1NS204: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN (SAD)
Phases of SDLC
Study Session III
Facilitator: Dr. K-K. Adebisi Abdullah
Olabisi Onabanjo University
Open and Distance Learning
1NS204: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
(SAD)
Phases of SDLC
SAD: System Planning
What is Requirements Determination?
Requirements
• Is a vital feature of a new system which include processing or
capturing of data, controlling the activities of business, producing
information and supporting the management.
Requirements Determination
• Involves studying the existing system and gathering details to find out
what are the requirements,
• how it works, and where improvements should be made.
Major Activities in requirement Determination
Requirements Anticipation
• It predicts the characteristics of system based on previous experience
• It can lead to analysis of areas that would otherwise go unnoticed by
inexperienced analyst
Requirements cont’d
Requirements Investigation
• study the current system and document its features for further
analysis.
• is at the heart of system analysis where analyst document and
describe system features
• use fact-finding techniques, prototyping, and computer assisted
tools
Requirements Specifications
• includes the analysis of data which determine the requirement
specification
• description of features for new system, and specifying what
information requirements will be provided
• includes analysis of factual data, identification of essential
requirements, and selection of requirement-fulfilment
Information Gathering Techniques
determine the information requirements of an organization used by analysts to prepare
a precise Software Requirement Specification (SRS) should be understood by user.
There are various information gathering techniques −
1. Interviewing
-Systems analyst collects information from individuals or groups
-The analyst can be formal, legalistic, play politics, or be informal
It can be done in two ways −
• Unstructured Interview − The system analyst conducts question-answer session to
acquire basic information of the system.
• Structured Interview − It has standard questions which user need to respond in
either close (objective) or open (descriptive) format.
2. Questionnaires
This method is used by analyst to gather information about various issues of system from
large number of persons.
There are two types of questionnaires −
• Open-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that can be easily and correctly
interpreted. They can explore a problem and lead to a specific direction of answer
• Closed-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that are used when the
systems analyst effectively lists all possible responses, which are mutually exclusive.
Information Gathering Techniques
3. Review of Records, Procedures, and Forms
Review of existing records, procedures, and forms helps to seek insight into a
system which describes the current system capabilities, its operations, or
activities.
4. Observation
• gathering information by noticing and observing the people, events, and
objects
• analyst visits the organization to observe the working of current system and
understands the requirements of the system
5. Joint Application Development (JAD)
• developed by IBM which brings owners, users, analysts, designers, and
builders to define and design the system using organized and intensive
workshops
• JAD trained analyst act as facilitator for workshop who has some specialized
skills
6. Secondary Research or Background Reading
• accessing the gleaned information.
• includes any previously gathered information used by the marketer from any
Feasibility Study
• preliminary investigation that helps the management to take
decision about whether study of system should be feasible for
development or not.
• identifies the possibility of improving an existing system, developing
a new system, and produce refined estimates for further
development of system.
• acquire problem scope instead of solving the problem
• output is a formal system proposal act as decision document which
includes the complete nature and scope of the proposed system.
Steps Involved in Feasibility Analysis
• Form a project team and appoint a project leader.
• Develop system flowcharts.
• Identify the deficiencies of current system and set goals.
• Enumerate the alternative solution or potential candidate system to
meet goals
Types of Feasibilities
1. Economic Feasibility:
• evaluating the effectiveness of candidate system by
using cost/benefit analysis method,
• demonstrates the net benefit from the candidate
system in terms of benefits and costs to the
organization
2. Technical Feasibility:
• analyses and determines whether the solution can be
supported by existing technology or not
3. Operational Feasibility
• determines whether system is operating effectively
once it is developed & implemented
• ensures management support the proposed system
Types of Feasibilities cont’d
. Behavioural Feasibility
• evaluates and estimates the user attitude or behaviour
towards the development of new system
• helps in determining if the system requires special effort to
educate, retrain, transfer, and changes in employee’s job
status on new ways of conducting business
5. Schedule Feasibility
• ensures that the project should be completed within given
time constraint or schedule.
• verifies and validates whether the deadlines of project are
reasonable or not
Types of Feasibilities Cont’d
Structured Analysis
What is Structured Analysis?
• is a development method that allows the analyst to
understand the system and its activities in a logical way.
• uses graphical tools that analyse and refine the
objectives of an existing system
• develop a new system specification which can be easily
understandable by user.
Structured Analysis Tools
• Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)
• Data Dictionary
• Decision Trees
• Decision Tables
• Structured English
• Pseudocode
Structured Analysis cont’d
1. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) or Bubble Chart
express the requirements of system in a graphical form
shows the flow of data between various functions of system and specifies
how the current system is implemented
graphical nature makes it a good communication tool between user and
analyst
Types of DFD
i. Physical DFD
• It is implementation dependent. It shows which functions are performed
• It provides low level details of hardware, software, files, and people.
• It provides low level details of hardware, software, files, and people
• It depicts how the current system operates and how a system will be
implemented.
ii. Logical DFD
iii. It is implementation independent. It focuses only on the flow of data
between processes
iv. It explains events of systems and data required by each event
Structured Analysis cont’d
Decision Trees Decision Tables
• method for defining complex • method of describing the
complex logical relationship in a
relationships by describing
precise manner
decisions and avoiding the
problems in communication. • Use in situations where the
resulting actions depend on the
• diagram that shows alternative
occurrence of one or several
actions and conditions within
combinations of independent
horizontal tree framework
conditions.
CONDITIONS Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Components of a Decision Table
Advance payment Y N N N • Condition Stub − It is in the
made upper left quadrant which lists
Purchase amount = - Y Y N
Rs 10,000/-
all the condition to be checked.
Regular Customer - Y N - • Action Stub − It is in the lower
ACTIONS
Give 5% discount X X - -
left quadrant which outlines all
Give no discount - - X X the action to be carried out to
Thanks for Listerning
