on flyash-based bricks for the brick industry and provide safe and cost-effective sustainable materials to substitute clay bricks. This review article presents the worldwide production of clay bricks and their harmful impact on the environment. The current and future scenarios on flyash, systematic literature review (SLR) on flyash-based bricks, the practical utility of clay and flyash-based bricks, and issues and opportunities were also discussed. The findings obtained from the past published studies on flyash-based bricks give an insight to the researchers. The review article also presents the prospects for researchers and designers.
The geochemical study of the Chirimiri sandstones of Talchir Formation has been carried out to in... more The geochemical study of the Chirimiri sandstones of Talchir Formation has been carried out to investigate about the provenance, weathering signatures and tectonic setting. Major oxides suggest that the Chirimiri sandstone is compositionally immature with low content of SiO /Al O ratio. It is arkose to lithic-arenite type. The weathering indices like CIA and CIW and Th/U ratio suggest that Chirimiri sandstones suffered low to moderate chemical weathering. The chondrite normalised REE patterns of enriched LREE and flat HREE with negative Eu/Eu anomaly along with trace element ratios of Th/Sc, Cr/Th and Zr/Sc suggest that these sediments were dominantly derived from the rocks of intermediate composition. Among these rocks some contains high Gd/Yb and HREE content. The Chirimiri sandstones were derived from passive margin setting, where the basin had undergone local (small scale) rifting prior to Gondwana disintegration. The Chirimiri basin can also be considered as a locally pull-apart basin and its sediments show geochemical signatures analogous to the basins of active continental margin setting. 2 2 3 *
The present study deals with the petrographic interpretation of Talchir Formation sandstone, in a... more The present study deals with the petrographic interpretation of Talchir Formation sandstone, in and around Chirimiri area, Koriya district, Chhattisgarh state India located in Son-Mahanadi basin. This basin is an elongate graben showing northwest-southeast trend and considered to be one of the largest intra-cratonic rift basins of Indian peninsula. Talchir Formation is the lowermost unit of thick classical Gondwana sedimentary succession and rests unconformably on Precambrian basement. The petrographic studies consisting of point count show the presence of quartz as a dominant framework mineral with subordinate amounts of feldspars and rock fragments. The data plot in the fields of cratonic interior and transitional margin of continental block prove-nance. In the Qt (quartz)-F (feldspar)-L (lithic fragments) triangular diagram, indicating the source of these sediments was located in transitional margin and continental block provenance. The petrographic classification suggests that this formation in the study area dominantly contains compositionally immature to submature ar-kosic, sub-arkosic and lithic-arkosic sandstones. The bivariate plot between Qp/(F+R) vs. Qt/(F+R) indicates changes in climatic conditions from semi-arid to semi-humid during Permo-Carboniferous period.
The Talchir Formation (Permo-carboniferous) is the lowermost unit of Gondwana Supergroup which re... more The Talchir Formation (Permo-carboniferous) is the lowermost unit of Gondwana Supergroup which rests unconformably over the Precambrian basement of Indian peninsula. Modal analysis and geochemistry of Tal-chir sandstones and shales of Chirimiri area, Son valley sub basin, Chhattisgarh, is carried out to know nature of provenance and its composition, weathering condition and tectonic setting of both source area and depositional basin. These characters are determined with the help of QtFL parameter, and bivariate plot between TiO2 vs Zr, geochemical proxies [A/ACNK)*100] and ratio of major oxide K2O/Na2O vs SiO2 have been utilised to achieve this aim. The petrochemical attributes of the clastic rocks of Talchir Formation suggest that these sediments have been derived from continental block having rocks of mixed composition which was subjected to moderate weathering during late Palaeozoic time. These sediments were deposited in basin situated at passive margin.
The extraction of unsustainable natural resources like sand and topsoil for construction is distu... more The extraction of unsustainable natural resources like sand and topsoil for construction is disturbing ecological balance, affecting local hydrology and wildlife. The inter-governmental panel on climate change (IPCC) has discussed its adverse impacts worldwide and has restricted its extraction. This article has mooted some of its potential threats and remedies to combat climate change and other social issues associated with the brick industry. Bricks made of clay are commonly used as a building material for masonry works in densely populated South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. To make clay bricks, the topsoil of the floodplain area where most agriculture productivity is carried out is utilized in millions of tons every year. The main drawbacks of topsoil removal are the depletion of the seed bank, removing soil biota, and diminishing soil properties and functions. Furthermore, the process often involves burning firewood as emitting fuel CO 2, SO2, NO2, and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Thus, the clay brick-making industry contributes to the greenhouse gases directly affecting soil fertility. The primary focus of this review article is to promote research on flyash-based bricks for the brick industry and provide safe and cost-effective sustainable materials to substitute clay bricks. This review article presents the worldwide production of clay bricks and their harmful impact on the environment. The current and future scenarios on flyash, systematic literature review (SLR) on flyash-based bricks, the practical utility of clay and flyash-based bricks, and issues and opportunities were also discussed. The findings obtained from the past published studies on flyash-based bricks give an insight to the researchers. The review article also presents the prospects for researchers and designers.
The geochemical study of the Chirimiri sandstones of Talchir Formation has been carried out to in... more The geochemical study of the Chirimiri sandstones of Talchir Formation has been carried out to investigate about the provenance, weathering signatures and tectonic setting. Major oxides suggest that the Chirimiri sandstone is compositionally immature with low content of SiO /Al O ratio. It is arkose to lithic-arenite type. The weathering indices like CIA and CIW and Th/U ratio suggest that Chirimiri sandstones suffered low to moderate chemical weathering. The chondrite normalised REE patterns of enriched LREE and flat HREE with negative Eu/Eu anomaly along with trace element ratios of Th/Sc, Cr/Th and Zr/Sc suggest that these sediments were dominantly derived from the rocks of intermediate composition. Among these rocks some contains high Gd/Yb and HREE content. The Chirimiri sandstones were derived from passive margin setting, where the basin had undergone local (small scale) rifting prior to Gondwana disintegration. The Chirimiri basin can also be considered as a locally pull-apart basin and its sediments show geochemical signatures analogous to the basins of active continental margin setting. 2 2 3 *
The present study deals with the petrographic interpretation of Talchir Formation sandstone, in a... more The present study deals with the petrographic interpretation of Talchir Formation sandstone, in and around Chirimiri area, Koriya district, Chhattisgarh state India located in Son-Mahanadi basin. This basin is an elongate graben showing northwest-southeast trend and considered to be one of the largest intra-cratonic rift basins of Indian peninsula. Talchir Formation is the lowermost unit of thick classical Gondwana sedimentary succession and rests unconformably on Precambrian basement. The petrographic studies consisting of point count show the presence of quartz as a dominant framework mineral with subordinate amounts of feldspars and rock fragments. The data plot in the fields of cratonic interior and transitional margin of continental block prove-nance. In the Qt (quartz)-F (feldspar)-L (lithic fragments) triangular diagram, indicating the source of these sediments was located in transitional margin and continental block provenance. The petrographic classification suggests that this formation in the study area dominantly contains compositionally immature to submature ar-kosic, sub-arkosic and lithic-arkosic sandstones. The bivariate plot between Qp/(F+R) vs. Qt/(F+R) indicates changes in climatic conditions from semi-arid to semi-humid during Permo-Carboniferous period.
The Talchir Formation (Permo-carboniferous) is the lowermost unit of Gondwana Supergroup which re... more The Talchir Formation (Permo-carboniferous) is the lowermost unit of Gondwana Supergroup which rests unconformably over the Precambrian basement of Indian peninsula. Modal analysis and geochemistry of Tal-chir sandstones and shales of Chirimiri area, Son valley sub basin, Chhattisgarh, is carried out to know nature of provenance and its composition, weathering condition and tectonic setting of both source area and depositional basin. These characters are determined with the help of QtFL parameter, and bivariate plot between TiO2 vs Zr, geochemical proxies [A/ACNK)*100] and ratio of major oxide K2O/Na2O vs SiO2 have been utilised to achieve this aim. The petrochemical attributes of the clastic rocks of Talchir Formation suggest that these sediments have been derived from continental block having rocks of mixed composition which was subjected to moderate weathering during late Palaeozoic time. These sediments were deposited in basin situated at passive margin.
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gases directly affecting soil fertility. The primary focus of this review article is to promote research on flyash-based bricks for the brick industry and provide safe and cost-effective sustainable materials to substitute clay bricks. This review article presents the worldwide production of clay bricks and their harmful impact on the environment. The current and future scenarios on flyash, systematic literature review (SLR) on flyash-based bricks, the practical utility of clay and flyash-based bricks, and issues and opportunities were also discussed. The findings obtained from the past published studies on flyash-based bricks give an insight to the researchers. The review article also presents the prospects for researchers and designers.
gases directly affecting soil fertility. The primary focus of this review article is to promote research on flyash-based bricks for the brick industry and provide safe and cost-effective sustainable materials to substitute clay bricks. This review article presents the worldwide production of clay bricks and their harmful impact on the environment. The current and future scenarios on flyash, systematic literature review (SLR) on flyash-based bricks, the practical utility of clay and flyash-based bricks, and issues and opportunities were also discussed. The findings obtained from the past published studies on flyash-based bricks give an insight to the researchers. The review article also presents the prospects for researchers and designers.