This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The ASCE-EWRI recently published a report on the estimation of reference evapotranspiration for s... more The ASCE-EWRI recently published a report on the estimation of reference evapotranspiration for short canopies (ET o) and tall canopies (ET r) using a modified Penman-Monteith equation. Currently, another EWRI committee is developing crop coefficient (K c) values to estimate crop evapotranspiration by multiplying by either ET o or ET r. Most crop coefficients were developed using either ET o or ET r , and, because the relationship between ET o and ET r varies with microclimate, it is difficult to convert crop coefficients from one reference surface to the other. In this paper, a simple method to convert between ET o and ET r and between the corresponding Kco and Kcr factors is discussed.
Water Perspectives in Emerging Countries: Water-Energy-Food NEXUS in MENA Region, 2018
Water footprint (WF) accounting as proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN) can potentially ... more Water footprint (WF) accounting as proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN) can potentially provide important information for water resource management, especially in water scarce countries relying on irrigation to help meet their food requirements. The agricultural water footprint addresses the quantification of water consumption in agriculture, whereby three types of water to grow crops are considered, namely green water (consumed rainfall), blue water (irrigation from surface or groundwater) and gray water (water needed to dilute pollutants). Calculate resulting from sugarcane water footprint cultivation are estimated in this paper including water footprint from green, blue and gray water. The cultivation area was Upper Egypt zone content five governorates (Menya - Suhag - Qena - Luxor - Aswan). The highest value of water footprint was 226 m 3 /ton found in Aswan governorate and the lowest value was 211 m 3 /ton found in Minay governorate. The water footprint for sugarcane was 217 m3 /ton as average for five governorates. The blue water footprint percentage was 81%, while the gray water footprint was 19% from the total water footprint. The green water footprint value equal zero nearly because the amount of monthly rainfall small value and this is not effective rainfall.
DRYING TECHNOLOGY, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2020
(2020): Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and... more (2020): Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and microstructure of dried okra pods: swell-drying by instant controlled pressure drop versus conventional shade drying, Drying Technology, ABSTRACT This study is aimed at comparing swell drying versus conventional shade drying and optimizing the texturing by instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) of green okra pods. Differences in quality attributes such as content of flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll pigments, functional characteristics such as the antioxidant activity (AOA), microstructure and relative expansion ratio of dried okra pods were considered. The DIC processing parameters were the saturated steam pressure (0.2-0.6 MPa) and duration (40-60 s). A 2-parameter, 5-level central composite rotatable design was selected for establishing the experimental trials. They represent 8 factorial and star trials, and five repetitions of central/middle point of the square edges. Significant variations in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, carote-noids, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll pigments were observed between swell-dried and conventional shadow dried okra pods. An increase of 25% and 99% was respectively observed for the relative expansion ratio and flavonoid content in swell dried okra pods compared with conventional shadow dried ones. The microstructure observations showed a significantly more porous open solid matrix of swell-dried okra pods compared to the com-pact/dense solid matrix of the conventional shadow dried okra pods. The optimum conditions of DIC-texturing were found to be 0.4 MPa for 50 s exhibiting the highest values of total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll pigments with good preservation of the carotenoid content. ARTICLE HISTORY
The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate [Latitude: 30 o 21`N, Longitud... more The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate [Latitude: 30 o 21`N, Longitude: 31 o 14`E and Elevation: 14 m] during 2015/16 growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program plus (CUP plus) as is an application, can estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). A monthly climate data, the program uses daily measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage, and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily water balance and determine effective rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrive to the maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month but ETaw arrive to the maximum in April by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs a wide range of tables and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision making.
The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate
(latitude, 30 210N; longitude... more The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate (latitude, 30 210N; longitude, 31 140E; and elevation, 14 m), during 2015/2016 growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program plus (CUP plus) as it is an application that can estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). The program uses daily and monthly measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage, and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily water balance and determine rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrives to the maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month, but ETaw arrives at the maximum in April by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs and includes a wide range of tables and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision-making.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The ASCE-EWRI recently published a report on the estimation of reference evapotranspiration for s... more The ASCE-EWRI recently published a report on the estimation of reference evapotranspiration for short canopies (ET o) and tall canopies (ET r) using a modified Penman-Monteith equation. Currently, another EWRI committee is developing crop coefficient (K c) values to estimate crop evapotranspiration by multiplying by either ET o or ET r. Most crop coefficients were developed using either ET o or ET r , and, because the relationship between ET o and ET r varies with microclimate, it is difficult to convert crop coefficients from one reference surface to the other. In this paper, a simple method to convert between ET o and ET r and between the corresponding Kco and Kcr factors is discussed.
Water Perspectives in Emerging Countries: Water-Energy-Food NEXUS in MENA Region, 2018
Water footprint (WF) accounting as proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN) can potentially ... more Water footprint (WF) accounting as proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN) can potentially provide important information for water resource management, especially in water scarce countries relying on irrigation to help meet their food requirements. The agricultural water footprint addresses the quantification of water consumption in agriculture, whereby three types of water to grow crops are considered, namely green water (consumed rainfall), blue water (irrigation from surface or groundwater) and gray water (water needed to dilute pollutants). Calculate resulting from sugarcane water footprint cultivation are estimated in this paper including water footprint from green, blue and gray water. The cultivation area was Upper Egypt zone content five governorates (Menya - Suhag - Qena - Luxor - Aswan). The highest value of water footprint was 226 m 3 /ton found in Aswan governorate and the lowest value was 211 m 3 /ton found in Minay governorate. The water footprint for sugarcane was 217 m3 /ton as average for five governorates. The blue water footprint percentage was 81%, while the gray water footprint was 19% from the total water footprint. The green water footprint value equal zero nearly because the amount of monthly rainfall small value and this is not effective rainfall.
DRYING TECHNOLOGY, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2020
(2020): Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and... more (2020): Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and microstructure of dried okra pods: swell-drying by instant controlled pressure drop versus conventional shade drying, Drying Technology, ABSTRACT This study is aimed at comparing swell drying versus conventional shade drying and optimizing the texturing by instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) of green okra pods. Differences in quality attributes such as content of flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll pigments, functional characteristics such as the antioxidant activity (AOA), microstructure and relative expansion ratio of dried okra pods were considered. The DIC processing parameters were the saturated steam pressure (0.2-0.6 MPa) and duration (40-60 s). A 2-parameter, 5-level central composite rotatable design was selected for establishing the experimental trials. They represent 8 factorial and star trials, and five repetitions of central/middle point of the square edges. Significant variations in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, carote-noids, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll pigments were observed between swell-dried and conventional shadow dried okra pods. An increase of 25% and 99% was respectively observed for the relative expansion ratio and flavonoid content in swell dried okra pods compared with conventional shadow dried ones. The microstructure observations showed a significantly more porous open solid matrix of swell-dried okra pods compared to the com-pact/dense solid matrix of the conventional shadow dried okra pods. The optimum conditions of DIC-texturing were found to be 0.4 MPa for 50 s exhibiting the highest values of total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll pigments with good preservation of the carotenoid content. ARTICLE HISTORY
The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate [Latitude: 30 o 21`N, Longitud... more The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate [Latitude: 30 o 21`N, Longitude: 31 o 14`E and Elevation: 14 m] during 2015/16 growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program plus (CUP plus) as is an application, can estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). A monthly climate data, the program uses daily measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage, and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily water balance and determine effective rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrive to the maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month but ETaw arrive to the maximum in April by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs a wide range of tables and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision making.
The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate
(latitude, 30 210N; longitude... more The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate (latitude, 30 210N; longitude, 31 140E; and elevation, 14 m), during 2015/2016 growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program plus (CUP plus) as it is an application that can estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). The program uses daily and monthly measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage, and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily water balance and determine rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrives to the maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month, but ETaw arrives at the maximum in April by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs and includes a wide range of tables and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision-making.
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(latitude, 30 210N; longitude, 31 140E; and elevation, 14 m), during 2015/2016
growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A
computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program
plus (CUP plus) as it is an application that can estimate crop evapotranspiration
(ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). The program uses daily and monthly measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that
account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage,
and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and
irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily
water balance and determine rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal
cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper
research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo),
crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration
of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water
diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrives to the
maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month, but ETaw arrives at the maximum in April
by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs and includes a wide range of tables
and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision-making.
(latitude, 30 210N; longitude, 31 140E; and elevation, 14 m), during 2015/2016
growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A
computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program
plus (CUP plus) as it is an application that can estimate crop evapotranspiration
(ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). The program uses daily and monthly measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that
account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage,
and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and
irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily
water balance and determine rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal
cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper
research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo),
crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration
of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water
diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrives to the
maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month, but ETaw arrives at the maximum in April
by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs and includes a wide range of tables
and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision-making.