Introduction to Java Programming and
Data Structures
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Computers,
Programs, and Java
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Objectives
1.1 To understand computer basics, programs, and programming languages
1.2 To understand the meaning of Java language specification, J DK, and IDE
1.3 To write a simple Java program (§1.7).
1.4 To display output on the console (§1.7).
1.5 To explain the basic syntax of a Java program (§1.7).
1.6 To create, compile, and run Java programs (§1.8).
1.7 To use sound Java programming style and document programs properly (§1.9).
1.8 To explain the differences between syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic
errors (§1.10).
1.9 To develop Java programs using NetBeans (§1.11).
1.10 To develop Java programs using Eclipse (§1.12).
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What Is a Computer?
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, floppy
disk, monitor, printer, and communication devices.
Bus
Storage Communication Input Output
Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions
to the computer.
You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without
programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do
not understand human languages, so you need to use
computer languages to communicate with them.
Programs are written using programming languages.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Programming Languages (1 of 3)
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built into
every computer. The instructions are in the form of binary
code, so you have to enter binary codes for various
instructions. Program with native machine language is a
tedious process. Moreover the programs are highly difficult
to read and modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:
1101101010011010
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Programming Languages (2 of 3)
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Assembly languages were developed to make programming
easy. Since the computer cannot understand assembly
language, however, a program called assembler is used to
convert assembly language programs into machine code.
For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Programming Languages (3 of 3)
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn
and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area 5 * 5 * 3.1415;
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Popular High-Level Languages
Language Description
Ada Named for Ada Lovelace, who worked on mechanical general-purpose computers. The Ada language
was developed for the Department of Defense and is used mainly in defense projects.
BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to be learned and used easily by
beginners.
C Developed at Bell Laboratories. C combines the power of an assembly language with the ease of use
and portability of a high-level language.
C++ C++ is an object-oriented language, based on C.
C# Pronounced “C Sharp.” It is a hybrid of Java and C++ and was developed by Microsoft.
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used for business applications.
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Popular for scientific and mathematical applications.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems, now part of Oracle. It is widely used for developing platform-
independent Internet applications.
Pascal Named for Blaise Pascal, who pioneered calculating machines in the seventeenth century. It is a
simple, structured, general-purpose language primarily for teaching programming.
Python A simple general-purpose scripting language good for writing short programs.
Visual Basic Visual Basic was developed by Microsoft and it enables the programmers to rapidly develop graphical
user interfaces.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Interpreting/Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called a
source program or source code. Because a computer
cannot understand a source program, a source program
must be translated into machine code for execution. The
translation can be done using another programming tool
called an interpreter or a compiler.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Interpreting Source Code
An interpreter reads one statement from the source code,
translates it to the machine code or virtual machine code,
and then executes it right away, as shown in the following
figure. Note that a statement from the source code may be
translated into several machine instructions.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Compiling Source Code
A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is then
executed, as shown in the following figure.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.
• Java is a general purpose programming language.
• Java is the Internet programming language.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Java, Web, and Beyond
• Java can be used to develop standalone applications.
• Java can be used to develop applications running
from a browser.
• Java can also be used to develop applications for
hand-held devices.
• Java can be used to develop applications for Web
servers.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
JDK Versions
• JDK 1.02 (1995)
• JDK 1.1 (1996)
• JDK 1.2 (1998)
• JDK 1.3 (2000)
• JDK 1.4 (2002)
• JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5
• JDK 1.6 (2006) a. k. a. JDK 6 or Java 6
• JDK 1.7 (2011) a. k. a. JDK 7 or Java 7
• JDK 1.8 (2014) a. k. a. JDK 8 or Java 8
• Java 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Popular Java IDEs
• NetBeans
• Eclipse
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Welcome Note: Clicking the green button displays the source code with
interactive animation. You can also run the code in a browser.
Internet connection is needed for this button.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Trace a Program Execution (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Trace a Program Execution (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Trace a Program Execution (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Two More Simple Examples
WelcomeWithThreeMessages
ComputeExpression
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Creating, Compiling, and Running
Programs
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program once,
and compile the source program into a special type of object code,
known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer with a
Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is a
software that interprets Java bytecode.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Supplements on the Companion Website
• See Supplement I.B for installing and configuring JDK
• See Supplement I.C for compiling and running Java from
the command window for details
www.pearsonhighered.com/liang
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Anatomy of a Java Program
• Class name
• Main method
• Statements
• Statement terminator
• Reserved words
• Comments
• Blocks
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class. Each
class has a name. By convention, class names start with
an uppercase letter. In this example, the class name is
Welcome.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a class, the
class must contain a method named main. The program is
executed from the main method.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println(“Welcome to Java!”) in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting “Welcome to Java!”.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Keywords
Keywords are words that have a specific meaning to the
compiler and cannot be used for other purposes in the
program. For example, when the compiler sees the word
class, it understands that the word after class is the name
for the class.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) { Class block
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Special Symbols
Character Name Description
{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.
braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.
“” Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of
quotation marks characters).
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Braces { … }
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Parentheses ( … )
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Statement Terminator ;
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
// comments
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
“ string ”
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Programming Style and Documentation
• Appropriate Comments
• Naming Conventions
• Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
• Block Styles
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the program to
explain what the program does, its key features, its
supporting data structures, and any unique techniques it
uses.
Include your name, class section, instructor, date, and a
brief description at the beginning of the program.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Naming Conventions
• Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
• Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name.
For example, the class name ComputeExpression.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Proper Indentation and Spacing
• Indentation
– Indent two spaces.
• Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
Next-line public class Test
style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Programming Errors
• Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
• Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
• Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}
ShowSyntaxErrors
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}
ShowRuntimeErrors
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is
Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}
ShowLogicErrors
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Compiling and Running Java From
NetBeans
• See Supplement II.B on the Website for details
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Compiling and Running Java From
Eclipse
• See Supplement II.D on the Website for details
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is
provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
