International Journal of Korean History 26(1), 2021
The present article discusses the mounded tombs of the Maripkan period (356-514) located in the c... more The present article discusses the mounded tombs of the Maripkan period (356-514) located in the city of Kyŏngju in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula regarding their impact on the collective memory of the early Silla polity. The theoretical framework for the following considerations draws from the seminal research of the cultural scientist Jan Assmann, who distinguishes between a communicative and cultural memory. It is being argued that one of the motivations for constructing the monumental and lavishly equipped graves was the manipulation of communicative memory by creating memorable events in the course of the funerary process. The construction of the graves as mounds created spatial reference points in the landscape which affected subsequently the collective long-term or cultural memory. Consequently, it is assumed that the mounds became mnemonic devices for cultural memory and, therefore, crucial factors for the formation and stabilization of the kingdom.
godine, u sklopu zajedničkog korejsko-hrvatskog projekta provedena su arheološka istraživanja gra... more godine, u sklopu zajedničkog korejsko-hrvatskog projekta provedena su arheološka istraživanja gradine Monbrodo, južno od Rovinja, u blizini plaže Cisterna. Cilj projekta bio je prikupiti nove podatke o sustavu gradina oko središnjeg naselja Monkodonje, koje je oko 5 km udaljeno od Monbroda. U ovom su radu predstavljeni preliminarni rezultati triju istraživačkih kampanja koje su rasvijetlile razne podatke o povijesti naseljavanja ovog lokaliteta, od razvijenog ranog i srednjeg brončanog doba pa do zadnjih stoljeća prije Krista 1. 1 Ovaj je rad ostvaren uz potporu fondacije National Research Foundation of Korea koju financira korejska vlada (NRF-2016S1A5A8018505). Between 2016 and 2018, in the context of a Korean-Croatian joint project, research excavations were carried out on the hilltop settlement Monbrodo near Cisterna beach south of the modern city of Rovinj. Objective of the project was to gain new data on the settlement system of hillforts around the presumed central settlement of Monkodonja, which is located in around 5 km distance from Monbrodo. This paper presents preliminary results of the three excavation campaigns, which brought to light a variety of data regarding the occupation history of the site spanning two millennia from the developed Early and Middle Bronze Ages until the last centuries before Christ. 1
The mounded graves in the city center of modern Kyŏngju belong to the most impressive relics of O... more The mounded graves in the city center of modern Kyŏngju belong to the most impressive relics of Old Silla. These burials, constructed as wooden chamber tombs within a stone mound, occurred during a specific stage of Silla’s state formation, which is also known in reference to the ruler’s title as the maripkan period (356-514). Due to their gigantic measurements and their extremely lavish equipment, a small group of these graves has been commonly interpreted as royal tombs that reflect the political independence and strength of Silla’s elite. However, by introducing the concept of ‘ostentatious graves’ it is being argued that the monumental burials are rather an expression of high socio-political tension. Their existence is an indicator of the political weakness of the emerging polity. Pressure from the outside caused by the kingdom of Koguryŏ and inter-polity competitions of the leading families are identified as a major impetus for the construction of these graves.
DAS NÖRDLICHE KARPATENBECKEN IN DER HALLSTATTZEIT, 2017
The article deals with the Early Iron Age hillfort Molpír near the village Smolenice in Southwest... more The article deals with the Early Iron Age hillfort Molpír near the village Smolenice in Southwestern Slovakia. Although the settlement belongs to the most signifi cant archaeological sites in the region, it has been rather disregarded in the past. The study aims to get a better understanding of the functional and social structure of the hillfort by reviewing the open settlements in the northeast alpine region. The open settlements can be interpreted as hamlets consisting of individual households as well as communal structures for textile production, food storage and food preparation. A comparison with the structures from the hillfort shows that it was organized in a similar way and that it can be, thus, interpreted as a compressed hamlet. Even though it is very likely that the Molpír was the residence of the local elite the distribution of hillforts and the known tumuli graves do not show any congruence. It seems that the area of infl uence of the elite in the region was comparatively small.
The present study deals with the element of the foreign in the self-portrayal of the elite during... more The present study deals with the element of the foreign in the self-portrayal of the elite during the Three Kingdoms period (ca. 400-668) on the Korean Peninsula. Based on the anthropological concepts of M. Sahlins’ ‘stranger-king’ and Mary W. Helms’ ‘esoteric knowledge’ it is being argued that the elite of Koguryŏ, Paekche, Silla, and the Kaya polities justified their claim to power through the narration of a foreign or supernatural origin of their lineage. As a basis for the examinations the progenitor myths included in the Samguk Sagi and Samgku Yusa as well as other remarks related to elite distinction are reviewed. Additionally, selected archaeological finds are interpreted as material expressions of the cultivation and display of esoteric knowledge that might have supported the narrative of the supernatural origin and abilities of the elite members. The trope-like character of the progenitor myths and the formation of an inter-polity elite culture demonstrates the high competition and interdependencies between the elite members of the polities. Under this circumstances it is difficult to assess, whether particular founders or influential families were indeed of foreign origin or if this was just a claim by the local elite to maintain and justify their exertion of power.
Pithekoussai on the island of Ischia in the Bay of Naples is the first foundation of Greek people... more Pithekoussai on the island of Ischia in the Bay of Naples is the first foundation of Greek people in the west who, among others, came from the island of Euboea in Central Greece in the eighth century B.C. The present study aims to understand how the Euboean settlers constructed their identity in a new environment and under the experience of encountering various people with different cultural backgrounds. Based on a comparison of mortuary data from the Protogeometric cemeteries at Lefkandi on the island of Euboea in Central Greece and the earliest burials in Pithekoussai, it will be argued that the first settlers preserved key aspects of their funerary rituals and, thus, their identity. However, at the same time they adjusted to the inter-cultural environment by replacing elements of their own culture by ‘foreign’ elements. The results of the examination are well understandable from a postcolonial perspective in which Pithekoussai, though founded by Euboeans, can be interpreted as a third place in which identities were re-negotiated and newly created.
The present article deals with the Archaic chamber tombs (ca. 600-450
BC) of the ancient city of ... more The present article deals with the Archaic chamber tombs (ca. 600-450 BC) of the ancient city of Morgantina in central east Sicily which is an important location for understanding the encounter and interchange of Greek and local communities at the time of the Greek colonization. The city, located on a mountain ridge at the eastern border of the plain of Catania, became increasingly affected by Greek culture, represented in architectural features, Greek pottery, and burial customs, in course of the Archaic period. The article aims to answer the questions whether Greek people were residing at the Archaic town, and how the process of the apparent acculturation of Greek cultural elements by the local population possibly worked. Although ethnicity is extremely hard to grasp in the burial context there are indeed hints for the presence of Greek people at the Archaic town. It is argued, by drawing on the concepts of 'cultural memory' and the 'agency of things', that besides others the usage of Greek items in daily life and particularly in the funerary rituals contributed to a process of identity transition of the local population.
Istra je poznata po brojnim utvrđenim gradinskim naseljima na brdima, koja se pojavljuju od počet... more Istra je poznata po brojnim utvrđenim gradinskim naseljima na brdima, koja se pojavljuju od početka ranog brončanog razdoblja, oko 2000. g. pr. n. e. Premda postoji više od 400 takvih poznatih naselja, istraženo ih je tek manje od desetak. Stoga za većinu njih nije sigurno točno kronološko određenje i veličina u različitim razdobljima, što otežava istraživanja fenomena gradina i sustava naselja brončanog i željeznog doba. Osim toga, mnoga su naselja ugrožena poljoprivrednom ili građevinskom djelatnošću. Ne bi li se stavio veći naglasak na istraživanje istarskih gradina, međunarodni tim započeo je, kao zajednički korejsko-hrvatski projekt 2016. godine 1 , s iskopavanjima na gradini Monbrodo južno od uvale Cisterna pokraj Rovinja. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: gradina, brončano doba, željezno doba, Istra 1 Ovo je istraživanje sufinancirala vlada Republike Koreje sredstvima Nacionalne istraživačke zaklade Koreje (NRF-2016S1A5A8018505). Istria is well-known for numerous hillfort settlements that have been built there since the beginning of the Early Bronze Age around 2000 BC. More than 400 are known, but fewer than a dozen have been researched. Therefore for most of them exact dating and assignment to different periods of occupation is uncertain and research on the development of hillforts and settlement systems in the Bronze and Iron Ages are difficult. Furthermore many of the settlements are endangered by agricultural or construction activities. To bring the Istrian hillfort settlements more into the focus of the research, an international team started a Korean-Croatian joint project in 2016 1 with excavations on the hillfort of Monbrodo south of the Cisterna Bay near Rovinj.
Defining the Mediterranean as a coherent area, while looking beyond its natural features has been... more Defining the Mediterranean as a coherent area, while looking beyond its natural features has been a challenge for a long time. An approach suggested by N. Purcell focuses on connectivity as the salient feature with which to define the frontiers of the Mediterranean. In order to achieve this aim, it is necessary to understand the course and character of the connections between the Mediterranean and its adjacent regions. The present article deals with a small section of a Mediterranean frontier, namely the region north of the Alps, between the seventh and fifth century BC. This area was occupied by the so-called Hallstatt culture, which consisted of several regional groups. By comparing the impact of Mediterranean elements in the western and eastern sphere of the Hallstatt culture it becomes apparent that measuring connectivity for pre-and protohistoric periods in which the Mediterranean networks were supposedly less complex is already a complicated task.
The article aims to investigate the phenomenon of the so-called Greek colonization within the Med... more The article aims to investigate the phenomenon of the so-called Greek colonization within the Mediterranean, beginning in the 8 th century BC, from a neutral angle as a migration process. A framework for the identification of migrations in prehistoric or early historical contexts developed by S. Burmeister and based upon the synthesis of several studies dealing with migration movements is applied to the concrete case of Greek colonization in Sicily. It can be demonstrated that a number of commonly discussed aspects of the phenomenon are readily understandable through comparison with frequently occurring migration patterns. Moreover the application of the framework highlights those research fields which need more attention in order to understand the movement in all its depth. Furthermore the observation of the Greek migration through the applied framework makes it clear that essential information will not be found in the destination area but in the region and society from where the movement started.
International Journal of Korean History 26(1), 2021
The present article discusses the mounded tombs of the Maripkan period (356-514) located in the c... more The present article discusses the mounded tombs of the Maripkan period (356-514) located in the city of Kyŏngju in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula regarding their impact on the collective memory of the early Silla polity. The theoretical framework for the following considerations draws from the seminal research of the cultural scientist Jan Assmann, who distinguishes between a communicative and cultural memory. It is being argued that one of the motivations for constructing the monumental and lavishly equipped graves was the manipulation of communicative memory by creating memorable events in the course of the funerary process. The construction of the graves as mounds created spatial reference points in the landscape which affected subsequently the collective long-term or cultural memory. Consequently, it is assumed that the mounds became mnemonic devices for cultural memory and, therefore, crucial factors for the formation and stabilization of the kingdom.
godine, u sklopu zajedničkog korejsko-hrvatskog projekta provedena su arheološka istraživanja gra... more godine, u sklopu zajedničkog korejsko-hrvatskog projekta provedena su arheološka istraživanja gradine Monbrodo, južno od Rovinja, u blizini plaže Cisterna. Cilj projekta bio je prikupiti nove podatke o sustavu gradina oko središnjeg naselja Monkodonje, koje je oko 5 km udaljeno od Monbroda. U ovom su radu predstavljeni preliminarni rezultati triju istraživačkih kampanja koje su rasvijetlile razne podatke o povijesti naseljavanja ovog lokaliteta, od razvijenog ranog i srednjeg brončanog doba pa do zadnjih stoljeća prije Krista 1. 1 Ovaj je rad ostvaren uz potporu fondacije National Research Foundation of Korea koju financira korejska vlada (NRF-2016S1A5A8018505). Between 2016 and 2018, in the context of a Korean-Croatian joint project, research excavations were carried out on the hilltop settlement Monbrodo near Cisterna beach south of the modern city of Rovinj. Objective of the project was to gain new data on the settlement system of hillforts around the presumed central settlement of Monkodonja, which is located in around 5 km distance from Monbrodo. This paper presents preliminary results of the three excavation campaigns, which brought to light a variety of data regarding the occupation history of the site spanning two millennia from the developed Early and Middle Bronze Ages until the last centuries before Christ. 1
The mounded graves in the city center of modern Kyŏngju belong to the most impressive relics of O... more The mounded graves in the city center of modern Kyŏngju belong to the most impressive relics of Old Silla. These burials, constructed as wooden chamber tombs within a stone mound, occurred during a specific stage of Silla’s state formation, which is also known in reference to the ruler’s title as the maripkan period (356-514). Due to their gigantic measurements and their extremely lavish equipment, a small group of these graves has been commonly interpreted as royal tombs that reflect the political independence and strength of Silla’s elite. However, by introducing the concept of ‘ostentatious graves’ it is being argued that the monumental burials are rather an expression of high socio-political tension. Their existence is an indicator of the political weakness of the emerging polity. Pressure from the outside caused by the kingdom of Koguryŏ and inter-polity competitions of the leading families are identified as a major impetus for the construction of these graves.
DAS NÖRDLICHE KARPATENBECKEN IN DER HALLSTATTZEIT, 2017
The article deals with the Early Iron Age hillfort Molpír near the village Smolenice in Southwest... more The article deals with the Early Iron Age hillfort Molpír near the village Smolenice in Southwestern Slovakia. Although the settlement belongs to the most signifi cant archaeological sites in the region, it has been rather disregarded in the past. The study aims to get a better understanding of the functional and social structure of the hillfort by reviewing the open settlements in the northeast alpine region. The open settlements can be interpreted as hamlets consisting of individual households as well as communal structures for textile production, food storage and food preparation. A comparison with the structures from the hillfort shows that it was organized in a similar way and that it can be, thus, interpreted as a compressed hamlet. Even though it is very likely that the Molpír was the residence of the local elite the distribution of hillforts and the known tumuli graves do not show any congruence. It seems that the area of infl uence of the elite in the region was comparatively small.
The present study deals with the element of the foreign in the self-portrayal of the elite during... more The present study deals with the element of the foreign in the self-portrayal of the elite during the Three Kingdoms period (ca. 400-668) on the Korean Peninsula. Based on the anthropological concepts of M. Sahlins’ ‘stranger-king’ and Mary W. Helms’ ‘esoteric knowledge’ it is being argued that the elite of Koguryŏ, Paekche, Silla, and the Kaya polities justified their claim to power through the narration of a foreign or supernatural origin of their lineage. As a basis for the examinations the progenitor myths included in the Samguk Sagi and Samgku Yusa as well as other remarks related to elite distinction are reviewed. Additionally, selected archaeological finds are interpreted as material expressions of the cultivation and display of esoteric knowledge that might have supported the narrative of the supernatural origin and abilities of the elite members. The trope-like character of the progenitor myths and the formation of an inter-polity elite culture demonstrates the high competition and interdependencies between the elite members of the polities. Under this circumstances it is difficult to assess, whether particular founders or influential families were indeed of foreign origin or if this was just a claim by the local elite to maintain and justify their exertion of power.
Pithekoussai on the island of Ischia in the Bay of Naples is the first foundation of Greek people... more Pithekoussai on the island of Ischia in the Bay of Naples is the first foundation of Greek people in the west who, among others, came from the island of Euboea in Central Greece in the eighth century B.C. The present study aims to understand how the Euboean settlers constructed their identity in a new environment and under the experience of encountering various people with different cultural backgrounds. Based on a comparison of mortuary data from the Protogeometric cemeteries at Lefkandi on the island of Euboea in Central Greece and the earliest burials in Pithekoussai, it will be argued that the first settlers preserved key aspects of their funerary rituals and, thus, their identity. However, at the same time they adjusted to the inter-cultural environment by replacing elements of their own culture by ‘foreign’ elements. The results of the examination are well understandable from a postcolonial perspective in which Pithekoussai, though founded by Euboeans, can be interpreted as a third place in which identities were re-negotiated and newly created.
The present article deals with the Archaic chamber tombs (ca. 600-450
BC) of the ancient city of ... more The present article deals with the Archaic chamber tombs (ca. 600-450 BC) of the ancient city of Morgantina in central east Sicily which is an important location for understanding the encounter and interchange of Greek and local communities at the time of the Greek colonization. The city, located on a mountain ridge at the eastern border of the plain of Catania, became increasingly affected by Greek culture, represented in architectural features, Greek pottery, and burial customs, in course of the Archaic period. The article aims to answer the questions whether Greek people were residing at the Archaic town, and how the process of the apparent acculturation of Greek cultural elements by the local population possibly worked. Although ethnicity is extremely hard to grasp in the burial context there are indeed hints for the presence of Greek people at the Archaic town. It is argued, by drawing on the concepts of 'cultural memory' and the 'agency of things', that besides others the usage of Greek items in daily life and particularly in the funerary rituals contributed to a process of identity transition of the local population.
Istra je poznata po brojnim utvrđenim gradinskim naseljima na brdima, koja se pojavljuju od počet... more Istra je poznata po brojnim utvrđenim gradinskim naseljima na brdima, koja se pojavljuju od početka ranog brončanog razdoblja, oko 2000. g. pr. n. e. Premda postoji više od 400 takvih poznatih naselja, istraženo ih je tek manje od desetak. Stoga za većinu njih nije sigurno točno kronološko određenje i veličina u različitim razdobljima, što otežava istraživanja fenomena gradina i sustava naselja brončanog i željeznog doba. Osim toga, mnoga su naselja ugrožena poljoprivrednom ili građevinskom djelatnošću. Ne bi li se stavio veći naglasak na istraživanje istarskih gradina, međunarodni tim započeo je, kao zajednički korejsko-hrvatski projekt 2016. godine 1 , s iskopavanjima na gradini Monbrodo južno od uvale Cisterna pokraj Rovinja. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: gradina, brončano doba, željezno doba, Istra 1 Ovo je istraživanje sufinancirala vlada Republike Koreje sredstvima Nacionalne istraživačke zaklade Koreje (NRF-2016S1A5A8018505). Istria is well-known for numerous hillfort settlements that have been built there since the beginning of the Early Bronze Age around 2000 BC. More than 400 are known, but fewer than a dozen have been researched. Therefore for most of them exact dating and assignment to different periods of occupation is uncertain and research on the development of hillforts and settlement systems in the Bronze and Iron Ages are difficult. Furthermore many of the settlements are endangered by agricultural or construction activities. To bring the Istrian hillfort settlements more into the focus of the research, an international team started a Korean-Croatian joint project in 2016 1 with excavations on the hillfort of Monbrodo south of the Cisterna Bay near Rovinj.
Defining the Mediterranean as a coherent area, while looking beyond its natural features has been... more Defining the Mediterranean as a coherent area, while looking beyond its natural features has been a challenge for a long time. An approach suggested by N. Purcell focuses on connectivity as the salient feature with which to define the frontiers of the Mediterranean. In order to achieve this aim, it is necessary to understand the course and character of the connections between the Mediterranean and its adjacent regions. The present article deals with a small section of a Mediterranean frontier, namely the region north of the Alps, between the seventh and fifth century BC. This area was occupied by the so-called Hallstatt culture, which consisted of several regional groups. By comparing the impact of Mediterranean elements in the western and eastern sphere of the Hallstatt culture it becomes apparent that measuring connectivity for pre-and protohistoric periods in which the Mediterranean networks were supposedly less complex is already a complicated task.
The article aims to investigate the phenomenon of the so-called Greek colonization within the Med... more The article aims to investigate the phenomenon of the so-called Greek colonization within the Mediterranean, beginning in the 8 th century BC, from a neutral angle as a migration process. A framework for the identification of migrations in prehistoric or early historical contexts developed by S. Burmeister and based upon the synthesis of several studies dealing with migration movements is applied to the concrete case of Greek colonization in Sicily. It can be demonstrated that a number of commonly discussed aspects of the phenomenon are readily understandable through comparison with frequently occurring migration patterns. Moreover the application of the framework highlights those research fields which need more attention in order to understand the movement in all its depth. Furthermore the observation of the Greek migration through the applied framework makes it clear that essential information will not be found in the destination area but in the region and society from where the movement started.
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any congruence. It seems that the area of infl uence of the elite in the region was comparatively small.
The trope-like character of the progenitor myths and the formation of an inter-polity elite culture demonstrates the high competition and interdependencies between the elite members of the polities. Under this circumstances it is difficult to assess, whether particular founders or influential families were indeed of foreign origin or if this was just a claim by the local elite to maintain and justify their exertion of power.
BC) of the ancient city of Morgantina in central east Sicily which is an
important location for understanding the encounter and interchange of Greek and local communities at the time of the Greek colonization. The city, located on a mountain ridge at the eastern border of the plain of Catania, became increasingly affected by Greek culture, represented in architectural features, Greek pottery, and burial customs, in course of the Archaic period. The article aims to answer the questions whether Greek people were residing at the Archaic town, and how the process of the apparent acculturation of Greek cultural elements by the local population possibly worked. Although ethnicity is extremely hard to grasp in the burial context there are indeed hints for the presence of Greek people at the Archaic town. It is argued, by drawing on the concepts of 'cultural memory' and the 'agency of things', that besides others the usage of Greek items in daily life and particularly in the funerary rituals contributed to a process of identity transition of the local population.
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any congruence. It seems that the area of infl uence of the elite in the region was comparatively small.
The trope-like character of the progenitor myths and the formation of an inter-polity elite culture demonstrates the high competition and interdependencies between the elite members of the polities. Under this circumstances it is difficult to assess, whether particular founders or influential families were indeed of foreign origin or if this was just a claim by the local elite to maintain and justify their exertion of power.
BC) of the ancient city of Morgantina in central east Sicily which is an
important location for understanding the encounter and interchange of Greek and local communities at the time of the Greek colonization. The city, located on a mountain ridge at the eastern border of the plain of Catania, became increasingly affected by Greek culture, represented in architectural features, Greek pottery, and burial customs, in course of the Archaic period. The article aims to answer the questions whether Greek people were residing at the Archaic town, and how the process of the apparent acculturation of Greek cultural elements by the local population possibly worked. Although ethnicity is extremely hard to grasp in the burial context there are indeed hints for the presence of Greek people at the Archaic town. It is argued, by drawing on the concepts of 'cultural memory' and the 'agency of things', that besides others the usage of Greek items in daily life and particularly in the funerary rituals contributed to a process of identity transition of the local population.