Built-In (a.k.a.
Native) Types in C++
int, long, short, char (signed, integer division)
unsigned versions too
unsigned int, unsigned long, etc.
C++ guarantees a char is one byte in size Sizes of other types are platform dependent Can determine using sizeof() , <climits> INT_MAX
float, double (floating point division)
More expensive in space and time Useful when you need to describe continuous quantities
bool type
Logic type, takes on values true, false
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
User (& Library) DefinedTypes in C++
enumerations
enum primary_color {red, blue, yellow};
functions and operators
For example, things called from main function
structs and classes
Similar abstractions in C++, extend C structs
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Comparing C++ Classes and Structs
struct My_Data { My_Data (int i) : x_(i) {} int x_; }; class My_Object { public: My_Object (); ~My_Object (); private: int y_; };
Struct members are public by default Class members are private by default Both can have
Constructors Destructors Member variables Member functions
Common practice:
use structs for data use classes for objects with non-trivial methods
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
More About Both Native and User Types
Pointers
raw memory address of an object or variable its type constrains what types it can point to (more later) can take on a value of 0 (not pointing to anything)
References
alias for an object or variable its type constrains what types it can refer to (more later) cannot be 0 (always references something else)
Mutable (default) vs. const types (read right to left)
const int i; // read-only declaration int j; // readable and writable declaration
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Scopes in C++
Each symbol is associated with a scope
The entire program (global scope) A namespace (namespace scope) Members of a class (class scope) A function (function scope) A block (block scope)
A symbol is only visible within its scope
Helps hide unneeded details (abstraction) Helps prevent symbol conflicts (encapsulation)
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Why Use Namespaces?
Classes encapsulate behavior (methods) and state (member data) behind an interface Structs are similar, but with state accessible Classes and structs are used to specify selfcontained, cohesive abstractions
Can say what class/struct does in one sentence
What if we want to describe more loosely related collections of state and behavior? Could use a class or struct
But that dilutes their design intent
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Namespaces
C++ offers an appropriate scoping mechanism for loosely related aggregates: Namespaces
Good for large function collections
E.g., a set of related algorithms and function objects
Good for general purpose collections
E.g., program utilities, performance statistics, etc.
Declarative region
Where a variable/function can be declared
Potential scope
Where a variable/function can be used From where declared to end of declarative region
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Namespace Properties
Declared/(re)opened with namespace keyword
namespace Foo {int baz_;} namespace Foo {int fxn() {return baz_;}}
Access members using scoping operator ::
std::cout << hello world! << std::endl;
Everything not declared in another namespace is in the global (program-wide) namespace Can nest namespace declarations
namespace Foo {namespace Err {}}
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Using Namespaces
The using keyword makes elements visible
Only applies to the current scope
Can add entire namespace to current scope
using namespace std; cout << hello, world! << endl;
Can introduce elements selectively
using std::cout; cout << hello, world! << std::endl;
Can also declare unnamed namespaces
Elements are visible after the declaration
namespace {int i_; // i_ is now visible }
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
C++ string Class
#include <iostream> <string> header file #include <string> Various constructors using namespace std; Assignment operator int main (int, char*[]) Overloaded operators += + < >= == [] { The last one is really string s; // empty useful: indexes string s = ; // empty if (s[0] == h) s = hello; s += , ; s = s + world!; cout << s << endl; // prints: hello, world! return 0; }
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Using C++ vs. C-style Strings
#include <string> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main (int, char*[]) { char * w = world; string sw = world; char * h = hello, ; string sh = hello, ; cout << (h < w) << endl; // 0: why? cout << (sh < sw) << endl; // 1:why? h += w; // illegal: why? sh += sw; cout << h << endl; cout << sh << endl; return 0; }
C-style strings are contiguous arrays of char
Often accessed through pointers to char (char *)
C++ string class (template) provides a rich set of overloaded operators Often C++ strings do what you would expect as a programmer Often C-style strings do what you would expect as a machine designer Suggestion: use C++ style strings any time you need to change, concatenate, etc.
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
C++ Input/Output Stream Classes
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main (int, char*[]) { int i; // cout == std ostream cout << how many? << endl; // cin == std istream cin >> i; cout << You said << i << . << endl; return 0; }
<iostream> header file
Use istream for input Use ostream for output
Overloaded operators
<< ostream insertion operator >> istream extraction operator
Other methods
ostream: write, put istream: get, eof, good, clear
Stream manipulators
ostream: flush, endl, setwidth, setprecision, hex, boolalpha
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
C++ File I/O Stream Classes
#include <fstream> using namespace std; int main () { ifstream ifs; ifs.open (in.txt); ofstream ofs (out.txt); if (ifs.is_open () && ofs.is_open ()) { int i; ifs >> i; ofs << i; } ifs.close (); ofs.close (); return 0; }
<fstream> header file
Use ifstream for input Use ofstream for output
Other methods
open, is_open, close getline seekg, seekp
File modes
in, out, ate, app, trunc, binary
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
C++ String Stream Classes
#include <iostream> <sstream> header file #include <fstream> Use istringstream for input #include <sstream> Use ostringstream for output using namespace std; Useful for scanning input int main (int, char*[]) Get a line from file into string { Wrap string in a stream ifstream ifs (in.txt); Pull words off the stream if (ifs.is_open ()) Useful for formatting output { Use string as format buffer string line_1, word_1; Wrap string in a stream getline (ifs, line_1); istringstream iss (line_1); Push formatted values into stream iss >> word_1; Output formatted string to file cout << word_1 << endl; } return 0; }
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Using C++ String Stream Classes
#include <string> #include <cstring> #include <sstream> using namespace std; int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { if (argc < 3) return 1; ostringstream argsout; argsout << argv[1] << << argv[2]; istringstream argsin (argsout.str()); float f,g; argsin >> f; argsin >> g; cout << f << / << g << is << f/g << endl; return 0; }
Program gets arguments as C-style strings But lets say we wanted to input floating point values from the command line Formatting is tedious and error-prone in C-style strings (sprintf etc.) iostream formatting is friendly Can we get there from here?
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
Storing Other Data Types Than char
There are many options to store non-char data in C++
Differ in complexity, ease of use
Native C-style arrays
0 1 2 3 4 X Can not add or remove positions Can index positions directly Not necessarily zero-terminated (why?)
STL list container (bi-linked list)
X Add/remove positions on either end Cannot index positions directly
0 1 2 3 4
X
STL vector container (back stack)
Can add/remove positions at the back Can index positions directly
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
A Quick Look at Vectors
#include <iostream> #include <vector> using namespace std; int main (int, char *[]) {
vector<int> v; // This would be asking for trouble.... // v[0] = 1; v[1] = 2; v[2] = 4; // ... but this works fine... v.push_back (1); v.push_back (2); v.push_back (4); // ... and now this is ok ... for (size_t s = 0; s < v.size(); ++s) { cout << "v[" << s << "] is " << v[s] << endl; } return 0; }
Goals
Give you a good basic data structure to use for now Cover its correct usage Start understanding why Less to manage/remember Harder to get things wrong (but still need to be careful)
Vectors: nicer than arrays
Example to the left prints
v[0] is 1 v[1] is 2 v[2] is 4
CSE 332: C++ data types, input, and output
