Despite its top ranked position in formulating and launching national development plans in the po... more Despite its top ranked position in formulating and launching national development plans in the post derg era, budgetary system in Ethiopia is not digitalized and budget is highly an input oriented rather than a performance oriented system. Although substantial policy changes have been undertaken to improve resource allocation in the public sector, more remains to be done to strengthen the process of expenditure planning and budget allocation. In face of limited resource and increasing demands, there is a need to strengthen expenditure planning and budget allocation processes, so as to promote efficiency and sustainability of public investment program. This synthesis paper indicated that there is no unit cost and standardization of activities to estimate operational and project costs. MTEF can improve the efficiency of public expenditure by locking countries into a process which, over time, channels resources from low value to high value uses and helps ensure that key services are adequately funded. Also equally important is the role of MTEF to improve predictability of resource flows if estimates are based on more realistic assumptions about revenue. Moreover, MTEF can raise resource consciousness and promote more output or outcome focused approaches by requiring line departments to be more explicit about what they propose to do, why they want to do it and what it will cost. The framework improves accountability by encouraging governments to consider the medium/long term financial implications of their policy choices.
This paper focuses mainly on assessing the food securityagriculture-climate change nexus and prov... more This paper focuses mainly on assessing the food securityagriculture-climate change nexus and provides multidisciplinary scientific assessment and recommendations for sustainable agro ecological solutions in the quest of humanity to sustainable development. While agriculture tend to support the overwhelming majority of the population in every part of Africa in general and in Ethiopia in particular, climate change in itself will very likely affect four key dimensions of the food security including availability, accessibility, utilization and sustainability of the food, due to close linkage between food and water security and climate change. The impacts of climate change and increases in climate variability on agricultural systems and natural-resource-dependent households, as well as on food security and the future vulnerability of already hungry people in Ethiopia and of course in most of the developing countries in Africa, are highlighted in the paper. It is also worth mentioning that, the role of climate-smart agriculture can be used for mitigating and adapting the impacts of projected climate change. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes. Furthermore, it addresses challenges faced by triple interplay of agriculture, food security and climate change simultaneously and holistically.
As one of the predominant and specialized livelihood systems persisted for centuries in the Horn ... more As one of the predominant and specialized livelihood systems persisted for centuries in the Horn of Africa in general and in Ethiopia in particular, pastoralism is highly dependent on livestock by definition and involves the mobility of herds to access grazing and water. The paper argues that it has been one of the most resilient livelihood systems because of the ability of pastoralists to adapt to resource scarce, ecologically fragile, and climatically highly variable circumstances. However, significant shifts in natural, socio-economic and institutional conditions have resulted in high levels of vulnerability, and as a result pastoralists particularly in Ethiopia are heavily impacted by drought. The paper needs to uncover the fact that an understanding of the particular constraints and strategies of pastoralists is an important first step in designing appropriate emergency interventions to support their economies in times of crisis. Any disaster planning in pastoral areas must start from an understanding of the main characteristics of pastoral societies. Nationally, longstanding negative perceptions of pastoralism continue to influence decision makers. For example, despite increased attention to pastoral-related issues and pastoral areas in recent years, Ethiopia often encourages pastoral communities to settle and take up agriculture. Settlement as a government strategy and the responses of pastoralists in different villagization sites are discussed. It is also indicated that the deteriorating condition of rangelands linked to resettlement greatly undermined local livelihoods and land tenure security. As observed from the living standards and the various literatures on the topic of pastoralism, pastoral livelihoods are today highly vulnerable because of the loss of valuable natural resources, increasing restrictions on herd mobility and unsound sedentarization programmes pursued by successive governments. The net effect has been increasing poverty, recurrent food insecurity, and the deterioration of livestock herds both in number and quality. With regard to preparing for disasters and emergencies, to help pastoral people to avoid impending disaster threats, the paper presented feasible disaster preparedness framework which can serve as feedback to various stakeholders who aspire to work on the promotion of pastoralism in Ethiopia and the Horn.
Now a days, land degradation has emerged as a significant
threat to the promotion of green econom... more Now a days, land degradation has emerged as a significant threat to the promotion of green economy, wellbeing of the ecology and ensuring food security. To counteract such a problem, Scaling up SLM technologies is a drastic solution. It is with this grand theme that this study was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda in three surrounding districts (Amumo, Kundimeda and Messal) taking the vulnerability of the area in to consideration. It shade light at identifying the factors hindering the adoption of SLM technologies and, the role of SLM technologies to ensure food security, and assessing the causes of food security in the context of SLM in the study area. The data used were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include structured questionnaire survey and focus group discussion methods. A total of 193 households were interviewed and their responses were interpreted. Scientific reports and conference proceedings were used to support the primary data. Descriptive statistics method was used for analyzing among farm land size, household, topography, erosion status and the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. The results indicated that farm land size, educational status of household head, slop of the farm land, lack of awareness, lack of adequate rain fall, financial constraints and distance to the farm plot from household home were among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SLM in the study area which resulted in food insecurity. Furthermore, applying cost effective technologies which are suited for different topography such as manure, stone bundles, check dams, planting trees, etc. are recommended to be adopted effectively to ensure food security. Finally, lack of rainfall, land degradation and soil erosion, small land size, and limited status of SLM technologies are found to be causes of food insecurity in the context of SLM. As land is the main stay of the life in rural areas, efforts should be exerted for successfully scaling up of SLM technologies.
This paper presents a review of government development policies and their impact on poverty reduc... more This paper presents a review of government development policies and their impact on poverty reduction in Ethiopia. In the paper an attempt is made to identify policies; especially with regard to Agriculture sector, as it is the back bone of the livelihood of the people more than 85 percent in Ethiopia. Due to this reason, every development policy in the country is devised in line with this sector so that technology transfer is possible from agriculture to industry. This is why the government of Ethiopia is following a policy known as ADLI, agricultural development lead industrialization. Since the over throw of the derg regime(1975- 1991) and the introduction of EPRDF, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, there have been achieved significant achievements in the service, agriculture, industry and other sectors and a great deal of poverty reduction. This is because of the various successful, people centered and achievable development policies whose focuses is eradicating the worst aspects of absolute poverty that have been existed for centuries and bringing about significant social and economic transformation with in a shortest possible time. While devising the policies, the government made a turning point and total departure from the past in terms of market liberalization and a structural adjustment program reforms which enable to economy recover rapidly. Among others, tariffs have been cut, quota constraints relaxed, licensing procedures simplified, foreign exchange controls eased, compulsory cooperative membership and grain delivery discontinued, subsidized rationing of manufactured consumer goods and fertilizers have been discontinued, privatization of state-owned enterprises begun, private banks authorized, and interest rates decontrolled and an interbank money market introduced, etc. In terms of the agriculture sector Capital investment, application of modern and improved agricultural production technology, secured landownership, and effective financial services are some of the factors that initiated and bringing improvement in productivity in agriculture which in turn enable the people to be food secured. Therefore, poverty reduction strategy in Ethiopia has been successful in many respects. Key Words: Government Policies, Agriculture, Poverty Reduction, Development, Ethiopia
An attempt is made to examine the ongoing political and economic changes in the upstream countrie... more An attempt is made to examine the ongoing political and economic changes in the upstream countries (as well as in Sudan) and on how these dynamics might affect and challenge both the regional balance of power and the ongoing issue of hydro politics among the riparian states in the Nile basin region. Nile basin is one of hot-spots where violent conflict could break out over the shared water recourses because of various hydro political intricacies that it involves. The intricacies that may lead to conflict include: inequitable use of water resources, interstate relations that are based on suspicion and misunderstanding, and unilateral appropriation of the Nile waters. Using its hegemonic power acquired for centuries and the myth of Herodotus, Egypt took the monopoly of the Nile issue. Thus, until very recently, in equitable distribution of water resources has been prevalent among the Nile basin countries. The article tried to analyze the correlation between the shifts in power relations in the Nile basin which started a decade ago. It is indicated that these power changes have led to the development of a new kind of relationship in which “no war, no peace “system is preferred by the two riparian states, Egypt and Ethiopia. Avenues and deriving forces for hydro political reform, such as the Nile Basin Initiative, and the role of China and other donors or investors are not to be unnoticed. In the contemporary era, one important phenomena that has changed the Nile hydro politics is the emergence of China, a new external trading partner to several of the Nile riparian states and a country unencumbered with international water and environmental regulations in its financing approach, has brought not only new opportunities for dam construction in the Nile basin region but also new challenges for hydro political relations. Key words: Riparian States, China, Nile river basin, Egypt, Power Shift, Ethiopia
Abstract-
What has been seen from the experiences of African countries is that a leadership style... more Abstract- What has been seen from the experiences of African countries is that a leadership style based on command and control is no longer suited for making a capable state, characterized by constitutionalism. This will require high-level skills combined with strong commitment and determination on the part of African leaders at large. Beyond the coming into power with a limited experience, African leaders are too stubborn and are attacked by rigidity and no room for dynamism in their character. This situation contributes its part to the today’s insecure governance structure in the continent. If African leaders and the government they lead are dedicated to the rights, unity and well-being of their people, they will ensure the consolidation of their nation and its security which will have a cumulative transformation on the governance architecture of the continent. Recently, Africa needs leaders that understood the social, economic and political forces that constitute the security arena and who never forget their role as an ultimate stakeholder for promoting good governance and the subsequent events of wealth creation and sustainable development in the continent. Keywords: good governance, leadership, development, africa. GJHSS-F Classification : FOR Code: 120199
After years of significant neglect and marginalization, pastoralism and pastoralists are getting ... more After years of significant neglect and marginalization, pastoralism and pastoralists are getting new avenues since a few years ago. Though, pastoralism is a highly unique..........................
Abstract
An attempt is made to identify the various challenges to the promotion of development in... more Abstract An attempt is made to identify the various challenges to the promotion of development in the pastoralist regions of Ethiopia which include among others, Environmental Challenges, Policy and Strategy Challenges and low level infrastructural development which brought about frequent drought, conflict, prevalence of human and animal disease and food insecurity. In Ethiopia, it is found that food security & hunger remains the greatest concern in almost all pastoral regions of the country. This in turn implies that the poverty situation in these areas doesn’t show significant changes for years compared with non-pastoral regions in the country. The paper highlighted a number of alternative strategies for the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of the country. These include sedentarization of mobile pastoralists on voluntary basis, consolidate and stabilize those who are already settled or semi-settled through improved water supply, pasture and social services, carefully select viable and reliable river courses for future sedentarization based on irrigation and link these places through roads and other communication lines, respect livestock mobility, Livelihood diversification; and also a number of technical interventions which include Improve Water Supply & Irrigation Development, Livestock & Range resources Development and Strengthening infrastructures, Institutional Support and adequate representation. Highlighting the current status of pastoral life, the paper suggested valuable recommendations which are deemed necessary instruments to the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Key Words; Managing, Development, Challenges, Pastoralism, Ethiopia
In the paper, an attempt is made to identify the critical role of Information Communication Techn... more In the paper, an attempt is made to identify the critical role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) for promoting Good Governance (GG) and Agricultural Development in the context of southern Ethiopia. Accordingly, active citizen participation, providing quality service delivery, influence government decision-making and execution, improve government-citizen relationship, creating transparency, whose overall implication is the prevalence of rule of law, the ultimate characteristic of good governance in a given country. Such governance transformations significantly contributed for the promotion of agricultural development and consequent long term transformation. ICT can play a crucial role in benefiting the resources trapped farmers with up to date knowledge and information on agricultural technologies, best practices, markets, price trends, and weather conditions. The experiences of most countries indicate that rapid development of ICT, which facilitates the flow of data and information, has tremendously enhanced the knowledge management practice in agriculture. However, despite relative attractive progress made in a few decades ago, in Ethiopia the use of ICT for the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge and information is still low. Currently, among the various ICT related initiatives, radio is widely used to share and inform users on agricultural issues, including new and upgraded farming techniques, production management, market information, and other issues. Due to its strategic importance in reaching the majority of the smallholders, attempts are being made to strengthen the delivery of knowledge and information through radio programs. Unlike the previous trends of using such traditional ICT tools (i.e., radio and TV), the use of modern ICT (computer, internet, mobile telephony, etc) is getting popular adoption in the small towns of the country. It is found that low infrastructural development is the challenge for ICT in the rural areas of southern Ethiopia. Key Words: ICT, Good Governance, Agricultural Development, Ethiopia
Despite its top ranked position in formulating and launching national development plans in the po... more Despite its top ranked position in formulating and launching national development plans in the post derg era, budgetary system in Ethiopia is not digitalized and budget is highly an input oriented rather than a performance oriented system. Although substantial policy changes have been undertaken to improve resource allocation in the public sector, more remains to be done to strengthen the process of expenditure planning and budget allocation. In face of limited resource and increasing demands, there is a need to strengthen expenditure planning and budget allocation processes, so as to promote efficiency and sustainability of public investment program. This synthesis paper indicated that there is no unit cost and standardization of activities to estimate operational and project costs. MTEF can improve the efficiency of public expenditure by locking countries into a process which, over time, channels resources from low value to high value uses and helps ensure that key services are adequately funded. Also equally important is the role of MTEF to improve predictability of resource flows if estimates are based on more realistic assumptions about revenue. Moreover, MTEF can raise resource consciousness and promote more output or outcome focused approaches by requiring line departments to be more explicit about what they propose to do, why they want to do it and what it will cost. The framework improves accountability by encouraging governments to consider the medium/long term financial implications of their policy choices.
This paper focuses mainly on assessing the food securityagriculture-climate change nexus and prov... more This paper focuses mainly on assessing the food securityagriculture-climate change nexus and provides multidisciplinary scientific assessment and recommendations for sustainable agro ecological solutions in the quest of humanity to sustainable development. While agriculture tend to support the overwhelming majority of the population in every part of Africa in general and in Ethiopia in particular, climate change in itself will very likely affect four key dimensions of the food security including availability, accessibility, utilization and sustainability of the food, due to close linkage between food and water security and climate change. The impacts of climate change and increases in climate variability on agricultural systems and natural-resource-dependent households, as well as on food security and the future vulnerability of already hungry people in Ethiopia and of course in most of the developing countries in Africa, are highlighted in the paper. It is also worth mentioning that, the role of climate-smart agriculture can be used for mitigating and adapting the impacts of projected climate change. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes. Furthermore, it addresses challenges faced by triple interplay of agriculture, food security and climate change simultaneously and holistically.
As one of the predominant and specialized livelihood systems persisted for centuries in the Horn ... more As one of the predominant and specialized livelihood systems persisted for centuries in the Horn of Africa in general and in Ethiopia in particular, pastoralism is highly dependent on livestock by definition and involves the mobility of herds to access grazing and water. The paper argues that it has been one of the most resilient livelihood systems because of the ability of pastoralists to adapt to resource scarce, ecologically fragile, and climatically highly variable circumstances. However, significant shifts in natural, socio-economic and institutional conditions have resulted in high levels of vulnerability, and as a result pastoralists particularly in Ethiopia are heavily impacted by drought. The paper needs to uncover the fact that an understanding of the particular constraints and strategies of pastoralists is an important first step in designing appropriate emergency interventions to support their economies in times of crisis. Any disaster planning in pastoral areas must start from an understanding of the main characteristics of pastoral societies. Nationally, longstanding negative perceptions of pastoralism continue to influence decision makers. For example, despite increased attention to pastoral-related issues and pastoral areas in recent years, Ethiopia often encourages pastoral communities to settle and take up agriculture. Settlement as a government strategy and the responses of pastoralists in different villagization sites are discussed. It is also indicated that the deteriorating condition of rangelands linked to resettlement greatly undermined local livelihoods and land tenure security. As observed from the living standards and the various literatures on the topic of pastoralism, pastoral livelihoods are today highly vulnerable because of the loss of valuable natural resources, increasing restrictions on herd mobility and unsound sedentarization programmes pursued by successive governments. The net effect has been increasing poverty, recurrent food insecurity, and the deterioration of livestock herds both in number and quality. With regard to preparing for disasters and emergencies, to help pastoral people to avoid impending disaster threats, the paper presented feasible disaster preparedness framework which can serve as feedback to various stakeholders who aspire to work on the promotion of pastoralism in Ethiopia and the Horn.
Now a days, land degradation has emerged as a significant
threat to the promotion of green econom... more Now a days, land degradation has emerged as a significant threat to the promotion of green economy, wellbeing of the ecology and ensuring food security. To counteract such a problem, Scaling up SLM technologies is a drastic solution. It is with this grand theme that this study was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda in three surrounding districts (Amumo, Kundimeda and Messal) taking the vulnerability of the area in to consideration. It shade light at identifying the factors hindering the adoption of SLM technologies and, the role of SLM technologies to ensure food security, and assessing the causes of food security in the context of SLM in the study area. The data used were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include structured questionnaire survey and focus group discussion methods. A total of 193 households were interviewed and their responses were interpreted. Scientific reports and conference proceedings were used to support the primary data. Descriptive statistics method was used for analyzing among farm land size, household, topography, erosion status and the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. The results indicated that farm land size, educational status of household head, slop of the farm land, lack of awareness, lack of adequate rain fall, financial constraints and distance to the farm plot from household home were among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SLM in the study area which resulted in food insecurity. Furthermore, applying cost effective technologies which are suited for different topography such as manure, stone bundles, check dams, planting trees, etc. are recommended to be adopted effectively to ensure food security. Finally, lack of rainfall, land degradation and soil erosion, small land size, and limited status of SLM technologies are found to be causes of food insecurity in the context of SLM. As land is the main stay of the life in rural areas, efforts should be exerted for successfully scaling up of SLM technologies.
This paper presents a review of government development policies and their impact on poverty reduc... more This paper presents a review of government development policies and their impact on poverty reduction in Ethiopia. In the paper an attempt is made to identify policies; especially with regard to Agriculture sector, as it is the back bone of the livelihood of the people more than 85 percent in Ethiopia. Due to this reason, every development policy in the country is devised in line with this sector so that technology transfer is possible from agriculture to industry. This is why the government of Ethiopia is following a policy known as ADLI, agricultural development lead industrialization. Since the over throw of the derg regime(1975- 1991) and the introduction of EPRDF, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, there have been achieved significant achievements in the service, agriculture, industry and other sectors and a great deal of poverty reduction. This is because of the various successful, people centered and achievable development policies whose focuses is eradicating the worst aspects of absolute poverty that have been existed for centuries and bringing about significant social and economic transformation with in a shortest possible time. While devising the policies, the government made a turning point and total departure from the past in terms of market liberalization and a structural adjustment program reforms which enable to economy recover rapidly. Among others, tariffs have been cut, quota constraints relaxed, licensing procedures simplified, foreign exchange controls eased, compulsory cooperative membership and grain delivery discontinued, subsidized rationing of manufactured consumer goods and fertilizers have been discontinued, privatization of state-owned enterprises begun, private banks authorized, and interest rates decontrolled and an interbank money market introduced, etc. In terms of the agriculture sector Capital investment, application of modern and improved agricultural production technology, secured landownership, and effective financial services are some of the factors that initiated and bringing improvement in productivity in agriculture which in turn enable the people to be food secured. Therefore, poverty reduction strategy in Ethiopia has been successful in many respects. Key Words: Government Policies, Agriculture, Poverty Reduction, Development, Ethiopia
An attempt is made to examine the ongoing political and economic changes in the upstream countrie... more An attempt is made to examine the ongoing political and economic changes in the upstream countries (as well as in Sudan) and on how these dynamics might affect and challenge both the regional balance of power and the ongoing issue of hydro politics among the riparian states in the Nile basin region. Nile basin is one of hot-spots where violent conflict could break out over the shared water recourses because of various hydro political intricacies that it involves. The intricacies that may lead to conflict include: inequitable use of water resources, interstate relations that are based on suspicion and misunderstanding, and unilateral appropriation of the Nile waters. Using its hegemonic power acquired for centuries and the myth of Herodotus, Egypt took the monopoly of the Nile issue. Thus, until very recently, in equitable distribution of water resources has been prevalent among the Nile basin countries. The article tried to analyze the correlation between the shifts in power relations in the Nile basin which started a decade ago. It is indicated that these power changes have led to the development of a new kind of relationship in which “no war, no peace “system is preferred by the two riparian states, Egypt and Ethiopia. Avenues and deriving forces for hydro political reform, such as the Nile Basin Initiative, and the role of China and other donors or investors are not to be unnoticed. In the contemporary era, one important phenomena that has changed the Nile hydro politics is the emergence of China, a new external trading partner to several of the Nile riparian states and a country unencumbered with international water and environmental regulations in its financing approach, has brought not only new opportunities for dam construction in the Nile basin region but also new challenges for hydro political relations. Key words: Riparian States, China, Nile river basin, Egypt, Power Shift, Ethiopia
Abstract-
What has been seen from the experiences of African countries is that a leadership style... more Abstract- What has been seen from the experiences of African countries is that a leadership style based on command and control is no longer suited for making a capable state, characterized by constitutionalism. This will require high-level skills combined with strong commitment and determination on the part of African leaders at large. Beyond the coming into power with a limited experience, African leaders are too stubborn and are attacked by rigidity and no room for dynamism in their character. This situation contributes its part to the today’s insecure governance structure in the continent. If African leaders and the government they lead are dedicated to the rights, unity and well-being of their people, they will ensure the consolidation of their nation and its security which will have a cumulative transformation on the governance architecture of the continent. Recently, Africa needs leaders that understood the social, economic and political forces that constitute the security arena and who never forget their role as an ultimate stakeholder for promoting good governance and the subsequent events of wealth creation and sustainable development in the continent. Keywords: good governance, leadership, development, africa. GJHSS-F Classification : FOR Code: 120199
After years of significant neglect and marginalization, pastoralism and pastoralists are getting ... more After years of significant neglect and marginalization, pastoralism and pastoralists are getting new avenues since a few years ago. Though, pastoralism is a highly unique..........................
Abstract
An attempt is made to identify the various challenges to the promotion of development in... more Abstract An attempt is made to identify the various challenges to the promotion of development in the pastoralist regions of Ethiopia which include among others, Environmental Challenges, Policy and Strategy Challenges and low level infrastructural development which brought about frequent drought, conflict, prevalence of human and animal disease and food insecurity. In Ethiopia, it is found that food security & hunger remains the greatest concern in almost all pastoral regions of the country. This in turn implies that the poverty situation in these areas doesn’t show significant changes for years compared with non-pastoral regions in the country. The paper highlighted a number of alternative strategies for the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of the country. These include sedentarization of mobile pastoralists on voluntary basis, consolidate and stabilize those who are already settled or semi-settled through improved water supply, pasture and social services, carefully select viable and reliable river courses for future sedentarization based on irrigation and link these places through roads and other communication lines, respect livestock mobility, Livelihood diversification; and also a number of technical interventions which include Improve Water Supply & Irrigation Development, Livestock & Range resources Development and Strengthening infrastructures, Institutional Support and adequate representation. Highlighting the current status of pastoral life, the paper suggested valuable recommendations which are deemed necessary instruments to the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Key Words; Managing, Development, Challenges, Pastoralism, Ethiopia
In the paper, an attempt is made to identify the critical role of Information Communication Techn... more In the paper, an attempt is made to identify the critical role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) for promoting Good Governance (GG) and Agricultural Development in the context of southern Ethiopia. Accordingly, active citizen participation, providing quality service delivery, influence government decision-making and execution, improve government-citizen relationship, creating transparency, whose overall implication is the prevalence of rule of law, the ultimate characteristic of good governance in a given country. Such governance transformations significantly contributed for the promotion of agricultural development and consequent long term transformation. ICT can play a crucial role in benefiting the resources trapped farmers with up to date knowledge and information on agricultural technologies, best practices, markets, price trends, and weather conditions. The experiences of most countries indicate that rapid development of ICT, which facilitates the flow of data and information, has tremendously enhanced the knowledge management practice in agriculture. However, despite relative attractive progress made in a few decades ago, in Ethiopia the use of ICT for the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge and information is still low. Currently, among the various ICT related initiatives, radio is widely used to share and inform users on agricultural issues, including new and upgraded farming techniques, production management, market information, and other issues. Due to its strategic importance in reaching the majority of the smallholders, attempts are being made to strengthen the delivery of knowledge and information through radio programs. Unlike the previous trends of using such traditional ICT tools (i.e., radio and TV), the use of modern ICT (computer, internet, mobile telephony, etc) is getting popular adoption in the small towns of the country. It is found that low infrastructural development is the challenge for ICT in the rural areas of southern Ethiopia. Key Words: ICT, Good Governance, Agricultural Development, Ethiopia
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Papers by Mohammed Yimer
well as on food security and the future vulnerability of already
hungry people in Ethiopia and of course in most of the developing countries in Africa, are highlighted in the paper. It is also worth mentioning that, the role of climate-smart agriculture can be used for mitigating and adapting the impacts of projected climate change. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes. Furthermore, it addresses challenges faced by triple interplay of agriculture, food security and climate change simultaneously and holistically.
pastoral areas in recent years, Ethiopia often encourages pastoral communities to settle and take up agriculture. Settlement as a government strategy and the responses of pastoralists in different villagization sites are discussed. It is also indicated that the deteriorating condition of rangelands linked to resettlement greatly undermined local livelihoods and land tenure security. As observed from the living standards and the various literatures on the topic of pastoralism, pastoral livelihoods are today highly vulnerable because of the loss of valuable natural resources, increasing restrictions on herd mobility and unsound sedentarization programmes pursued by successive governments. The net effect has been increasing poverty, recurrent food insecurity, and the deterioration of livestock herds both in number and quality. With regard to preparing for disasters and emergencies, to help pastoral people to avoid impending disaster threats, the paper presented feasible disaster preparedness framework which can serve as feedback to various stakeholders who aspire to work on the promotion of pastoralism in Ethiopia and the Horn.
threat to the promotion of green economy, wellbeing of the
ecology and ensuring food security. To counteract such a problem, Scaling up SLM technologies is a drastic solution. It is with this grand theme that this study was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda in three surrounding districts (Amumo, Kundimeda and Messal) taking the vulnerability of the area in to consideration. It shade light at identifying the factors hindering the adoption of SLM technologies and, the role of SLM technologies to ensure food security, and assessing the causes of food security in the context of SLM in the study area. The data used were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include structured questionnaire survey and focus group discussion methods. A total of 193 households were interviewed and their responses were interpreted. Scientific reports and conference proceedings were used to support the primary data. Descriptive statistics method was used for analyzing among farm land size, household, topography, erosion status and the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. The results indicated that farm land size, educational status of household head, slop of the farm land, lack of awareness, lack of adequate rain fall, financial constraints and distance to the farm plot from household home were among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SLM in the study area which resulted in food insecurity. Furthermore, applying cost effective technologies which are suited for different topography such as manure, stone bundles, check dams, planting trees, etc. are recommended to be adopted effectively to ensure food security. Finally, lack of rainfall, land degradation and soil erosion, small land size, and limited status of SLM technologies are found to be causes of food insecurity in the context of SLM. As land is the main stay of the life in rural areas, efforts should be exerted for successfully scaling up of SLM technologies.
a policy known as ADLI, agricultural development lead industrialization. Since the over throw of the derg regime(1975- 1991) and the introduction of EPRDF, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, there have been achieved significant achievements in the service, agriculture, industry and other sectors and a great deal of poverty reduction. This is because of the various successful, people centered and achievable development policies whose focuses is eradicating the worst aspects of absolute poverty that have been existed for centuries and bringing about significant social and economic transformation with in a shortest possible time. While devising the policies, the government made a turning point and total
departure from the past in terms of market liberalization and a structural adjustment program reforms which enable to economy recover rapidly. Among others, tariffs have been cut, quota constraints relaxed, licensing procedures simplified, foreign exchange controls eased, compulsory cooperative membership and grain delivery discontinued, subsidized rationing of manufactured consumer goods and
fertilizers have been discontinued, privatization of state-owned enterprises begun, private banks authorized, and interest rates decontrolled and an interbank money market introduced, etc. In terms
of the agriculture sector Capital investment, application of modern and improved agricultural production technology, secured landownership, and effective financial services are some of the factors that
initiated and bringing improvement in productivity in agriculture which in turn enable the people to be food secured. Therefore, poverty reduction strategy in Ethiopia has been successful in many respects.
Key Words: Government Policies, Agriculture, Poverty Reduction, Development, Ethiopia
and misunderstanding, and unilateral appropriation of the Nile waters. Using its hegemonic power acquired for centuries and the myth of Herodotus, Egypt took the monopoly of the Nile issue. Thus, until very recently, in equitable distribution of water resources has been prevalent among the Nile basin
countries. The article tried to analyze the correlation between the shifts in power relations in the Nile basin which started a decade ago. It is indicated that these power changes have led to the development of a new kind of relationship in which “no war, no peace “system is preferred by the two riparian states,
Egypt and Ethiopia. Avenues and deriving forces for hydro political reform, such as the Nile Basin Initiative, and the role of China and other donors or investors are not to be unnoticed. In the contemporary era, one important phenomena that has changed the Nile hydro politics is the emergence of China, a new external trading partner to several of the Nile riparian states and a country unencumbered with international water and environmental regulations in its financing approach, has brought not only new opportunities for dam construction in the Nile basin region but also new challenges for hydro political relations.
Key words: Riparian States, China, Nile river basin, Egypt, Power Shift, Ethiopia
What has been seen from the experiences of African countries is that a leadership style based on command and control is no longer suited for making a capable state, characterized by
constitutionalism. This will require high-level skills combined with strong commitment and determination on the part of African leaders at large. Beyond the coming into power with a limited experience, African leaders are too stubborn and are attacked by rigidity and no room for dynamism in their character. This situation contributes its part to the today’s insecure governance structure in the continent. If African
leaders and the government they lead are dedicated to the rights, unity and well-being of their people, they will ensure the consolidation of their nation and its security which will have a cumulative transformation on the governance architecture of the continent. Recently, Africa needs leaders that
understood the social, economic and political forces that constitute the security arena and who never forget their role as an ultimate stakeholder for promoting good governance and the subsequent events of wealth creation and sustainable development in the continent.
Keywords: good governance, leadership, development, africa.
GJHSS-F Classification : FOR Code: 120199
An attempt is made to identify the various challenges to the promotion of development in the pastoralist regions of Ethiopia which include among others, Environmental Challenges, Policy and Strategy Challenges and low level infrastructural development which brought about frequent
drought, conflict, prevalence of human and animal disease and food insecurity. In Ethiopia, it is found that food security & hunger remains the greatest concern in almost all pastoral regions of the country. This in turn implies that the poverty situation in these areas doesn’t show significant changes for years compared with non-pastoral regions in the country. The paper highlighted a number of alternative strategies for the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of the
country. These include sedentarization of mobile pastoralists on voluntary basis, consolidate and stabilize those who are already settled or semi-settled through improved water supply, pasture and social services, carefully select viable and reliable river courses for future sedentarization based on irrigation and link these places through roads and other communication lines, respect livestock mobility, Livelihood diversification; and also a number of technical interventions which include Improve Water Supply & Irrigation Development, Livestock & Range resources Development and Strengthening infrastructures, Institutional Support and adequate
representation. Highlighting the current status of pastoral life, the paper suggested valuable recommendations which are deemed necessary instruments to the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia.
Key Words; Managing, Development, Challenges, Pastoralism, Ethiopia
context of southern Ethiopia. Accordingly, active citizen participation, providing quality service delivery, influence government decision-making and execution, improve government-citizen relationship, creating transparency, whose overall implication is the prevalence of rule of law, the ultimate characteristic of good governance in a given country. Such governance transformations significantly contributed for the promotion of agricultural development and consequent long term transformation. ICT can play a crucial role in benefiting the resources trapped farmers with up to date knowledge and information on agricultural technologies, best practices, markets, price trends, and weather conditions. The experiences of most countries indicate that rapid development of ICT, which facilitates the flow of data and information, has
tremendously enhanced the knowledge management practice in agriculture. However, despite relative attractive progress made in a few decades ago, in Ethiopia the use of ICT for the
accumulation and dissemination of knowledge and information is still low. Currently, among the various ICT related initiatives, radio is widely used to share and inform users on agricultural issues, including new and upgraded farming techniques, production management, market information, and other issues. Due to its strategic importance in reaching the majority of the smallholders, attempts are being made to strengthen the
delivery of knowledge and information through radio programs. Unlike the previous trends of using such traditional ICT tools (i.e., radio and TV), the use of modern ICT (computer,
internet, mobile telephony, etc) is getting popular adoption in the small towns of the country. It is found that low infrastructural development is the challenge for ICT in the rural areas of southern Ethiopia.
Key Words: ICT, Good Governance, Agricultural Development, Ethiopia
well as on food security and the future vulnerability of already
hungry people in Ethiopia and of course in most of the developing countries in Africa, are highlighted in the paper. It is also worth mentioning that, the role of climate-smart agriculture can be used for mitigating and adapting the impacts of projected climate change. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes. Furthermore, it addresses challenges faced by triple interplay of agriculture, food security and climate change simultaneously and holistically.
pastoral areas in recent years, Ethiopia often encourages pastoral communities to settle and take up agriculture. Settlement as a government strategy and the responses of pastoralists in different villagization sites are discussed. It is also indicated that the deteriorating condition of rangelands linked to resettlement greatly undermined local livelihoods and land tenure security. As observed from the living standards and the various literatures on the topic of pastoralism, pastoral livelihoods are today highly vulnerable because of the loss of valuable natural resources, increasing restrictions on herd mobility and unsound sedentarization programmes pursued by successive governments. The net effect has been increasing poverty, recurrent food insecurity, and the deterioration of livestock herds both in number and quality. With regard to preparing for disasters and emergencies, to help pastoral people to avoid impending disaster threats, the paper presented feasible disaster preparedness framework which can serve as feedback to various stakeholders who aspire to work on the promotion of pastoralism in Ethiopia and the Horn.
threat to the promotion of green economy, wellbeing of the
ecology and ensuring food security. To counteract such a problem, Scaling up SLM technologies is a drastic solution. It is with this grand theme that this study was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda in three surrounding districts (Amumo, Kundimeda and Messal) taking the vulnerability of the area in to consideration. It shade light at identifying the factors hindering the adoption of SLM technologies and, the role of SLM technologies to ensure food security, and assessing the causes of food security in the context of SLM in the study area. The data used were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include structured questionnaire survey and focus group discussion methods. A total of 193 households were interviewed and their responses were interpreted. Scientific reports and conference proceedings were used to support the primary data. Descriptive statistics method was used for analyzing among farm land size, household, topography, erosion status and the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. The results indicated that farm land size, educational status of household head, slop of the farm land, lack of awareness, lack of adequate rain fall, financial constraints and distance to the farm plot from household home were among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SLM in the study area which resulted in food insecurity. Furthermore, applying cost effective technologies which are suited for different topography such as manure, stone bundles, check dams, planting trees, etc. are recommended to be adopted effectively to ensure food security. Finally, lack of rainfall, land degradation and soil erosion, small land size, and limited status of SLM technologies are found to be causes of food insecurity in the context of SLM. As land is the main stay of the life in rural areas, efforts should be exerted for successfully scaling up of SLM technologies.
a policy known as ADLI, agricultural development lead industrialization. Since the over throw of the derg regime(1975- 1991) and the introduction of EPRDF, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, there have been achieved significant achievements in the service, agriculture, industry and other sectors and a great deal of poverty reduction. This is because of the various successful, people centered and achievable development policies whose focuses is eradicating the worst aspects of absolute poverty that have been existed for centuries and bringing about significant social and economic transformation with in a shortest possible time. While devising the policies, the government made a turning point and total
departure from the past in terms of market liberalization and a structural adjustment program reforms which enable to economy recover rapidly. Among others, tariffs have been cut, quota constraints relaxed, licensing procedures simplified, foreign exchange controls eased, compulsory cooperative membership and grain delivery discontinued, subsidized rationing of manufactured consumer goods and
fertilizers have been discontinued, privatization of state-owned enterprises begun, private banks authorized, and interest rates decontrolled and an interbank money market introduced, etc. In terms
of the agriculture sector Capital investment, application of modern and improved agricultural production technology, secured landownership, and effective financial services are some of the factors that
initiated and bringing improvement in productivity in agriculture which in turn enable the people to be food secured. Therefore, poverty reduction strategy in Ethiopia has been successful in many respects.
Key Words: Government Policies, Agriculture, Poverty Reduction, Development, Ethiopia
and misunderstanding, and unilateral appropriation of the Nile waters. Using its hegemonic power acquired for centuries and the myth of Herodotus, Egypt took the monopoly of the Nile issue. Thus, until very recently, in equitable distribution of water resources has been prevalent among the Nile basin
countries. The article tried to analyze the correlation between the shifts in power relations in the Nile basin which started a decade ago. It is indicated that these power changes have led to the development of a new kind of relationship in which “no war, no peace “system is preferred by the two riparian states,
Egypt and Ethiopia. Avenues and deriving forces for hydro political reform, such as the Nile Basin Initiative, and the role of China and other donors or investors are not to be unnoticed. In the contemporary era, one important phenomena that has changed the Nile hydro politics is the emergence of China, a new external trading partner to several of the Nile riparian states and a country unencumbered with international water and environmental regulations in its financing approach, has brought not only new opportunities for dam construction in the Nile basin region but also new challenges for hydro political relations.
Key words: Riparian States, China, Nile river basin, Egypt, Power Shift, Ethiopia
What has been seen from the experiences of African countries is that a leadership style based on command and control is no longer suited for making a capable state, characterized by
constitutionalism. This will require high-level skills combined with strong commitment and determination on the part of African leaders at large. Beyond the coming into power with a limited experience, African leaders are too stubborn and are attacked by rigidity and no room for dynamism in their character. This situation contributes its part to the today’s insecure governance structure in the continent. If African
leaders and the government they lead are dedicated to the rights, unity and well-being of their people, they will ensure the consolidation of their nation and its security which will have a cumulative transformation on the governance architecture of the continent. Recently, Africa needs leaders that
understood the social, economic and political forces that constitute the security arena and who never forget their role as an ultimate stakeholder for promoting good governance and the subsequent events of wealth creation and sustainable development in the continent.
Keywords: good governance, leadership, development, africa.
GJHSS-F Classification : FOR Code: 120199
An attempt is made to identify the various challenges to the promotion of development in the pastoralist regions of Ethiopia which include among others, Environmental Challenges, Policy and Strategy Challenges and low level infrastructural development which brought about frequent
drought, conflict, prevalence of human and animal disease and food insecurity. In Ethiopia, it is found that food security & hunger remains the greatest concern in almost all pastoral regions of the country. This in turn implies that the poverty situation in these areas doesn’t show significant changes for years compared with non-pastoral regions in the country. The paper highlighted a number of alternative strategies for the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of the
country. These include sedentarization of mobile pastoralists on voluntary basis, consolidate and stabilize those who are already settled or semi-settled through improved water supply, pasture and social services, carefully select viable and reliable river courses for future sedentarization based on irrigation and link these places through roads and other communication lines, respect livestock mobility, Livelihood diversification; and also a number of technical interventions which include Improve Water Supply & Irrigation Development, Livestock & Range resources Development and Strengthening infrastructures, Institutional Support and adequate
representation. Highlighting the current status of pastoral life, the paper suggested valuable recommendations which are deemed necessary instruments to the promotion of development in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia.
Key Words; Managing, Development, Challenges, Pastoralism, Ethiopia
context of southern Ethiopia. Accordingly, active citizen participation, providing quality service delivery, influence government decision-making and execution, improve government-citizen relationship, creating transparency, whose overall implication is the prevalence of rule of law, the ultimate characteristic of good governance in a given country. Such governance transformations significantly contributed for the promotion of agricultural development and consequent long term transformation. ICT can play a crucial role in benefiting the resources trapped farmers with up to date knowledge and information on agricultural technologies, best practices, markets, price trends, and weather conditions. The experiences of most countries indicate that rapid development of ICT, which facilitates the flow of data and information, has
tremendously enhanced the knowledge management practice in agriculture. However, despite relative attractive progress made in a few decades ago, in Ethiopia the use of ICT for the
accumulation and dissemination of knowledge and information is still low. Currently, among the various ICT related initiatives, radio is widely used to share and inform users on agricultural issues, including new and upgraded farming techniques, production management, market information, and other issues. Due to its strategic importance in reaching the majority of the smallholders, attempts are being made to strengthen the
delivery of knowledge and information through radio programs. Unlike the previous trends of using such traditional ICT tools (i.e., radio and TV), the use of modern ICT (computer,
internet, mobile telephony, etc) is getting popular adoption in the small towns of the country. It is found that low infrastructural development is the challenge for ICT in the rural areas of southern Ethiopia.
Key Words: ICT, Good Governance, Agricultural Development, Ethiopia