A Quick Tour of Python

1
Welcome Python Programming
 Python Installation
Anaconda download official site:
https://www.anaconda.com/download/success

Sep 3, 2025 Programming 2

 Install Libraries

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Run
with some input

Write/Edit
OK?
NO
YES

YES
NO More
Inputs?
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 User Program
Filename, preferred extension is py
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IN[1]: Python Shell Prompt

IN[2]:
User Commands
IN[3]: (Statements)

IN[4]: ( )

Outputs

Python Shell is Interactive

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 Interacting with Python Programs
• Python program communicates its results to
user using print
• Most useful programs require information
from users
– Name and age for a travel reservation system
• Python 3 uses input to read user input as a
string (str)

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 input
• Take as argument a string to print as a prompt
• Returns the user typed value as a string
– details of how to process user string later

IN[1]:

IN[2]: ( )

IN[3]:

Sep 3, 2025 Programming 8

 Elements of Python
• A Python program is a sequence of definitions
and commands (statements)
• Commands manipulate objects
• Each object is associated with a Type
• Type:
– A set of values
– A set of operations on these values
• Expressions: An operation (combination of
objects and operators)
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Types in Python
• int
– Bounded integers, e.g. 732 or -5
• float
– Real numbers, e.g. 3.14 or 2.0
• long
– Long integers with unlimited precision
• str
– Strings, e.g. ‘hello’ or ‘C’

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 Types in Python
• Scalar
– Indivisible objects that do not have internal
structure
– int (signed integers), float (floating point), bool
(Boolean), NoneType
• NoneType is a special type with a single value
• The value is called None
• Non-Scalar
– Objects having internal structure
– str (strings)
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 Example of Types

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 Type Conversion (Type Cast)

• Conversion of value of one type to other

• We are used to int float conversion in Math
– Integer 3 is treated as float 3.0 when a real
number is expected
– Float 3.6 is truncated as 3, or rounded off as 4 for
integer contexts
• Type names are used as type converter
functions

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 Type Conversion Examples
Note that float to int conversion
is truncation, not rounding off

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 Type Conversion and Input

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 Operators
• Arithmetic + - * // / % **

• Comparison == != > < >= <=

• Assignment = += -= *= //= /= %= **=

• Logical and or not
• Bitwise & | ^ ~ >> <<
• Membership in not in
• Identity is is not

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Variables
• A name associated with an m
object 64
• Assignment used for binding Acads
m = 64; c
3.1416
c = ‘Acads’;
f = 3.1416; f

• Variables can change their 2.7183

bindings
f = 2.7183;
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
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 Assignment Statement
• A simple assignment statement
Variable = Expression;
• Computes the value (object) of the expression
on the right hand side expression (RHS)
• Associates the name (variable) on the left
hand side (LHS) with the RHS value
• = is known as the assignment operator.

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Multiple Assignments
• Python allows multiple assignments
x, y = 10, 20 Binds x to 10 and y to 20

• Evaluation of multiple assignment statement:

– All the expressions on the RHS of the = are first
evaluated before any binding happens.
– Values of the expressions are bound to the
corresponding variable on the LHS.
x, y = 10, 20 x is bound to 21
x, y = y+1, x+1 and y to 11 at the
end of the program
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Programming using Python

Operators and Expressions

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 Binary Operations
Op Meaning Example Remarks

+ Addition 9+2 is 11
9.1+2.0 is 11.1
- Subtraction 9-2 is 7
9.1-2.0 is 7.1
* Multiplication 9*2 is 18
9.1*2.0 is 18.2
/ Division 9/2 is 4.25 In Python3
9.1/2.0 is 4.55 Real div.
// Integer Division 9//2 is 4
% Remainder 9%2 is 1

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 The // operator
• Also referred to as “integer division”
• Result is a whole integer (floor of real
division)
– But the type need not be int
– the integral part of the real division
– rounded towards minus infinity
• Examples
9//4 is 2 (-1)//2 is -1 (-1)//(-2) is 0
1//2 is 0 1//(-2) is -1 9//4.5 is 2.0
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09/03/2025 Programming
 The % operator
• The remainder operator % returns the
remainder of the result of dividing its
first operand by its second.
9%4 is 1 (-1)%2 is 1 (-1)//(-2) is 0
9%4.5 is 0.0 1%(-2) is 1 1%0.6 is 0.4

Ideally: x == (x//y)*y + x %y
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09/03/2025 Programming
 Conditional Statements
• In daily routine
– If it is very hot, I will skip
exercise.
– If there is a quiz tomorrow, I will
first study and then sleep.
Otherwise I will sleep now.
– If I have to buy coffee, I will
go left. Else I will go
straight. 24
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 if-else statement
• Compare two integers and print the min.

if x < y: 1. Check if x is less

print (x) than y.
2. If so, print x
else: 3. Otherwise, print y.
print (y)
print (‘is the minimum’)

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Indentation
• Indentation is important in Python
– grouping of statement (block of statements)
– no explicit brackets, e.g. { }, to group statements
x,y = 6,10 Run
x the program
y

if x < y: 6 10
print (x)
else:
print (y) ed Output
i p p
sk the min’)
print (‘is 6 26
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 if statement (no else!)
• General form of the if statement
e
if boolean-expr : tru

fals
e
S1
S1
S2
• Execution of if statement S2
– First the expression is evaluated.
– If it evaluates to a true value, then S1 is
executed and then control moves to the S2.
– If expression evaluates to false, then control
moves to the S2 directly.
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 if-else statement
• General form of the if-else statement
if boolean-expr : rt u
e

fa
S1

ls
e
else: S1 S2
S2
S3 S3
• Execution of if-else statement
– First the expression is evaluated.
– If it evaluates to a true value, then S1 is executed and
then control moves to S3.
– If expression evaluates to false, then S2 is executed
and then control moves to S3.
– S1/S2 can be blocks of statements! 28
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Nested if, if-else

if a <= b:
if a <= c:
…
else:
…
else:
if b <= c) :
…
else:
… 29
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Elif
• A special kind of nesting is the chain of if-
else-if-else-… statements
• Can be written elegantly using if-elif-..-else
if cond1: if cond1:
s1 s1
else: elif cond2:
if cond2: s2
s2 elif cond3:
else: s3
if cond3: elif …
s3 else
else: last-block-of-stmt
…
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 Summary of if, if-else
• if-else, nested if's, elif.
• Multiple ways to solve a problem
–issues of readability,
maintainability
–and efficiency

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Class Quiz
• What is the value of expression:
(5<2) and (3/0 > 1)

a) Run time crash/error

b) I don’t know / I don’t care

c) False
The correct answer is
False
d) True
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 Short-circuit Evaluation
• Do not evaluate the second operand of binary
short-circuit logical operator if the result can be
deduced from the first operand
– Also applies to nested logical operators

true false false true

not( (2>5) and (3/0 > 1) ) or (4/0 < 2)

Evaluates to true
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 3 Factors for Expr Evaluation
• Precedence
– Applied to two different class of operators
– + and *, - and *, and and or, …
• Associativity
– Applied to operators of same class
– * and *, + and -, * and /, …
• Order
– Precedence and associativity identify the operands for
each operator
– Not which operand is evaluated first
– Python evaluates expressions from left to right
– While evaluating an assignment, the right-hand side is34
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
evaluated before the left-hand side.
Class Quiz
• What is the output of the following program:
y = 0.1*3
if y != 0.3:
print ('Launch a Missile')
else:
print ("Let's have peace")
Launch a Missile
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Caution about Using Floats
• Representation of real numbers in a computer
can not be exact
– Computers have limited memory to store data
– Between any two distinct real numbers, there are
infinitely many real numbers.
• On a typical machine running Python, there are
53 bits of precision available for a Python float

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Caution about Using Floats
• The value stored internally for the decimal
number 0.1 is the binary fraction
0.00011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011010

• Equivalent to decimal value

0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625

• Approximation is similar to decimal

approximation 1/3 = 0.333333333...
• No matter how many digits you use, you have
an approximation
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Comparing Floats
• Because of the approximations, comparison of
floats is not exact.
• Solution?
• Instead of
x == y
use
abs(x-y) <= epsilon
where epsilon is a suitably chosen small value

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 Programming using Python

Loops
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 Printing Multiplication Table
5 X 1 = 5
5 X 2 = 10
5 X 3 = 15
5 X 4 = 20
5 X 5 = 25
5 X 6 = 30
5 X 7 = 35
5 X 8 = 40
5 X 9 = 45
5 X 10 = 50

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Sep 3, 2025 Python Programming
 Program…
n = int(input('Enter a number:
Too much'))
print (n, 'X', 1, '=', n*1)
repetition!
print (n, 'X', 2, '=', n*2)
Can I avoid
print (n, 'X', 3, '=', n*3) it?
print (n, 'X', 4, '=', n*4)
print (n, 'X', 5, '=', n*5)
print (n, 'X', 6, '=', n*6)
….

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 Printing Multiplication Table

Input n Loop Entry

i=1

Loop Exit
i <=10
TRUE FALSE

Print n X i = n*i Stop

i = i+1

Loop 42
Sep 3, 2025 Python Programming
 Printing Multiplication Table
Input n
i=1

TRUE
i <=10
FALSE n = int(input('n=? '))
i=1
Print n x i = ni Stop
i = i+1

while (i <= 10) :

print (n ,'X', i, '=', n*i)
i=i+1
print ('done‘)

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Sep 3, 2025 Python Programming
 While Statement
while (expression):
S1 expression
FALSE

S2
TRUE

S1 S2
1. Evaluate expression
2. If TRUE then
a) execute statement1
b) goto step 1.
3. If FALSE then execute statement2.
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Sep 3, 2025 Python Programming
 For Loop
• Print the sum of the reciprocals of the
first 100 natural numbers.

rsum=0.0# the reciprocal sum

# the for loop

for i in range(1,101):
rsum = rsum + 1.0/i
print ('sum is', rsum)
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 For loop in Python
• General form

for variable in sequence:

stmt

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 range
• range(s, e, d)
– generates the list:
[s, s+d, s+2*d, …, s+k*d]
where s+k*d < e <= s+(k+1)*d
• range(s, e) is equivalent to range(s, e, 1)
• range(e) is equivalent to range(0, e)
Exercise: What if d is negative? Use python
interpreter to find out. 47
Sep 3, 2025 Python Programming
 Quiz
• What will be the output of the following
program

# print all odd numbers < 10

i = 1
while i <= 10:
if i%2==0: # even
continue
print (i, end=‘ ‘)
i = i+1
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Sep 3, 2025 Python Programming
 Continue and Update Expr
• Make sure continue does not bypass update-
expression for while loops

# print all odd numbers < 10

i = 1 i is not incremented
while i <= 10: when even number
if i%2==0: # even encountered.
continue Infinite loop!!
print (i, end=‘ ‘)
i = i+1
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 Programming with Python

S T R I NGS
T UP L E S
L I S T S
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 Strings
• Strings in Python have type str
• They represent sequence of characters
– Python does not have a type corresponding to
character.
• Strings are enclosed in single quotes(') or
double quotes(“)
– Both are equivalent
• Backslash (\) is used to escape quotes and
special characters
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 Strings

• More readable when print is used

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 Length of a String
• len function gives the length of a string

\n is a single character:
the special character
representing newline 53
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 Concatenate and Repeat
• In Python, + and * operations have special
meaning when operating on strings
• + is used for concatenation of (two) strings
• * is used to repeat a string, an int number of
time
• Function/Operator Overloading

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 Concatenate and Repeat

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 Indexing
• Strings can be indexed
• First character has index 0

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 Indexing
• Negative indices start counting from the right
• Negatives indices start from -1
• -1 means last, -2 second last, ...

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 Indexing
• Using an index that is too large or too small
results in “index out of range” error

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 Slicing
• To obtain a substring
• s[start:end] means substring of s starting at
index start and ending at index end-1
• s[0:len(s)] is same as s
• Both start and end are optional
– If start is omitted, it defaults to 0
– If end is omitted, it defaults to the length of string
• s[:] is same as s[0:len(s)], that is same as s

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 Slicing

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 More Slicing

Understanding Indices for slicing

A c a d s
0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
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 A c a d s

Out of Range Slicing 0

-5
1
-4
2
-3
3
-2
4
-1

• Out of range indices are ignored for slicing

• when start and end have the same sign, if start
>=end, empty slice is returned
Why?

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 Tuples
• A tuple consists of a number of values
separated by commas

• Empty and Singleton Tuples

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 Nested Tuples
• Tuples can be nested

• Note that course tuple is copied into student.

– Changing course does not affect student

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 Length of a Tuple
• len function gives the length of a tuple

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 More Operations on Tuples
• Tuples can be concatenated, repeated,
indexed and sliced

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 Unpacking Sequences
• Strings and Tuples are examples of sequences
– Indexing, slicing, concatenation, repetition
operations applicable on sequences
• Sequence Unpacking operation can be applied
to sequences to get the components
– Multiple assignment statement
– LHS and RHS must have equal length

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 Unpacking Sequences

( )

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 Lists
• Ordered sequence of values
• Written as a sequence of comma-separated
values between square brackets
• Values can be of different types
– usually the items all have the same type

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 Lists
• List is also a sequence type
– Sequence operations are applicable

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 Lists
• List is also a sequence type
– Sequence operations are applicable

Repetition

( )

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 More Operations on Lists
• L.append(x) • L.pop()
• L.extend(seq) • L.index(x)
• L.insert(i, x) • L.count(x)
• L.remove(x) • L.sort()
• L.pop(i) • L.reverse()
x is any value, seq is a sequence value (list, string, tuple, …),
i is an integer value
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Mutable and Immutable Types
• Tuples and List types look very similar
• However, there is one major difference: Lists
are mutable
– Contents of a list can be modified
• Tuples and Strings are immutable
– Contents can not be modified

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Summary of Sequences
Operation Meaning
seq[i] i-th element of the sequence
len(seq) Length of the sequence
seq1 + seq2 Concatenate the two sequences
num*seq
seq*num Repeat seq num times

seq[start:end] slice starting from start, and ending at end-1

e in seq True if e is present is seq, False otherwise
e not in seq True if e is not present is seq, False otherwise
for e in seq Iterate over all elements in seq (e is bound to one element per
iteration)

Sequence types include String, Tuple and List.

Lists are mutable, Tuple and Strings immutable. 74
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Summary of Sequences
• For details and many useful functions, refer to:
https://docs.python.org/3.2/tutorial/datastruct
ures.html

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 Programming with Python

Sets and Dictionaries

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Sep 3, 2025 Esc101, Strings
 Sets
• An unordered collection with no duplicate
elements
• Supports
– membership testing
– eliminating duplicate entries
– Set operations: union, intersection, difference, and
symmetric difference.

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 Sets

{ }

Create a set from

a sequence

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 Set Operations

{ }

{ }

{ }

{ }

{ }

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 Dictionaries
• Unordered set of key:value pairs,
• Keys have to be unique and immutable
• Key:value pairs enclosed inside curly braces
{...}
• Empty dictionary is created by writing {}
• Dictionaries are mutable
– add new key:value pairs,
– change the pairing
– delete a key (and associated value) 80
Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 Operations on Dictionaries
Operation Meaning
len(d) Number of key:value pairs in d
d.keys() List containing the keys in d
d.values() List containing the values in d
k in d True if key k is in d
d[k] Value associated with key k in d
d.get(k, v) If k is present in d, then d[k] else v
d[k] = v Map the value v to key k in d
(replace d[k] if present)
del d[k] Remove key k (and associated value) from d
for k in d Iterate over the keys in d

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 Operations on Dictionaries

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 Operations on Dictionaries

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 Operations on Dictionaries

# Remember: for ... in iterates over keys only

# Sort values in a list

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 Dictionary Construction
• The dict constructor: builds dictionaries
directly from sequences of key-value pairs

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 Programming with Python

File I/O

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 File I/O
• Files are persistent storage
• Allow data to be stored beyond program
lifetime
• The basic operations on files are
– open, close, read, write
• Python treat files as sequence of lines
– sequence operations work for the data read from
files

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 File I/O: open and close
open(filename, mode)
• While opening a file, you need to supply
– The name of the file, including the path
– The mode in which you want to open a file
– Common modes are r (read), w (write), a (append)
• Mode is optional, defaults to r
• open(..) returns a file object
• close() on the file object closes the file
– finishes any buffered operations
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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 File I/O: Example

• Do some writing
• How to do it?
• see the next few slides

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Sep 3, 2025 Programming
 File I/O: read, write and append
• Reading from an open file returns the
contents of the file
– as sequence of lines in the program
• Writing to a file
– IMPORTANT: If opened with mode 'w', clears the
existing contents of the file
– Use append mode ('a') to preserve the contents
– Writing happens at the end

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples
( )

( )

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 File I/O: Examples
( )

Note empty line due to '\n'

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 File I/O: Examples
Note the use of for ... in
for sequence

( )

]
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 File I/O: Examples

( )

( )

( )
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