UNESCO
Natural science sector
The question of how to efficiently and effectively manage ocean resources in a sustainable way has reached the forefront of discussion at an international level, but women's contributions to this process have been underestimated or... more
The question of how to efficiently and effectively manage ocean resources in a sustainable way has reached the forefront of discussion at an international level, but women's contributions to this process have been underestimated or unrecognized. Inclusive management plays a major role in the effective creation, use and adoption of environmental governance, necessitating efforts to measure, monitor and advance inclusivity. In many Pacific island states, there is a lack of disaggregated data collection and management to assist reliable and liable gender-responsive decision-making by national and regional authorities. This lack of information leads to unquantified female contributions and unexplored potential for women to actively contribute to sustainable ocean management as traditional leaders, researchers or science-based managers and in accordance with traditional customs, cultures and processes. This paper examines the contribution of gender-disaggregated data in both (1) effective management of natural resources and (2) measurement and monitoring of the active involvement of women in ocean management. We seek to shift the question from simply "(How) are oceans used by women?" to "How can we build a clear path towards inclusive oceans management using science?", drawing data mainly from gender and ocean management practices in Pacific Small Island Developing States. This work also seeks to ground in reality the increasing national and international evocations about social equity and avoidance of gender discrimination. Given the existing relationships of Pacific peoples with the ocean and the emerging status of ocean science-based governance, wider integration of science and women in marine management can make an interesting and positive impact in this region.
Biovolume is an important characteristic of cells that shapes the contribution of microbes to total biomass and biogeochemical cycling. Most studies of bacterial cell volumes use DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole), which stains nucleic... more
Biovolume is an important characteristic of cells that shapes the contribution of microbes to total biomass and biogeochemical cycling. Most studies of bacterial cell volumes use DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole), which stains nucleic acids and therefore only a portion of the cell. We used SYPRO Ruby protein stain combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization to examine biovolumes of bacteria in the total community, as well in phylogenetic subgroups. Protein-based volumes varied more and were consistently larger than DNA-based volumes by 3.3-fold on average. Bacterial cells were ca. 30% larger in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic coastal waters than in temperate regimes. We hypothesized that geographic differences in the abundance of specific bacterial groups drove the observed patterns in biovolume. In support of this hypothesis, we found that Gammaproteobacteria and members of the Sphingobacteria-Flavobacteria group were larger in higher-latitude waters and that the mean volum...
UNESCO analysed 56 research topics of relevance to the Sustainable Development Goals to identify national research priorities and track change since 2011. The study found that developing countries showed strong specialization in research... more
UNESCO analysed 56 research topics of relevance to the Sustainable Development Goals to identify national research priorities and track change since 2011. The study found that developing countries showed strong specialization in research related to the Sustainable Development Goals.
Consumer pressure and policy changes over the past decade have been informed by a growing body of research on floating plastic debris in the ocean, the fastest-growing topic among the 56 analysed.
Sustainability research has often been reactive, rather than pro-active. For example, national trends in research on new or re-emerging viruses closely track viral disease outbreaks.
Climate resilience and sustainable environmental management continue to account for the smallest shares of research by volume.
Innovation in electricity distribution and storage is growing faster than research on alternative forms of non-fossil energy generation.
Consumer pressure and policy changes over the past decade have been informed by a growing body of research on floating plastic debris in the ocean, the fastest-growing topic among the 56 analysed.
Sustainability research has often been reactive, rather than pro-active. For example, national trends in research on new or re-emerging viruses closely track viral disease outbreaks.
Climate resilience and sustainable environmental management continue to account for the smallest shares of research by volume.
Innovation in electricity distribution and storage is growing faster than research on alternative forms of non-fossil energy generation.
Globally, women have achieved parity (45–55%) at the bachelor’s and master’s levels of study and are on the cusp at PhD level (44%) but the gender gap tends to widen as they pursue their career. Women represented 33.3% of all researchers... more
Globally, women have achieved parity (45–55%) at the bachelor’s and master’s levels of study and are on the cusp at PhD level (44%) but the gender gap tends to widen as they pursue their career. Women represented 33.3% of all researchers in 2018, up from 28.4% in 2013, with the caveat that data are only available for 107 countries.
There is a risk that the Fourth Industrial Revolution could perpetuate the gender imbalance, since women remain a minority in digital information technology, computing, physics, mathematics and engineering.
In academia, female researchers tend to have shorter, less well-paid careers. Their work is underrepresented in high-profile journals. Women also remain underrepresented in company leadership and technical roles. Corporate attitudes are evolving, however, as studies link investor confidence and greater profit margins to having a diverse workforce.
NOTE: This study has been produced with the support of the Fondation Ipsen. The French edition has been financed by the L'Oréal Foundation, within the framework of the L'Oréal-UNESCO Programme for Women in Science.
There is a risk that the Fourth Industrial Revolution could perpetuate the gender imbalance, since women remain a minority in digital information technology, computing, physics, mathematics and engineering.
In academia, female researchers tend to have shorter, less well-paid careers. Their work is underrepresented in high-profile journals. Women also remain underrepresented in company leadership and technical roles. Corporate attitudes are evolving, however, as studies link investor confidence and greater profit margins to having a diverse workforce.
NOTE: This study has been produced with the support of the Fondation Ipsen. The French edition has been financed by the L'Oréal Foundation, within the framework of the L'Oréal-UNESCO Programme for Women in Science.
The UNESCO Science Report monitors trends in science governance worldwide to identify which development path countries are following. The seventh edition in the series explores how countries are using science to realize a digitally and... more
The UNESCO Science Report monitors trends in science governance worldwide to identify which development path countries are following.
The seventh edition in the series explores how countries are using science to realize a digitally and ecologically smart future. The global overview and executive summary is available in multiple languages at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377250.locale=en
The seventh edition in the series explores how countries are using science to realize a digitally and ecologically smart future. The global overview and executive summary is available in multiple languages at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377250.locale=en
The SOEC 2020 examines the status and trends of 31 regional environment indicators in 22 Pacific island countries and territories and updates the 2013 State of Conservation in Oceania assessment, focusing on the period 2015 – 2020. This... more
The SOEC 2020 examines the status and trends of 31 regional environment indicators in 22 Pacific island countries and territories and updates the 2013 State of Conservation in Oceania assessment, focusing on the period 2015 – 2020. This first state of the environment and conservation report for the Pacific islands region uses endorsed indicators to assess the status, trends, and data quality and availability for the Pacific environmental priorities defined by Pacific Leaders.
The information in the report presents the Pacific priorities for environmental management, data gaps and opportunities, and the ways in which Pacific environments and resources are changing. This regional view supports the development of sound policies, practices, and investments affecting Pacific island and ocean ecosystems as well as those who depend on them.
ISBN 978-982-04-0906-4
The information in the report presents the Pacific priorities for environmental management, data gaps and opportunities, and the ways in which Pacific environments and resources are changing. This regional view supports the development of sound policies, practices, and investments affecting Pacific island and ocean ecosystems as well as those who depend on them.
ISBN 978-982-04-0906-4
The effects of climate change on Pacific Islands are expected to have significant implications for society, culture and gender. Social and cultural groups will be impacted differently, with some being disproportionately affected by... more
The effects of climate change on Pacific Islands are expected to have significant implications for society, culture and gender. Social and cultural groups will be impacted differently, with some being disproportionately affected by climate change. These groups also play an important role in sharing information and should be consulted and included in all efforts to promote climate action. Inclusion of social and cultural considerations increases the effectiveness and efficiency of climate change policy and programme development, and builds
resilience.
Traditional knowledge (TK) and practices are an important component of climate-related planning and of the response following climate events and natural disasters and have an important contribution to make in science-based and development programmes of action. Management planning is assisted by understanding how elements of cultural as well as religious practice or spirituality align and conflict with resilience planning objectives.
In some instances, women are prevented from fully contributing to climate-related planning, policy-making and implementation. Women can be key proponents of environmental protection and climate resilience.
Women face different and sometimes greater risks in disasters than men, although Pacific men may be more likely to participate in high-risk activities post-disaster and more hesitant to seek emergency medical attention.
Social / cultural assets and practices are valuable, and their loss and damage should be considered in valuations of climate change impacts. The concept of “loss and damage” is an emerging topic, and there may be value in adding cultural concepts to the loss and damage agenda.
resilience.
Traditional knowledge (TK) and practices are an important component of climate-related planning and of the response following climate events and natural disasters and have an important contribution to make in science-based and development programmes of action. Management planning is assisted by understanding how elements of cultural as well as religious practice or spirituality align and conflict with resilience planning objectives.
In some instances, women are prevented from fully contributing to climate-related planning, policy-making and implementation. Women can be key proponents of environmental protection and climate resilience.
Women face different and sometimes greater risks in disasters than men, although Pacific men may be more likely to participate in high-risk activities post-disaster and more hesitant to seek emergency medical attention.
Social / cultural assets and practices are valuable, and their loss and damage should be considered in valuations of climate change impacts. The concept of “loss and damage” is an emerging topic, and there may be value in adding cultural concepts to the loss and damage agenda.
This seventh edition of the UNESCO Science Report monitors the development path that countries have been following over the past five years from the perspective of science governance. Countries will need to invest more in research and... more
This seventh edition of the UNESCO Science Report monitors the development path that countries have been following over the past five years from the perspective of science governance. Countries will need to invest more in research and innovation, if they are to succeed in their dual digital and green transition. More than 30 countries have already raised their research spending since 2014, in line with their commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite this progress, four out of five countries still devote less than 1% of GDP to research, perpetuating their dependence on foreign technologies. Since the private sector will need to drive much of this dual green and digital transition, governments have been striving to make it easier for the private sector to innovate through novel policy instruments such as digital innovation hubs where companies can ‘test before they invest’ in digital technologies. Some governments are also seeking to improve the status of researchers
through pay rises and other means. The global researcher population has surged since 2014.
The Covid-19 pandemic has energized knowledge production systems. This dynamic builds on the trend towards greater international scientific collaboration, which bodes well for tackling this and other global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, sustainability science is not yet mainstream in academic publishing, according to a new UNESCO study, even though countries are investing more than before in green technologies.
through pay rises and other means. The global researcher population has surged since 2014.
The Covid-19 pandemic has energized knowledge production systems. This dynamic builds on the trend towards greater international scientific collaboration, which bodes well for tackling this and other global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, sustainability science is not yet mainstream in academic publishing, according to a new UNESCO study, even though countries are investing more than before in green technologies.
Esta sétima edição do Relatório analisa a trajetória de desenvolvimento que os países têm seguido nos últimos cinco anos sob a perspectiva da governança científica. os países terão de investir mais em pesquisa e inovação se quiserem ter... more
Esta sétima edição do Relatório analisa a trajetória de desenvolvimento que os países têm seguido nos últimos cinco anos sob a perspectiva da governança científica. os países terão de investir mais em pesquisa e inovação se quiserem ter sucesso em sua dupla transição, digital e verde. Desde 2014, mais de 30 países já aumentaram seus gastos com pesquisa, de forma alinhada a seus compromissos com os ODS. Apesar desse avanço, oito em cada dez países ainda aplicam menos de 1% do PIB em pesquisa, o que perpetua sua dependência de tecnologias estrangeiras. Uma vez que caberá ao setor privado conduzir grande parte dessa dupla transição, verde e digital, os governos têm se esforçado para facilitar a inovação no setor privado, por meio de novos instrumentos de políticas, como centros de inovação digital, nos quais as empresas podem “testar antes de investir” em tecnologias digitais. Alguns governos também buscam melhorar o status dos pesquisadores, por meio de aumentos salariais e outros recursos. Desde 2014, a quantidade mundial de pesquisadores aumentou. A pandemia da COVID-19 dinamizou os sistemas de produção de conhecimento. Essa dinâmica se fundamenta na tendência ao aumento da colaboração científica internacional, o que é um bom sinal para o enfrentamento de outros desafios globais, como a mudança climática e a perda de biodiversidade. No entanto, de acordo com um novo estudo da UNESCO, a pesquisa sobre sustentabilidade ainda não faz parte da corrente principal das publicações acadêmicas, embora os países estejam investindo mais em tecnologias verdes do que no passado.
This seventh edition of the report monitors the development path that countries have been following over the past five years from the perspective of science governance. It documents the rapid societal transformation under way, which... more
This seventh edition of the report monitors the development path that countries have been following over the past five years from the perspective of science governance. It documents the rapid societal transformation under way, which offers new opportunities for social and economic experimentation but also risks exacerbating social inequalities, unless safeguards are put in place. The report concludes that countries will need to invest more in research and innovation, if they are to succeed in their dual digital and green transition. More than 30 countries have already raised their research spending since 2014, in line with their commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite this progress, eight out of ten countries still devote less than 1% of GDP to research, perpetuating their dependence on foreign technologies.
Since the private sector will need to drive much of this dual green and digital transition, governments have been striving to make it easier for the private sector to innovate through novel policy instruments such as digital innovation hubs where companies can ‘test before they invest’ in digital technologies. Some governments are also seeking to improve the status of researchers through pay rises and other means. The global researcher population has surged since 2014.
The Covid-19 pandemic has energized knowledge production systems. This dynamic builds on the trend towards greater international scientific collaboration, which bodes well for tackling this and other global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, sustainability science is not yet mainstream in academic publishing, according to a new UNESCO study, even though countries are investing more than before in green technologies.
Since the private sector will need to drive much of this dual green and digital transition, governments have been striving to make it easier for the private sector to innovate through novel policy instruments such as digital innovation hubs where companies can ‘test before they invest’ in digital technologies. Some governments are also seeking to improve the status of researchers through pay rises and other means. The global researcher population has surged since 2014.
The Covid-19 pandemic has energized knowledge production systems. This dynamic builds on the trend towards greater international scientific collaboration, which bodes well for tackling this and other global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, sustainability science is not yet mainstream in academic publishing, according to a new UNESCO study, even though countries are investing more than before in green technologies.
En esta séptima edición del Informe se analiza la trayectoria de desarrollo que los países han recorrido en los últimos cinco años desde el prisma de la gobernanza científica. Se documenta la rápida transformación de la sociedad en curso,... more
En esta séptima edición del Informe se analiza la trayectoria de desarrollo que los países han recorrido en los últimos cinco años desde el prisma de la gobernanza científica. Se documenta la rápida transformación de la sociedad en curso, que ofrece nuevas oportunidades de experimentación social y económica, pero que también puede exacerbar las desigualdades sociales, a menos que se tomen medidas de protección.
Los países tendrán que invertir más en investigación e innovación para llevar a cabo su doble transición digital y ecológica. Más de 30 países ya han incrementado su inversión en investigación desde 2014, en virtud de su compromiso con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. A pesar de estos avances, ocho de cada diez países siguen dedicando menos del 1% del PIB a la investigación y, por consiguiente, perpetúan su dependencia de las tecnologías extranjeras.
Dado que las empresas tendrán que impulsar gran parte de esta doble transición ecológica y digital, los gobiernos toman medidas para facilita rla innovación por el sector privado mediante nuevos instrumentos políticos, como los centros de innovación digital donde las empresas
pueden “probar antes de invertir” en las tecnologías digitales. Algunos gobiernos también intentan mejorar las condiciones de los investigadores mediante aumentos salariales y otras medidas. El número mundial de investigadores ha aumentado considerablemente desde 2014.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha estimulado los sistemas de producción de conocimientos. Esta dinámica se enmarca en la tendencia a una mayor colaboración científica internacional, que es un buen augurio para abordar otros desafíos globales como el cambio climático y la pérdidade biodiversidad. Sin embargo, según un reciente estudio de la UNESCO, la investigación sobre la sostenibilidad sigue siendo marginal en las publicaciones académicas, a pesar de que los paísesinvierten más que antes en tecnologías ecológicas.
Los países tendrán que invertir más en investigación e innovación para llevar a cabo su doble transición digital y ecológica. Más de 30 países ya han incrementado su inversión en investigación desde 2014, en virtud de su compromiso con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. A pesar de estos avances, ocho de cada diez países siguen dedicando menos del 1% del PIB a la investigación y, por consiguiente, perpetúan su dependencia de las tecnologías extranjeras.
Dado que las empresas tendrán que impulsar gran parte de esta doble transición ecológica y digital, los gobiernos toman medidas para facilita rla innovación por el sector privado mediante nuevos instrumentos políticos, como los centros de innovación digital donde las empresas
pueden “probar antes de invertir” en las tecnologías digitales. Algunos gobiernos también intentan mejorar las condiciones de los investigadores mediante aumentos salariales y otras medidas. El número mundial de investigadores ha aumentado considerablemente desde 2014.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha estimulado los sistemas de producción de conocimientos. Esta dinámica se enmarca en la tendencia a una mayor colaboración científica internacional, que es un buen augurio para abordar otros desafíos globales como el cambio climático y la pérdidade biodiversidad. Sin embargo, según un reciente estudio de la UNESCO, la investigación sobre la sostenibilidad sigue siendo marginal en las publicaciones académicas, a pesar de que los paísesinvierten más que antes en tecnologías ecológicas.
Cette septième édition du Rapport analyse la trajectoire de développement suivie par les pays au cours des cinq dernières années du point de vue de la gouvernance scientifique. Il rassemble des informations sur la transformation rapide... more
Cette septième édition du Rapport analyse la trajectoire de développement suivie par les pays au cours des cinq dernières années du point de vue de la gouvernance scientifique. Il rassemble des informations sur la transformation rapide des sociétés qui est en cours. Celle-ci ouvre de nouvelles possibilités d’expérimentation sociale et économique, mais risque également d’exacerber les inégalités sociales, à moins que des garde-fous ne soient mis en place.
Le Rapport conclut que les pays devront investir davantage dans la recherche et l’innovation s’ils veulent réussir leur double transition numérique et écologique. Plus de 30 pays ont déjà augmenté leurs dépenses de recherche depuis 2014, conformément à leur engagement à l’égard des Objectifs de développement durable. Malgré ces progrès, huit pays sur dix consacrent encore moins de 1 % de leur PIB à la recherche, perpétuant ainsi leur dépendance vis-à-vis destechnologies étrangères.
Étant donné que les entreprises devront être le moteur d’une grande partie de cette doubletransition verte et numérique, les gouvernements s’efforcent de faciliter l’innovation par le secteur privé grâce à des instruments politiques novateurs, tels que des pôles d’innovationnumérique où les entreprises peuvent « tester avant d’investir » dans les technologies numériques. Certains gouvernements tâchent également d’améliorer la condition des chercheurspar des hausses de salaire et d’autres moyens. L’effectif mondial des chercheurs a fortementaugmenté depuis 2014.
La pandémie de COVID-19 a stimulé les systèmes de production deconnaissances. Cettedynamique s’inscrit dans la tendance à l’intensification de la collaboration scientifique internationale, qui est de bon augure pour relever d’autres défis mondiaux tels que le changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité. Cependant, d’après une nouvelle étude de l’UNESCO, la recherche sur la durabilité reste marginale dans les publications académiques, même si les pays investissent plus qu’auparavant dans les technologies vertes.
Le Rapport conclut que les pays devront investir davantage dans la recherche et l’innovation s’ils veulent réussir leur double transition numérique et écologique. Plus de 30 pays ont déjà augmenté leurs dépenses de recherche depuis 2014, conformément à leur engagement à l’égard des Objectifs de développement durable. Malgré ces progrès, huit pays sur dix consacrent encore moins de 1 % de leur PIB à la recherche, perpétuant ainsi leur dépendance vis-à-vis destechnologies étrangères.
Étant donné que les entreprises devront être le moteur d’une grande partie de cette doubletransition verte et numérique, les gouvernements s’efforcent de faciliter l’innovation par le secteur privé grâce à des instruments politiques novateurs, tels que des pôles d’innovationnumérique où les entreprises peuvent « tester avant d’investir » dans les technologies numériques. Certains gouvernements tâchent également d’améliorer la condition des chercheurspar des hausses de salaire et d’autres moyens. L’effectif mondial des chercheurs a fortementaugmenté depuis 2014.
La pandémie de COVID-19 a stimulé les systèmes de production deconnaissances. Cettedynamique s’inscrit dans la tendance à l’intensification de la collaboration scientifique internationale, qui est de bon augure pour relever d’autres défis mondiaux tels que le changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité. Cependant, d’après une nouvelle étude de l’UNESCO, la recherche sur la durabilité reste marginale dans les publications académiques, même si les pays investissent plus qu’auparavant dans les technologies vertes.
В этом седьмом издании доклада отслеживается путь развития, пройденный странами в области управления наукой за последние пять лет. Здесь на основе документов показаны происходящие в обществе быстрые преобразования, которые открывают новые... more
В этом седьмом издании доклада отслеживается путь развития, пройденный странами в области управления наукой за последние пять лет. Здесь на основе документов показаны происходящие в обществе быстрые преобразования, которые открывают новые возможности для социальных и экономических экспериментов, но и рискуют усугубить социальное неравенство, если не будут приняты должные меры предосторожности.
В докладе делается вывод, что странам для успешного двойного перехода к цифровому и «зеленому» обществу надлежит увеличить финансирование исследований и инноваций. Более 30 стран с 2014 г. уже увеличили расходы на исследования в соответствии со своими обязательствами по достижению целей в области устойчивого развития. Несмотря на этот прогресс, восемь из десяти стран по-прежнему выделяют менее 1% своего ВВП на научные исследования, что закрепляет их зависимость от иностранных технологий.
Поскольку выступать в качестве движущей силы этого двойного перехода к «зеленому» и цифровому обществу в значительной степени предстоит частному сектору, правительства стремятся облегчить его инновационную деятельность с помощью таких новаторских средств, как цифровые инновационные центры, где компании могут «тестировать, прежде чем инвестировать» в цифровые технологии. Некоторые правительства также стремятся
улучшить положение исследователей путем повышения оплаты их труда и других средств. С 2014 г. численность исследователей в мире значительно возросла.
Пандемия COVID-19 послужила импульсом к активизации систем генерирования знаний. Эта динамика основывается на тенденции к расширению международного научного сотрудничества, что предвещает успешное решение и других глобальных проблем, таких как изменение климата и утрата биоразнообразия. Тем не менее, как отмечается в одной из работ ЮНЕСКО, наука об устойчивом развитии еще не стала магистральным направлением
в научных публикациях на глобальном уровне, пусть даже страны увеличивают свои инвестиции в «зеленые» технологии.
В докладе делается вывод, что странам для успешного двойного перехода к цифровому и «зеленому» обществу надлежит увеличить финансирование исследований и инноваций. Более 30 стран с 2014 г. уже увеличили расходы на исследования в соответствии со своими обязательствами по достижению целей в области устойчивого развития. Несмотря на этот прогресс, восемь из десяти стран по-прежнему выделяют менее 1% своего ВВП на научные исследования, что закрепляет их зависимость от иностранных технологий.
Поскольку выступать в качестве движущей силы этого двойного перехода к «зеленому» и цифровому обществу в значительной степени предстоит частному сектору, правительства стремятся облегчить его инновационную деятельность с помощью таких новаторских средств, как цифровые инновационные центры, где компании могут «тестировать, прежде чем инвестировать» в цифровые технологии. Некоторые правительства также стремятся
улучшить положение исследователей путем повышения оплаты их труда и других средств. С 2014 г. численность исследователей в мире значительно возросла.
Пандемия COVID-19 послужила импульсом к активизации систем генерирования знаний. Эта динамика основывается на тенденции к расширению международного научного сотрудничества, что предвещает успешное решение и других глобальных проблем, таких как изменение климата и утрата биоразнообразия. Тем не менее, как отмечается в одной из работ ЮНЕСКО, наука об устойчивом развитии еще не стала магистральным направлением
в научных публикациях на глобальном уровне, пусть даже страны увеличивают свои инвестиции в «зеленые» технологии.
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of... more
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.
ويرصد هذا التقرير في نسخته السابعة مسار التنمية الذي اتبعته البلدان خلال السنوات الخمس الماضية من وجهة نظر حوكمة العلوم. ويوثق التحول المجتمعي السريع الجاري، الذي يوفر فرصاً جديدة للتجارب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ولكنه ينطوي أيضاً على مخاطر... more
ويرصد هذا التقرير في نسخته السابعة مسار التنمية الذي اتبعته البلدان خلال السنوات الخمس
الماضية من وجهة نظر حوكمة العلوم. ويوثق التحول المجتمعي السريع الجاري، الذي يوفر فرصاً
جديدة للتجارب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ولكنه ينطوي أيضاً على مخاطر تفاقم أوجه التفاوت
الاجتماعية، ما لم يتم وضع ضمانات لدرء هذه المخاطر.
ويخلص التقرير إلى أنه سيتعين على البلدان زيادة الاستثمار في البحث والابتكار، إذا كان لها أن تنجح
في تحولها المزدوج الرقمي والأخضر. وقد قام ما يربو على 30 بلداً بالفعل بزيادة إنفاقها على البحوث
منذ عام 2014 ، تماشياً مع التزامها بتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة. وعلى الرغم من هذا التقدم
المحرز، لا تزال ثمانية بلدان من كل عشرة بلدان تخصص أقل من 1% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي
للبحث، وهو ما يديم تبعيتها للتكنولوجيات الأجنبية.
ونظراً إلى أن القطاع الخاص سيضطر إلى قيادة شطر كبير من هذا التحول المزدوج الأخضر والرقمي،
فقد سعت الحكومات جاهدة إلى تسهيل الابتكار على القطاع الخاص من خلال وضع أدوات جديدة
في مجال السياسة العامة من قبيل إقامة مراكز الابتكار الرقمي حيث يمكن للشركات «الاختبار قبل
الاستثمار » في التكنولوجيات الرقمية. وتسعى بعض الحكومات أيضاً إلى تحسين وضع الباحثين من
خلال زيادة الرواتب ووسائل أخرى. وقد ارتفع عدد الباحثين في العالم فعلاً منذ عام 2014 .
وأسفرت جائحة كوفيد- 19 عن تنشيط نظم إنتاج المعرفة. وتستند هذه الدينامية إلى الاتجاه المتمثل
في تعزيز التعاون العلمي على المستوى الدولي، الذي يبشر بالخير فيما يتعلق بالتصدي للتحديات
العالمية الأخرى من قبيل تغير المناخ وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي. ومع ذلك، لم يُدمج علم الاستدامة بعد
على صعيد النشر الأكاديمي، وفقاً لما أظهرته دراسة جديدة لليونسكو، مع أن البلدان تستثمر أكثر من
ذي قبل في التكنولوجيات الخضراء.
الماضية من وجهة نظر حوكمة العلوم. ويوثق التحول المجتمعي السريع الجاري، الذي يوفر فرصاً
جديدة للتجارب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ولكنه ينطوي أيضاً على مخاطر تفاقم أوجه التفاوت
الاجتماعية، ما لم يتم وضع ضمانات لدرء هذه المخاطر.
ويخلص التقرير إلى أنه سيتعين على البلدان زيادة الاستثمار في البحث والابتكار، إذا كان لها أن تنجح
في تحولها المزدوج الرقمي والأخضر. وقد قام ما يربو على 30 بلداً بالفعل بزيادة إنفاقها على البحوث
منذ عام 2014 ، تماشياً مع التزامها بتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة. وعلى الرغم من هذا التقدم
المحرز، لا تزال ثمانية بلدان من كل عشرة بلدان تخصص أقل من 1% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي
للبحث، وهو ما يديم تبعيتها للتكنولوجيات الأجنبية.
ونظراً إلى أن القطاع الخاص سيضطر إلى قيادة شطر كبير من هذا التحول المزدوج الأخضر والرقمي،
فقد سعت الحكومات جاهدة إلى تسهيل الابتكار على القطاع الخاص من خلال وضع أدوات جديدة
في مجال السياسة العامة من قبيل إقامة مراكز الابتكار الرقمي حيث يمكن للشركات «الاختبار قبل
الاستثمار » في التكنولوجيات الرقمية. وتسعى بعض الحكومات أيضاً إلى تحسين وضع الباحثين من
خلال زيادة الرواتب ووسائل أخرى. وقد ارتفع عدد الباحثين في العالم فعلاً منذ عام 2014 .
وأسفرت جائحة كوفيد- 19 عن تنشيط نظم إنتاج المعرفة. وتستند هذه الدينامية إلى الاتجاه المتمثل
في تعزيز التعاون العلمي على المستوى الدولي، الذي يبشر بالخير فيما يتعلق بالتصدي للتحديات
العالمية الأخرى من قبيل تغير المناخ وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي. ومع ذلك، لم يُدمج علم الاستدامة بعد
على صعيد النشر الأكاديمي، وفقاً لما أظهرته دراسة جديدة لليونسكو، مع أن البلدان تستثمر أكثر من
ذي قبل في التكنولوجيات الخضراء.
Microbial communities dominate the fluxes of organic material in the ocean, in part due to their high abundance. To determine the amount of carbon processed by bacteria, bulk properties, such as production, abundance, biomass, and... more
Microbial communities dominate the fluxes of organic material in the ocean, in part due to their high abundance. To determine the amount of carbon processed by bacteria, bulk properties, such as production, abundance, biomass, and respiration, are measured for the total community. Phylogenetic analyses of bacteria are used to describe the structure within microbial communities. However, neither bulk activity measurements nor phylogenetic identification alone can determine which bacterial groups respond to certain environmental conditions or which bacterial groups use certain organic compounds. The goal of this dissertation was to assess the responses of different bacterial taxa to environmental conditions and available substrates. A basic characteristic of microbes is cell size. The size of microbial cells affects ecological interactions with other organisms and may be related to rates of biomass production. Using a protein stain, I analyzed the biovolume of microbial communities in...