Computer
Networks
OSI Model
• OSI or Open System
Interconnection model was
developed by International
Standards Organization (ISO).
• It gives a layered networking
OSI framework that conceptualizes
how communications should be
Reference done between heterogeneous
systems.
Model • It has seven interconnected
layers.
• The seven layers of the OSI
Model are a physical layer, data
link layer, network layer,
transport layer, session layer,
presentation layer, and
application layer, as shown in the
following diagram
OSI Reference [Link]…
OSI Reference [Link]…
• The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and is closest to
lower layers. the physical medium. The physical layer is mainly
• The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the responsible for placing the information on the physical
application related issues, and they are implemented only medium.
in the software.
• The application layer is closest to the end user.
• Both the end user and the application layer interact with
the software applications. An upper layer refers to the
layer
just above another layer.
• The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data
transport issues. The data link layer and the physical layer
are implemented in hardware and software. The physical
OSI Reference
[Link]…
Functions of the
OSI Layers
Data-Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation
Layer
Application Layer
Physical Layer
• The main maintains and
functionality of deactivates the
the physical physical
layer is to connection.
transmit the • It specifies the
individual bits mechanical,
from one node electrical and
to another node. procedural
• It is the lowest network
layer of the OSI interface
model. specifications.
• It establishes,
Physical Layer.
cont..
Functions of a Physical layer:
Line Configuration: It defines the way
how two or more devices can be
connected physically.
Data Transmission: It defines the
transmission mode whether it is
simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex mode
between the two devices on the
network.
Topology : It defines the way how
network devices are arranged.
Signals: It determines the type of the
signal used for transmitting the
information.
• This layer is responsible for the • It also provides flow
error-free transfer of data control.
frames. – Media Access Control
• It defines the format of the data Layer
on the network. • A Media access control
• It provides a reliable and layer is a link between
efficient communication the Logical Link Control
between two or more devices. layer and the network's
• It is mainly responsible for the physical layer.
unique identification of each • It is used for transferring
device that resides on a local the packets over the
network. network.
• It contains two sub-layers:
Data-Link – Logical Link Control
Layer
Layer
• It is responsible for
transferring the packets
to the Network layer of
the receiver that is
receiving.
• It identifies the address
of the network layer
protocol from the
header.
Functions of
that the transmitting station such as a
the Data-link server with higher processing speed does
not exceed the receiving station, with
layer lower processing speed.
• Error Control: Error control is achieved
• Framing: The data link layer translates
by adding a calculated value CRC (Cyclic
the physical's raw bit stream into packets
Redundancy Check) that is placed to the
known as Frames. The Data link layer adds
Data link layer's trailer which is added to
the header and trailer to the frame. The
the message frame before it is sent to the
header which is added to the frame
physical layer. If any error seems to
contains the hardware destination and
occurr, then the receiver sends the
source address.
acknowledgment for the retransmission of
• Physical Addressing: The Data link layer the corrupted frames.
adds a header to the frame that contains a
• Access Control: When two or more
destination address. The frame is
devices are connected to the same
transmitted to the destination address
communication channel, then the data link
mentioned in the header.
layer protocols are used to determine
• Flow Control: Flow control is the main which device has control over the link at a
functionality of the Data-link layer. It is the given time.
technique through which the constant
data rate is maintained on both the sides
so that no data get corrupted. It ensures
Network Layer
• It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks
the location of devices on the network.
• It determines the best path to move data from
source to the destination based on the network
conditions, the priority of service, and other factors.
• The Data link layer is responsible for routing and
forwarding the packets.
• Routers are the layer 3 devices, they are specified in
this layer and used to provide the routing services
within an internetwork.
• The protocols used to route the network traffic are
known as Network layer protocols. Examples of
protocols are IP and Ipv6.
Functions of Network Layer:
• Internetworking: An to the destination.
internetworking is the main • Packetizing : A Network Layer
responsibility of the network layer. It receives the packets from the upper
provides a logical connection layer and converts them into packets.
between different devices. This process is known as Packetizing.
• Addressing : A Network layer adds It is achieved by internet protocol (IP).
the source and destination address to
the header of the frame. Addressing
is used to identify the device on the
internet.
• Routing : Routing is the major
component of the network layer, and
it determines the best optimal path
out of the multiple paths from source
