SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE, SCIENCES AND

TECHNOLOGY
Feeder Road 4, Brgy. Tibal-og, Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte, Philippines

GE 3
THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
 Introduction

We are now living in the 21st century the Contemporary World.

Globalization is the by-word of the time. Gone are the days
when we just confine ourselves to what is "local" - focusing only
on our goods, services, and other resources.

Times have changed - and these changes are so rapid that we

have to catch up with the changing time. As we look beyond our
steps, we meet many challenges along the way those in
business, education, health, science and technology, and other
new fields of endeavor. We just cannot close our eyes but we
need to respond to these challenges because they have an
impact to our lives, to the community, and in the country where
we are doing our activities.

If we don't step up to all these challenges of globalization NOW

- then, WHEN? Now is the time to act and move fast or else we
are all lost in the wilderness and you - the students - have a
greater role to perform, for you are a global citizen in this global
order.

Let’s start this subject with a bang!

 CHAPTER 1
• Definition of Globalization
• Historical Foundation of the Term “Globalization”
• Indicators of Globalization
• Nature of Globalization
• Dimensions of Globalization
• Reasons for Globalization

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

a. Differentiate the competing

conceptions of globalization

b. Identify the underlying

philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization

ACTIVITY
Instruction: This activity is exploring your idea about globalization.
For you to be prepared in this lesson, write your thoughts about
globalization on the bubble chart below.

GLOBALIZATION
 ANALYSIS
Hello! In order to wrap up the activity, answer the questions
below. Write your response on the space provided.

1. How did you come up with your ideas in the activity? How each ideas related
to the topic?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
2. Why there is a need to define globalization?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
3. Why is it important to know about globalization? How does it affect s us?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___

ABSTRACTION

Definition of Globalization

There are many varying definitions of the term globalization. These are as follows:

1. Globalization is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the

growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Thus, globalization is
primarily focused on economic process of integration that has social and cultural
aspects.

2. It is the interconnectedness of people and business across the world that eventually
lead to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.

3. It is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world in order
to conduct business internationally.
4. It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a
seamless and integrated manner.

5. It is the liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and welcome foreign

investment into sectors that are the mainstays of its economy.

6. It refers to countries acting like magnets attracting global capital by opening up

their economies to multinational corporations.

Globalization as Defined by Other Authors

1. Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King defined globalization as those processes by

which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.

2. Anthony Giddens (The Consequence of Modernity) Defines globalization as the

intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way
that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice
versa.

3. Roland Robertson, Professor of Sociology at the University of Aberdeen described

globalization in 1992 as the compression of the world and the intensification of the
consciousness of the world as a whole.

Historical Foundation of the term "Globalization“

Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern

times, others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and
voyages to the New World, some even to the third millennium BC. Large-scale
globalization began in the 1820s. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the
connectivity of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly.

In 1897, Charles Taze Russell (of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract
Society) coined a related term, corporate giants. This term refers to the largely
national trusts and other large enterprises of the time.

In 1930, the word "globalize" as a noun appeared in a publication

entitled Towards New Education where it denoted a holistic view of human
experience in education.

In the late 1970's, the word "globalization" was coined. In 2013, this
term was used to mean "borderless society" referring to international migration.
In the early part of 1981, the term "globalization" had been used in its economic
sense. However, in the late half of the 1980's, Theodore Levitt popularized the term
"globalization" by bringing it into the mainstream business audience.
 Lately in 2000, The International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four (4)
basic aspects of globalization: (1) trade and transactions; (2) capital and investment
movements; (3) migration of knowledge (4) dissemination

It is only in 2017 when the word "globalization" was oftenly used in

teaching, in discussion, in meetings and conferences, in lectures and so on.
This time 2018, the phenomenon of globalization is now on full swing in all academic
disciplines.

Indicators of Globalization

The jet engine, the internet, e-banking, e-books, e-bike, the LRT, MRT
and other inventions of science and technology are attributable to the spread of
globalization. These are some of the modern offspring of development in our
infrastructure system. These improvements that people enjoy today in this
contemporary world have been major factors in globalization which have generated
further interdependence in economic and cultural activities among nations.

Likewise, environmental challenges such as global warming, cross-

boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with
globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work
organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.
Academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas:
economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization.

Nature of Globalization

Globalization is a conglomerate of various multiple units located in the

different parts of the globe which are linked by common ownership. The multiple
limits draw on parts of the globe but all linked by common ownership. Multiple units
draw on a common pool of resources, such as money, credit, information, patents,
trade names and control systems. The units respond to some common strategy.
Product presence is in different markets of the world. Human resources are highly
diverse. Transactions involving intellectual properties such as copyrights, patents,
trademarks, and process technologies are across the globe.

Dimensions of Globalization

The following are the dimensions of globalization

1. Planning to expand the business on a worldwide scope

2. Giving up the distinction between domestic and foreign market and instead
developing a global outlook of such business.
3. Locating the production and the physical facilities of the business by considering
global business dynamics irrespective of national consideration.

4. Creating product development and production planning on a global market sphere.

5. Global sourcing of the factors of production such as raw materials components,

machinery, technology, finance, and others that are obtained from the best source
anywhere in the world.

6. Global orientation or organization structure and management culture.

Reasons for Globalization

Why do we have to globalize especially at this contemporary world?

Here are the reasons:

1. Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe. One can easily cross the
bridge going to the other side of the market place due to advance tools of technology
than before.

2. Domestic markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many interlocking

factors.

3. Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic

stability which is relatively good in other countries than the country of origin.

4. To get technological and managerial know-how of other countries due

to their advancement in science, technology, education, health, and
other fields of discipline.

5. To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance tools of
communication and information.

6. To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products which are
not available in the country of origin.

7. The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible in
stimulating increased cross border trade. There are other world bodies like the UN
and several arbitration bodies where countries agree.
 APPLICATION
Part 1: WORDS TO KNOW
Define the following terms according to your
understanding: (Don’t Copy form the textbook)

1. Globalization
2. Contemporary
3. Contemporary World
4. Philosophy
5. Dimension

Part 2: BRUSH UP

1. What would be the working definition of globalization for your course?

2. Identify two (2) paragraphs on the underlying philosophy of globalization.
3. What is the importance of studying globalization?
4. When was the beginning of the contemporary world?
5. Whys is the word “Globalization” given emphasis or importance in today’s
contemporary world? Explain.

Congratulations! You have

just finished the first lesson
of this module. Keep working
and enjoy the topics!

4
CHAPTER 2
• Stages of Globalization
• Merits of Globalization
• Demerits of Globalization
• Importance of Studying Globalization
• The Importance of Globalization for Everyone
• The Theory of Comparative Advantage
• Philosophy Underlying Globalization

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

a. Identify the underlying

philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization

b. Agree on a working definition of

globalization
 ACTIVITY
Instruction: Answer the questions below, it will help you to be
prepared in the lesson.

1. What I know about the topic:

 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________

2. What I want to learn in this lesson:

 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________

ANALYSIS
Alright! Before we proceed to the discussion, let us answer some
questions first.
1. What are the potential drawbacks of globalization for developing countries, and how
can these challenges be mitigated?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. How does the theory of comparative advantage explain the benefits of globalization,
and what are some potential limitations of this theory in the real world?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What are the key philosophical principles underlying globalization, and how do
these principles shape our understanding of the contemporary world?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 ABSTRACTION

Stages of Globalization

There are five (5) stages of globalization. These are:

Stage 1
The first stage is the arm's length service activity of an essentially domestic
company/institution which moves into new market overseas by linking up with
local dealers and distributors.

Stage 2
In this stage, the company/institution takes over these activities on its own

Stage 3
In this stage, the domestic-based company institution begins to carry out its own
manufacturing marketing and sales in key foreign markets.

Stage 4
In this stage, the company/institution moves to a full insider position in these
markets supported by a complete business system including Research and
Development (R&D) and engineering. However, the headquarters mentality
continues to dominate.

Stage 5
In this stage, the company/institution moves towards a genuinely global mode of
operation. In this stage, global localization happens, that is, the
company/institution serves local customers in markets around the globe
responding to their needs. This requires an organizational transition i.e. the
company must denationalize its operations and create a system of values shared
by global managers.

Merits of Globalization
What can a company or an institution gets from globalization. There are eight (8)
merits or advantages.

1. Global competition and imports keep a lid on prices such that inflation is less
likely to derail economic growth.

2. An open economy spur fast innovation with fresh ideas from abroad.

3. Export jobs often pay more than other jobs

4. Unfettered capital flow keeps interest rates low.

5. Living standards go up faster.

6. Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods and services in
which they are of comparative advantage

7. Countries liberalize their visa rules and procedures so as to permit the full flow
of people from country to country.

8. It results in freeing up the unproductive sector to investment and the productive

sector to export related activities resulting in a win-win situation for the world
economy.

Demerits of Globalization

Globalization also has its disadvantages or demerits. Among these are:

1. Several people lose their jobs when companies import cheap labor or materials
or shift production abroad.

2. Workers face pay cut demands from employers who often threatens to export
jobs.

3. Unregulated globalization can cause serious problems to poor and developing

countries in terms of labor force, wages, benefits, job termination, and others

4. High foreign stake on industries where it is not necessarily needed could affect
the economic growth of domestic enterprise.

5. Sovereignty of a country and company/institution may be at stake.

Importance of Studying Globalization

In today's contemporary world, it is important for students to

understand and appreciate the study of globalization for the following reasons:

1. There is a greater demand in business and industry, health, engineering and

technology to have people who can work with people of other nations and
cultures.

2. There is a greater demand of promoting the local business and industry to

other countries and if need be, owners travel independently and internationally for
a better promotion.
3. The contemporary world face global challenges that will take interdisciplinary
groups to solve these challenges: These challenges are: how to provide access to
clean water, clean environment, clean renewable energy that is affordable to
everyone and how to deal with the unpredictable climate change just to name a
few. These global challenges need to be solved as soon as possible through the
gathering and sharing of information across disciplines, institutions, and other
entities in a global scale.

4. Creating meaningful, harmonious, and workable relationship that link globally is

an important aspect of the merits of globalization, especially if one wish to be the
President of the future generation.

5. Knowledge of the merits, demerits and reasons for globalization will enable the
students to work as model of collaborative international team in the near future
along the areas of business, education, health, science, arts, engineering, hotel
industries, etc. and discuss best products in these areas.

The Importance of Globalization for Everyone

According to Neil Kokemuller, a writer, globalization is the expansion

of local economies and businesses into a broader international marketplace. Even
small businesses have gotten active in the global environment as the Internet and
mobile technology have enabled communication across continents and countries.
Globalization has become important for a number of reasons, including the overall
need for businesses to compete, according to Kokemuller.

The Internet revolutionized the business arena, because it created a

whole new virtual marketplace that expands beyond physical and geographical
boundaries. Companies in foreign countries can now compete for customers in
the United States by leveraging their own country's resources, lower costs of
labor and affordable distribution processes. In the same way, U.S. companies
have the opportunity to appeal to customers in the Philippines and other countries
by promoting their goods and services.

The development of business, industry and income levels in several

large population centers has also contributed to the importance of globalization.
China, India and Brazil are prominent examples of thriving economies as of 2013.
Nearly two billion people reside in these countries. As customers gain buying
power, U.S. companies race for the all-important capital that their revenue dollars
can provide. Partnership opportunities with businesses in these countries can aid
growth.
Competition

Even if you want to avoid the globalization movement, you often

have no choice but to compete. The influx of foreign competitors in the U.S. limits
the number of companies in some industries that can succeed domestically. In the
same way, if your competitors expand globally, you have to consider following
suit. Any money other companies make in foreign markets, they can bring back to
the United States and invest it in promoting their brands, products and services
domestically.

Diverse Population

Business trends often mirror broader societal trends. The United

States, and the world in general, has become very diverse. The United States is
home to immigrants from many countries around the world. As people move to
different parts of the world, they spread different ideas, perspective and customs.
Foreign-born citizens who work for and buy from U.S. companies often want to
see them get involved in doing business in other parts of the world.

The Theory of Comparative Advantages

Globalization is grounded on the Theory of Comparative Advantage.

This theory states that countries that are good at producing particular good are
better off exporting it to countries that are less efficient at producing that good.
Conversely, the latter country can then export the goods that it produces in an
efficient manner to the former country which might be deficient in the same. The
underlying assumption here is that not all countries are good at producing all sorts
of goods and hence they benefit by trading with each other. Further, because of
the wage differential and the way in which different countries are endowed with
different resources, countries stand to gain by trading with each other.

Philosophy Underlying Globalization

Globalization is one of the most widely spread recent cultural, social,

economic, and political phenomenon which has strongly marked the discourse of
the humanities and social sciences. This new, not-yet constituted era poses
multiple challenges in which there is room for novel theoretical paradigm in this
new emerging world.

1. The concept of globalization has only recently been widely accepted and
adapted - words like global, globality, globalization, globalism as well as the
concepts of global market, global ecology, global citizen, its more truly unknown
up to the very end of the 20th century.

2. Discussion of world issues used the derivatives of "international" rather than

"global" relations because of the recent popularized new concept of
"globalization" has resulted in innumerable contradicting definitions of the same.
3. While, normatively speaking, some people associate globalization with
progress, prosperity, and peace, some others consider it to be retrogression,
disaster and decay.

4. The common and indisputable characteristics of all its definitions is the view
that globalization is "a process of economic, social, culture, and political activity,
which transcends nation-state borders and that it pertains to the world as a
whole." It is within this context that the multi- dimensionality of the globalization
process comes to the foce.

5. Globalization is a complex and controversial process of the building of the

world as a whole due to the creation of global institutional structures and global
cultural forms like a free market (economic unification of the world with uniform
patterns of production and consumption; democratic integration of the world
based on common interest of humankind, such as equality, human rights
protection, rule of law, peace and security, and moral integration of the world
based on humanistic values - instead of national state particularism.

6. Various ideological movements of resistance to globalization have been

emerging in response to globalization such as the violent and destructive mass
demonstrations staged in various countries are a manifestation of resistance.

Finally, based on the above philosophical dimensions underlying

globalization is the free movement of goods, services and people across the
world in a seamless and integrated manner. Globalization can be thought of to be
the result of the opening up of the global economy and the concomitant increase
in trade between nations in this contemporary world.

The point here is that, globalization has had positive and negative
effects and therefore, a deep approach is needed when discussing the concept.
What is undeniable is that GLOBALIZATION is here to stay hence it is better for
the countries in the global economy to embrace the concept and live with it in this
contemporary world.
 APPLICATION

Part 1: Draw or post a picture inside the box of the following

data/information

CONTEMPORARY WORLD

THE PHENOMENON OF GLOBALIZATION

CYBERWORLD (THE WORLD TOMORROW)

 Description
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___

Part 2: ESSAY

Write an essay consisting of 150-300 words with this topic: ‘What

Globalization Means To Me”

Hooray!!!
Its another lesson
unlocked, keep grinding
for your future!
CHAPTER 3
• Global Economy
• Market Integration
• Roles of International Financial Institutions in the
Creation of Global Membership Composition of IFI
• History of Global Market Integration in the 20th Century
• Global Corporation
• Global Interstate System
• Global Governance

In this lesson, challenge yourself to:

a. Define economic globalization

b. Identify the factors that facilitate economic

globalization

ACTIVITY

Instruction: Contact one of your classmates and ask his/her idea

about the Global Economy. Use the Venn diagram below to show
your ideas.

Your
Your Idea classmate’s
common Idea
Idea
from
both of
you
 ANALYSIS
Hello! In order to wrap up the activity, answer the questions
below. Write your response on the space provided.

1. What are some of the biggest challenges facing the global economy today?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___

2. How do you think globalization has impacted your life?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___

3. How do you think technological advancements are shaping the global

economy?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___

ABSTRACTION

Global Economy

Global economy is also referred to as world economy. This term refers to

the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of
money. It may also mean as the free movement of goods, capital, services, technology,
and information.

In some contexts, "global" or "International" economy is distinguished and

measured separately from national economies while the "world economy" is simply an
aggregate of the separate country's measurements.

World economy is exclusively limited to human economic activity and is

typically judged in monetary terms. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black
market goods which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which
these is by definition no legal market of any kind.
 Global economy or economic globalization is concerned on the
globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes,
institutions, corporations, and labor. While economic globalization has been
expanding since the emergence of trans-national trade, it has grown at an increased
rate due to an increase in communication and technological advances under the
framework of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization,
which made countries gradually cut down trade barriers and open up their current
accounts and capital accounts.

This recent boom has been largely supported by developed economies

integrating with majority world through foreign direct investment and lowering costs of
doing business, the reduction of trade barriers, and in many cases cross border
migration.

Market Integration

When prices among different location or related goods follow the same
patterns over a long period of time, bexist. Similarly, when groups of prices often
move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among different
markets it is said that the markets are integrated. Hence, it could be concluded that
market integration is an indicator that explains how much different markets are
related to each other.

Role of International Financial Institutions in the Creation of Global Economy

Let us first define International Financial Institution (IFIS). An

international financial institution is chartered by more than one country and therefore
are subjects to international law. Its owners or shareholders are generally national
governments, although other international institutions and other organizations
occasionally figure as shareholders. The most prominent IFIs are creations of
multiple nations, although some bilateral financial institutions (created by two
countries) exist and are technically IFIs. The best known IFIs were established after
World War II to assist in the reconstruction of Europe and provide mechanisms for
international cooperation in managing the global financial system.

Today, the world's largest IFI is the European Investment Bank, [1] with
a balance sheet size of €573 billion in 2016. [2] This compares to the two
components of the World Bank, the IBRD (assets of $358 billion in 2014) [3] and the
IDA (assets of $183 billion in 2014). [3] For comparison, the largest commercial
banks each have assets of c.$2,000-3,000 billion. (Source: Website)
The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) are:

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

2. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) which include
a. World Bank Group
b. African Development Bank
c. Asian Development Bank
d. Inter-American Development Bank
e. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

The last four (4) of these each focus on a single world region and thus
are often called Regional Development Banks (RDB).

Global in scope are International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
They are also specialized agencies in the United Nation system but are governed
independently of it.

Membership Composition of IFIS

1. only sovereign countries are admitted as member-owner

2. broad country membership to include borrowing developing countries and
developed donor countries
3. membership in regional development banks include countries around the world as
members (not limited to countries from the region)
4. has its own independent legal and operational states

Main Objectives:
• IMF provides temporary financial assistance to member countries to help ease
balance of payments adjustments.

• MDBs provide financing for development to developing countries through

- long term loans (with maturities of up to 20 years) at interest rates way below
market rates. Funding comes from international capital markets and relend to
borrowing government in developing countries.

- very long-term loans (sometimes called credits with maturities of 30- 40 years)
at interest rates below market rates. Funding for loans come from direct
contributions by government in the donor countries.

- Grant financing by some MDBs for technical assistance advisory service or

project preparation.

All IFIs are active in supporting programs that are for the global
economy in addition to their primary role of financing and providing technical
assistance to programs at the country level.
History of Global Market Integration in the Twentieth Century

Labor market integration occurred between 1882 and 1936 in an area

of Asia stretching from South India to Southeastern China and encompassing the
three Southeast Asian countries of Burma, Malaya and Thailand.

By the late nineteenth century, globalization, of which a principal feature

was the mass migration nineteenth century, globalization, of which a principal feature
was the mass migration of Indians and Chinese to Southeast Asia, gave rise to both
an integrated Asian labor market and a a period of real wage convergence.
Integration did not, however, extend beyond Asia to include core industrial countries.
Asian and core areas, in contrast to globally integrated commodity markets, showed
divergent trends in unskilled real wages.

By the 1880s steamships had largely replaced sailing vessels for

transport within Asia as well as to Western markets, and shipping fares had begun to
fall sharply.

Also, already underway was the mass migration of Indian and Chinese
workers, principally from the labor-abundant areas of Madras in India and the
provinces of Kwangtung (Guangdong) and Fukien (Fujian) in Southeastern China, to
land-abundant but labor-scarce parts of Asia. Chief among the immigrant-receiving
countries were Burma, Malaya and Thailand (Siam) in Southeast Asia. Indian and
Chinese labor inflows to these countries constituted the bulk of two of three main late
nineteenth- and early twentieth-century global migration movements, the other being
European immigration to the New World. Immigration to Southeast Asia was almost
entirely in response to its growing demand for workers which, in turn, derived from
rapidly expanding demand in core industrial countries for Southeast Asian exports.
Studies by Latham and Neal (1983) and by Brandt (1985, 1989) established the
development of an integrated Asian rice market beginning in the latter part of the
nineteenth century.

Global Corporation

While many use "global" in the same way as international when it

comes describing a business, some analysts make distinctions between how each
operates. On a basic level, a global corporation is one that operates in more than
one country. Particularly in the United States, the term can mean different things to
different contexts, with the characteristics of a global corporation varying accordingly.
(Craig Berman, 2017)

Business analysts and academics, such as the groundbreaking Michael

Porter at Harvard University, defined global businesses more narrowly and
distinguish them from other operations overseas. He defined a global business as
one that maintains a strong headquarters in one country, but has investments in
multiple foreign locations. Such investments may involve direct investments in foreign
assets, such as manufacturing facilities or sales offices. The headquarters generally
is its home country, though some moves to more favorable regulatory or taxation
locations over time. Global
corporations strive to create economies of scale by selling the same products in
multiple locations and limiting local customization.

In the world of finance and investment, a global corporation is one that

has significant investments and facilities in multiple countries but lacks a dominant
headquarters. Global corporations are governed by the laws of the country where
they are incorporated. A global business connects its talents, resources and
opportunities across political boundaries. Because a global corporation is more
invested in its overseas locations, it can be more sensitive to local opportunities and
also more vulnerable to threats. A company that does business in Africa, for example,
might find itself dealing with the implication from a local Ebola outbreak as well as its
commercial operations.

In contrast, an international company is one that has a headquarters,

for example in the United States, but also does business overseas and might have a
large presence in multiple areas. Such company would be governed by U.S.
regulations, assuming its headquarters remain in U.S., but may also have foreign
subsidiaries such as the Philippines which is governed by local laws.

Global Interstate System

World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. The

modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and
therefore its division of labor is international division of labor. In the modern world-
system, the division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of
profitable industries or activities: core, semi periphery, and periphery. Countries tend
to fall into one or another of these interdependent zones core countries, semi-
periphery countries and the periphery countries. Resources are redistributed from the
underdeveloped, typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world (the
periphery) to developed, industrialized core.

World-systems, past world-systems and the modern world-systems,

have temporal features. Cyclical rhythms represent the short-term fluctuation of
economy, while secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general
economic growth or decline. The term contradiction means a general controversy in
the system, usually concerning some short term vs. long term trade-offs. For
example, the problem of under consumption, wherein the drive-down of wages
increases the profit for the capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run,
the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful effect by reducing the demand
for the product. The last temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs if a constellation
of circumstances brings about the end of the system.
The world-systems theory stresses that world-systems (and not nation states) should
be the basic unit of social analysis. Thus we should focus not on individual states, but
on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery, and periphery).

Global Governance

This term global governance is sometimes referred to as world

governance. Global is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational
actors, negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.
Institutions of global governance-the United Nations, the International Criminal Court,
the World Bank, etc. tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce
compliance. The modern question of world governance exists in the context of
globalization and globalizing regimes of power: politically, economically and culturally.
In response to the acceleration of worldwide interdependence, both between human
societies and between humankind and the biosphere, the term "global governance"
may mean the process of designating laws, rules, or regulations intended for a global
scale.

Global governance is not a singular system. There is no "world

government" but the many different regimes of global governance do have
commonalities:

While the contemporary system of global political relations is not

integrated, the relation between the various regimes of global governance is not
insignificant, and the system does have a common dominant organizational form.
The dominant mode of organization today is bureaucratic rational-regularized and
codified. It is common to all modern regimes of political power and frames the
transition from classical sovereignty to what David Held describes as the second
regime of sovereignty-liberal international sovereignty.
 APPLICATION
Part 1: WORDS TO KNOW
Define the following terms according to your understanding:
(Don’t copy form the textbook)

1. Economic Globalization
2. Modern World System
3. Economic Integration
4. Global Economic Integration
5. Global Interstate System

Part 2: BRUSH UP

1. Differentiate global economy from world economy.

2. Differentiate market integration and economic integration.
3. What is the importance of international financial institutions to countries
of the world?
4. Why do countries want to be a member of the United Nation
Organization?
5. What is the significance of global corporation?

Hooray!!!
Its another lesson
unlocked, keep grinding
for your future!

4
CHAPTER 4
• Effects of globalization governance
• World system
• World system Theory
• Internationalism versus Globalization
• Contemporary Global Governance

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:
a. Create ideas define modern
world system

b. Articulate a stance on global

economic integration

ACTIVITY
World Systems Activity: "A Day in the Life“

Instructions: Imagine you are a person living in a different

part of the world system. Choose one of the following: a
farmer in a periphery nation, a factory worker in a semi-
periphery nation, or a high-tech entrepreneur in a core
nation. Write a one-paragraph description of a typical day in
your life, focusing on how your daily activities are shaped by
your position within the world system. Consider your work,
your access to resources, your interactions with others, and
your hopes and dreams for the future.
 ANALYSIS
In order to make sense of the activity, answer the questions
below. Write your response on the space provided.

1. How does the activity encourage students to consider the interconnectedness

of the global economy?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
2. What are the potential limitations of this activity in terms of representing the
complexity of global inequalities?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
3. How can this activity be used to promote critical thinking about the role of
individual agency within the global system?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___

ABSTRACTION

Effects of Globalization Governance

According to the disciplining hypothesis, globalization restrains

governments by inducing increased budgetary pressure. As a consequence,
governments may attempt to curtail the welfare state, which is often seen as a drag on
international competitiveness, by reducing especially their expenditures on transfers
and subsidies. This globalization-induced welfare state retrenchment is potentially
mitigated by citizens' preferences to be compensated for the risks of globalization
("compensation hypothesis").
World System

World system deals with inter-regional and transnational division of

labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the
periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production,
and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and
extraction of raw materials. This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core
countries. Nonetheless, the system has dynamic characteristics, in part as a result of
revolutions in transport technology, and individual states can gain or lose their core
(semi-periphery, periphery) status over time. This structure is unified by the division
of labor. It is a world-economy rooted in a capitalist economy. For a time, certain
countries become the world hegemon; during the last few centuries, as the world-
system has extended geographically and intensified economically, this status has
passed from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom and (most recently) to the
United States.

World System Theory

This theory is also known as world-systems analysis or would systems

perspectives. World system theory is a multidisciplinary, macro- scale approach to
world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system (and not nation
states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.

Institutions that govern International Relations.

The following institutions govern international relations; These are:

• The European Institute for International Law and International Relations (Brussels)
• ISPI Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (Italian Institute for International
Political Studies) Milan, Italy
• Institute of World Politics (Washington, D.C.)
• Department of International Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y
Humanidades) at University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara, Mexico
• Department of Latin American Studies (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y
Humanidades) at University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara, Mexico
• The Royal Institute of International Affairs, (PIIA) Karachi, Pakistan
• The New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (Wellington, New Zealand)
• The Australian Institute of International Affairs (Deakin, ACT, Australia)
• The Canadian Institute of International Affairs (Toronto, ON, Canada)
• Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (Geneva, Switzerland)
• Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva,
Switzerland)
• International Strategic Research Organization (ISRO/USAK)
• EGMONT - Royal Institute for International Relations (Egmont), Brussels, Belgium
• University of Florida International Center (U.S.A)
• Center for International Affairs Jahangirnagar University, (Savar, Dhaka,
Bangladesh)
• South American Institute for Policy and Strategy (Porto Alegre, Brazil)

Internationalism versus Globalization

(Source: Herman E. Daly, 1999)

Globalization, considered by many to be the inevitable wave of the

future, is frequently confused with internationalization, but is in fact something totally
different. Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international
trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, etc. International, means between or
among nations. The basic unit remains the nation, even as relations among nations
become increasingly necessary and important. Globalization refers to global
economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy,
mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled
migration. It is the effective erasure of national boundaries for economic purposes.
International trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes interregional
trade (governed by absolute advantage). What was many, becomes one.

The very word "integration" was derived from "integer", meaning "one,"
"complete," or "whole." Integration is the act of combining into one whole. Since there
can be only one whole, only one unity with reference to which parts are integrated, it
follows that global economic integration logically implies national economic
disintegration. By disintegration it does not mean that the productive plant of each
country is annihilated, but rather that its parts are torn out of their national context
(dis-integrated), in order to be re-integrated into the new whole, the globalized
economy. As the saying goes, "to make an omelette you have to break some eggs."
The disintegration of the national egg is necessary to integrate the global omelette.

In the classical nineteenth-century vision of Smith and Ricardo (2016)

the national community embraced both national labor and national capital, and these
classes cooperated, albeit with conflict, to produce national goods largely with
national natural resources. These national goods then competed in international
markets against the goods of other nations, produced by their own national
capital/labor teams using their own resources. This is internationalization as defined
above.
 In the globally integrated world of the late twentieth century, however,
both capital and goods are free to move internationally. One little-noticed, but
important consequence of free capital mobility is to totally undercut Ricardo's
comparative advantage argument for free trade in goods, because that argument
was explicitly and essentially premised on capital being immobile between nations.
But the conventional wisdom seems to be that if free trade in goods is beneficial,
then free trade in capital must be even more beneficial! In any case, it doesn't longer
makes sense to think of national teams of labor and capital in the globalized
economy. Instead, global capitalists competing with each other for both laborers and
natural resources, as well as markets, in all countries.

Contemporary Global Governance

Global governance or world governance is a movement towards

political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to
problems that affect more than one state or region. Institutions of global governance-
the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc. have
limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance. The modern question of world
governance exists in the context of globalization and globalizing regimes of power:
politically, economically and culturally. In response to the acceleration of worldwide
interdependence, both between human societies and between humankind and the
biosphere, the term "global governance" may name the process of designating laws,
rules, or regulations intended for a global scale.

Global governance is not a singular system. There is no "world

government" but the many different regimes of global governance do have
commonalities.
 APPLICATION

Part 1: REACT

1. Globalization restrains governments by inducing increased

budgetary pressure

2. Do you agree with Collier’s statement that the “poorest of the

poor is earning P362.50 a day at 2018 standard living?”

Part 2: ESSAY

Write an essay consisting of 150-300 words with this topic : “I am a

Global Citizen”

Congratulations!
You have just finished the
module. keep grinding for
your future!
 CHAPTER 5
• The United Nations (UN)
• Main functions of UN
• Role of UN today and the future
• The UN general assembly
• Challenges of global governance in the 21st
century
• Relevance of the state amidst globalization

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:
a. Define global economy; sustainable development;
environmental degradation and food security
b. Identify the eight goals of United Nations in
addressing different problems in the world
c. Evaluate the importance of attaining each goal of UN

ACTIVITY
Instruction: For you to be prepared in this lesson list at least
eight goals of United Nations in addressing different problems in
the world and write the significant effect/s of those goals to the
global economy.

GOAL EFFECT TO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
 ANALYSIS
Hello! In order to wrap up the activity, answer the questions
below. Write your response on the space provided.

1. How does the goals of United Nations affect the Global economy?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__
2. What do you think will happen to the global economy if the UN fails to set
goals?(Give an example of a current scenario)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__
ABSTRACTION

The United Nations (UN)

Main Functions:

1. The main function of UN is to maintain peace and security for all of its member-states.
The UN does mot have its own military but it has peacekeeping force which are supplied by
the member states.
On approval of the UN Security Council, these peacekeepers are often sent to regions
where armed conflict has recently ended to discourage combatants from resuming fighting.
In 1988, the peacekeeping force won a Nobel Peace Prize for its actions.

2. Other functions of UN:

The UN aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance when needed. In
1948, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a
standard for its human rights operations. The UN currently provides technical assistance in
elections, helps to improve judicial structures and draft constitutions, trains human rights
officials, and provides food, drinking water, shelter, and other humanitarian services to
peoples displaced by famine, war, and natural disaster.
 The UN plays an integral part in social and economic development
through its UN Development Program. This is the largest source of technical grant
assistance in the world. In addition, the World Health Organization, UNAIDS, The
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the UN Population Fund, and
the World Bank Group to name a few play an essential role in this aspect of the UN
as well. The UN also annually publishes the Human Development Index to rank
countries in terms of poverty, literacy, education, and life expectancy:

• to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;

• to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
• to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
• to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to
recommend what action should be taken;
• to call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving
the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
• to take military action against an aggressor;
• to recommend the admission of new members;
• to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General
and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of
Justice.

Role of UN Today and the Future

For the future, the UN has established what it calls its Millennium
Development Goals. Most of its member states and various international
organizations have all agreed to achieve these goals relating to reducing poverty,
child mortality, fighting diseases and epidemics, and developing a global partnership
in terms of international development by 2015.

Some member states have achieved a number of the agreement's

goals while others have reached none. However, the UN has been successful over
the years and only the future can tell how the true realization of these goals will play
he out.
(Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-united-nations-p2-1435441)

The above functions are embodied in the UN charter.

The UN General Assembly

The UN General Assembly was established in 1945 under the UN

Charter, The General Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberative,
policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations it provides a unique
forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered
by the Charter.
 It also plays a significant role in the process of standard-setting and the
codification of international law. The Assembly meets in regular session intensively
from September to December each year, and thereafter as required.

Functions and Powers of the UN General Assembly

According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly

may:

• Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for

maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament;
• Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except
where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council,
make recommendations on it;
• Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any question
within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ
of the United Nations;
• Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political
cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization
of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the
economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields;
• Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might
impair friendly relations among nations;
• Receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations
organs;
• Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial
assessments of member states;
• Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of
other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the
Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General.

Membership in the United Nations

Today (2018), almost every fully recognized independent states are

member states in the UN. As outlined in the UN Charter, to become a member of the
UN a state must accept peace and all obligations outlined in the Charter and willing
to carry out any action to satisfy those obligations. The final decision on admission to
the UN is carried out by the General Assembly after recommendation by the Security
Council.

Challenges of Global Government in the 21st Century

On June 13, 2016, The Hague Institute welcomed Irina Bokova,

Director- General of UNESCO to speak on "Challenges of Global Governance in the
21st Century" as part of the ongoing Distinguished Speaker Series at its Institute.
 In her remarks, Bokova noted that while new technologies have created new
pathways to prosperity, trade and inter-cultural dialogue, the increasing fragmentation of the
international community is a cause for concern. Climate change, poverty, violent conflict,
intolerance and extremism present direct threats to the unity and well-being of the
international community. Bokova emphasized that we must learn, at the heart of our cities
and communities, to live together. The Hague Institute's recent report on the role of cities in
conflict prevention is a good example of how to develop innovative and sustainable
practices to foster communal harmony.

Bokova also observed that the alarming number of individuals displaced by

conflict, which reached a record high in 2015, continues to put pressure on countries across
the globe. Migration to Europe has put core values to the test, while the capacities of
receiving states in the Middle East, like Lebanon and Jordan, are being pushed to the limit.
Attacks on cultural rights and cultural heritage, particularly in Syria, Iraq and Mali, threaten
inter-cultural tolerance.

Bokova suggested three points to address these challenges. First, openness

of mind and out-of-the-box thinking is crucial. New ideas must be transformed into norms.
Bokova highlighted the historic changes brought about by the idea of human rights and
human dignity. In this, the United Nations must take a leading role. UNESCO, as a facilitator
of inter-cultural dialogue and proponent of education, can also effect change. Its efforts to
teach people about the history of the Holocaust, as well as programs promoting internet
literacy, help to instill common values in youth and create environments that are conducive
to respectful dialogue.

Secondly, the international community must build resilient societies. By fighting

exclusion and fostering inclusion, societies become stronger. Key to this resilience is the
role of women being the weakest aspect of the international community's work. To facilitate
meaningful change, the international community must improve the standing and
participation of women in all sectors. Presently, only 60% of countries have achieved gender
parity in primary education, and only 38% in secondary education. Education for the
refugees must be prioritized, in order to avoid a "lost generation" of youth.

Third, Bokova urged new thinking about peacebuilding. The world urgently
needs legitimate and effective peace efforts, before, during and after conflicts. Preventive
measures are key and must involve the soft power embodied by UNESCO's educational
and inter-cultural programs.

In the same topic, Paul Collier (2018), an economist has addressed the plight
of the poorest of the world's poor (those living or less than $7.25 a day according to him), in
his award-winning book, "The Bottom Billion." In his talk, Collier argues "a billion people
have been stuck living in economies and have been stagnant for 40 years, and hence
diverging from the rest of mankind." He says that we can and should help alleviate their
suffering through an alliance of compassion and enlightened self-interest; compassion
because we are looking at a human tragedy, and enlightened self-interest because the
combination of economic divergence and global social integration "will build a nightmare for
our children." Collier argues that this is doable because we've done it before, and he points
to U.S. efforts
in the late 1940s and 1950s to rebuild Western Europe to prevent it from falling into
the Soviet bloc.

There were four components of post-war U.S. assistance: aid, trade,

security, and governments. First, there was the 1948 Marshall Plan-a massive
injection of foreign aid. Second, the United States reversed its pre- war protectionist
trade policies, opening up its markets to Western Europe and institutionalizing trade
liberalization. Third, the United States reversed its security policy, shifting from pre-
war isolation to a massive military presence in Western Europe and other parts of the
world. Fourth, the United States tore up its "Eleventh Commandment-national
sovereignty-and pursued an aggressive internationalist policy, becoming instrumental
in the founding of the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
and, according to Collier, also encouraging the creation of the European Community.

Having laid out the challenge and and the historical precedent, Collier
focused on the role of current-day governments and "mutual systems of support for
governments"-specifically on "one idea in how we could do something to strengthen
governance." This one idea is based on the opportunity and the "genuine basis of
optimism" created by commodity booms; "commodity booms are pumping
unprecedented amounts of money into many, though not all, of the countries of the
bottom billion."

Collier pointed to high commodity prices (the global recession had yet
to hit when he gave this talk), and new discoveries of oil and other commodities in
subSaharan Africa, a trend that has continued since 2008. He also pointed to his own
research on the relationship between higher commodity export prices and the growth
of commodity-exporting countries that shows how short-term, commodity driven
increases in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are followed by economic crashes. The
cause is not economic, but it is political. It is about what Collier called it the "level of
governance." If you have "good enough governance," you don't have a resource
boom. GDP goes up in the short term and in the long term. But for countries "below a
threshold of governance," countries "with bad governance historically," it's boom and
bust or, in Collier's words "hunky dory" and "humpty dumpty."

The problem is one of political structure. Many developing countries

have only the basics of democracy. They have electoral competitions that determine
how politicians acquire power, but they lack the checks and balances that restrain the
use of that power by those in political office. In commodity-rich developing countries,
elected and appointed officials can negotiate resource extraction rights deals in
secret that benefit them and foreign companies but not their countries.

Collier asked: "How can we help improve governance and introduce

checks and balances?" He suggested the voluntary introduction of the Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative, part of which involves the so- called "verified
auctions." This is open and transparent auctions that reveal the market value of (in
this instance) resource extraction rights, identify the winning bid, and publicize the
revenues that accrue to the government, the country, and its people.
 Of course, it's not so easy, he said. The odds are stacked against the
reformers in these commodity-rich, governance-poor countries. Here Collier exhorts
people, rather plaintively, to become informed citizens because "unless we have an
informed society, what politicians do, especially in relation to Africa and other nations,
is gestures: things that looks good but don't work" and this author agrees with Collier.

Relevance of the State Amidst Globalization

Some questions are asked: Are States still relevant in a phenomenon of

globalization? How important is the State in the contemporary era of globalization?

To Ali Wayne (April 27, 2009) an economist-writer scholar, theses

questions had been discussed for a long time.

John Herz argued in 1957 that the state would become irrelevant
because of its inability to defend against nuclear attack. Johan Galtung predicted ten
years later that it would disappear as individuals began to develop identities at levels
below and beyond that of the state.

The Economist countered in 1995 that the state "may have more
durability than people realize, because it is still the sole possessor of what is needed
to be that basic unit."

Where such discussion was once largely confined to political

economists, the emergence of globalization as the principal paradigm for examining
geopolitics has made it a theme of mainstream discourse.

For the period spanning 1990-1999, for example, Google Scholars

return 77,500 items that contain the word "globalization." For the period spanning
2000-2009, it returns more than three times as many results.

A rough dichotomy has emerged amidst this surge of interest. There are
those who see the world as "flat," "borderless" and "weightless," to cite but a few of
the familiar formulations. They argue that the state is irrelevant because it cannot
keep pace with economic forces. Then there are the critics who assert that the state
is relevant because it can influence the direction that those forces take.

The problem with this debate until this time (2018) is that both camps
get the causation wrong.

The source of a state's legitimacy is not how effectively it can handle

globalization, but rather, how effectively it can provide public goods vis- à-vis other
actorsgiven that globalization is occurring. There are certainly cases where non-state
actors have undertaken that responsibility in the face of government incompetence
witness Hizbollah in Lebanon and Islamic charities in many East African countries.
 Those cases, however, are exceptions. Until and unless some other
category of actors can perform that service better on a macro scale - whether
powerful foundations, innovative start-ups, or international economic institutions - the
state will remain the fundamental building block.
Few, of course, would dispute that it is more difficult for the state to
determine its own economic course today than it was 20 or 30 years earlier. The
proliferation of sophisticated financial instruments has created what some call a
"shadow world" shadowy in that it operates outside of the purview of those actors
that are charged with shaping economic policy.

The value of derivatives transactions far exceeds that of global output

by a factor of seven according to one estimate. Such transactions can, and
increasingly do, cause tremendous market instability.

In an April 2008 report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) noted

that, "The highest likelihood of a single default and the likely number of defaults in
the event of a single default in the group a measure of contagion risk within the
global banking system have both risen significantly [between 2007 and 2008]."

Today's financial crisis does little to inspire confidence in the state's

ability. It has resulted in the destruction of over $50 trillion in wealth equal to 71% of
last year's world output.
 APPLICATION
Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure.
Determine what you have learned (the knowledge that
serves as your foundation to stand and keep); the things
you have realized and appreciated (attitude towards
learning) and the things that you discovered (skills that you
will cherish in life).

Things I have learned

(Knowledge)

Things I have realized and

appreciated
(Attitudes)

Things I have discovered

(Skills)

Congratulations!!! You
have just finished
another lesson of this
module. Keep working
and enjoy the topics!
 CHAPTER 6
• A world of regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium
• North-south divide
• Global south versus third world
• How the “third world” became the global south: the origins of
the third world
• Global conception emerged from the experiences of Latin
American countries
• Asian regionalism

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:
a. Define the term “global south” from the third world

b. Analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged

from the experience of Latin America

c. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of

globalization and regionalization

ACTIVITY: “A World of Regions"

Instruction: Imagine you're a travel blogger tasked with creating
a short, engaging post about a specific region of the world.
Choose a region that interests you (e.g., Southeast Asia, Latin
America, the Arctic) and write a few sentences describing what
makes it unique, including its geography, culture, and any
challenges it faces. Don't forget to add a captivating image or
video to accompany your post!

ANALYSIS
1. How does this activity encourage students to explore the diversity of the
world's regions?
2. What are the potential benefits of incorporating visual elements (images or
videos) into the activity?
3. How can this activity be used to foster critical thinking about the challenges
and opportunities facing different regions of the world?
 ABSTRACTION

A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium

Observing the dramatic shift in world politics since the end of the Cold War,
Peter J. Katzenstein argues that regions have become critical to contemporary world
politics. This view is in stark contrast to those who focus on the purportedly stubborn
persistence of the nation-state or the inevitable march of globalization. In detailed studies
of technology and foreign investment, domestic and international security, and cultural
diplomacy and popular culture, Katzenstein examines the changing regional dynamics of
Europe and Asia, which are linked to the United States through Germany and Japan.

Regions, Katzenstein contends, are interacting closely with an American

imperium that combines territorial and non-territorial powers. Katzenstein argues that
globalization and internationalization create open or porous regions. Regions may provide
solution to the contradictions between states and markets, security, nationalism, and
cosmopolitanism. Embedded in the American imperium, regions are now central to world
politics.
(Source: Peter J. Katzenstein, Cornell University Press, "Studies in Political Economy)

North-South Divide

The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and

political divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States,
Canada, Western, Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand. The Global South is
made up of African, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East. The
North is home to all the members of the G8 and four of the five permanent members of the
United Nations Security Council.

The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of
the Second World, while the South largely corresponds with the Third World. While the
North may be defined as the richer, more developed region and the South as the poorer,
less developed region, many more factors differentiate between the two global areas. 95%
of the North has enough food and shelter. The Global South "lacks appropriate technology,
it has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and their foreign exchange
earnings depend on primary product exports." Nevertheless, the divide between the North
and the South increasingly corresponds less and less to reality and is increasingly
challenged.
 In economic terms, the North - with one quarter of the world population
-controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the
manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North. Inversely, the South
with three quarters of the world populations - has access to one-fifth of the world
income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the
"North", regardless of geographical location; similarly, any nations that do not qualify
for "developed" status are in effect deemed to be part of the "South".

Global South

The Global South is a term that has been emerging in the

transnational and postcolonial studies to refer to what may also be called the "Third
World" (i.e., Africa, Latin America, and the developing countries in Asia), "developing
countries," "less developed countries," and "less developed regions." It can also
include poorer "southern" regions of wealthy "northern" countries. The Global South
is more than the extension of a "metaphor for underdeveloped countries." In general,
it refers to those countries' "interconnected histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism,
and differential economic and social change through which large inequalities in living
standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are maintained.’

Global South versus Third World

"There is no Third World; There is no global south" - Martin Lewis. IN

the 1960s, '70s and '80s, scholars divided the earth into three parts: The First World,
the Second World, and the Third World. The reigning "three worlds theory," however,
was conceptually incoherent, combining incommensurate geopolitical and socio-
economic features. The "First World" encompassed all industrialized, democratic
countries, which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its struggle
against the Soviet Union. Yet, not all were: Finland and Switzerland, among others,
maintained strict neutrality. The Second World" was anchored on the industrialized,
communist realm of the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, yet it often
included poor communist states located elsewhere. The "Third World," was defined
simultaneously as the non-aligned world and as the global realm of poverty and
under-developed. poor Soviet allies - Mongolia, Cuba, North Korea, and North
Vietnam (after 1975, Vietnam) - were thus counted as Third World in economic terms
and as Second World in political terms. China's Cold War situation was even more
ambiguous; a non-industrialized country at the time, it ceased to be a Soviet ally in
1961, and by the 1980s was no longer an enemy of the United States. Yet it
continued to be commonly mapped as part of the Second World.
(Source: Martin W. Lewis, Nov. 15,2010)
How the "Third World" became the Global South": The Origins of the Third
World...

As published in the International Encyclopedia of the Spcial Sciences

edited by A. Heelblod (2007), the world was largely divided into several empires in
the 19th century. each empire possessed a 'civilized central and peripheries that
were more or less primitive or even "barbaric". It is unlikely the citizens of what is now
often called the "Global North" ("developed" or high-income countries) would have
given much thought to the inhabitants of what was to become known as the Third
World, and now, the Global South, also called "developing" or low-income countries.
When they did, most would have considered these peoples to be inferior in some
way, by virtue of being non-white, less educated, or even "primitive."

"Third World" was coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy, a French

demographer, anthropologist, and economic historian who compared it with the Third
Estate, a concept that emerged in the context of the French Revolution. (First Estate
refers to the clergy and the monarch, Second Estate to the nobility, and Third Estate
to the balance of the eighteenth-century French population as contrasted the poor
countries to the First World (the non-Communist, high-income, "developed"
countries) and the Second World (Communist countries, which though not as wealthy
as those of the First World, were then characterized by greater order, higher
incomes, and longer life expentancies.)

Most people in the Third World, though rules by European colonies,

lived far from global sources of economic, political, and military power. Until very
recently, most were subjugated, most illiterate, and few may have been aware that,
even then, they formed a majority of the world population. But such awareness was
growing among leaders within these poor countries, many of whom had been
educated, at least partly, in Europe or America. This awareness and exposure to
Western culture raised expectations and hopes and inspired many Third World
leaders to try to improve colonial living conditions and win political independence.

Opposition to domination by the First World (colonization) also grew

through increasing migration and travel, including that stimulated by the two World
Wars. Many troops who had participated in these wars, particularly on the allied side,
were from what soon to be called the Third World.

Global Conception Emerged from the Experiences of Latin American Countries

Growth rate in some Latin American countries have surprised many.

They have been continuously high for some years and promise to be so in the next
period as well.

Latin American's contributions are especially visible and relevant such

as regionalism, security management, and Latin America's relations with the outside
world.
Asian Regionalism

Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political

planning. As a result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian
economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. In recent years, new
technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of
the PRC and India and the region's growing weight in the global economy. But
adversity also played a role. The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt a severe setback to
much of the region, highlighting Asia's shared interests and common vulnerabilities
and providing an impetus for regional cooperation. The challenge now facing Asia's
policy makers is simply put yet incredibly complex:

In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff, regional integration

proceeded slowly. East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to
developed country markets rather than selling to each other. Initially, they specialized
in simple, labor-intensive manufactures. As the more advanced among them
graduated to more sophisticated products, less developed economies filled the gap
that they left behind. The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared
this pattern of development to flying geese. In this model, economies moved in
formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but because they
followed similar paths. Sincethese development paths hinged on sequential - and
sometimes competing-ties to markets outside the region, they did not initially yield
strong economic links within Asia itself.

Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This

is not because the region's development strategy has changed; it remains
predominantly nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented. Rather, interdependence is
deepening because Asia's economies have grown large and prosperous enough to
become important to each other, and because their patterns of production
increasingly depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve
wide ranging exchanges of parts and components among them.

Regionalism versus Globalization

Regionalism is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments

called regions. Example is the division of nation into states or provinces. Business
use regionalization as a total in management.

On the other hand, globalization is the process of international

integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other
aspects, such as technology, etc.

As to nature, globalization promotes the integration of economics

across state borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the opposite
because it is dividing an area into smaller segments.
 As to market, globalization allows many companies to trade on
international level so it allows free market but in regionalized system, monopolies are
likely to develop.

As to cultural and societal relations, globalization accelerate to

multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but, regionalization
does not support this.

As to aid, globalized international community is also more willing to

come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized system
does not get involved in the affairs of other areas.

As to technological advances, globalization has driven great

advances in technology but advanced technology is rarely available in one country or
region.

Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions

Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into

an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and
rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to
environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative
where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-political and
security objectives, as defined by national governments. Regional integration has
been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through
intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both.

Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing

barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labor,
goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed
conflict (for example, through Confidence and Security- Building Measures), and
adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment,
climate change and migration.

Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic

exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone. In
recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast
Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange
between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with
foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity.
 APPLICATION
Part 1: Wors to Know
Define the following terms according to your
understanding: (Don’t copy from the textbook)

1. Global South
2. Global North
3. Third World
4. Regionalization
5. Imperium

Part 2: Brush Up

Differentiate
a. Global south vs. global north
b. Global south vs. third world
c. Globalization vs. regionalization
d. Asia vs. Europe in the American Imperium

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 CHAPTER 7
• Global media culture
• Various forms of global integration
• Dynamics between local and global cultural production
• Globalization of religion

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

• Analyze how various media drive

various forms of global integration

ACTIVITY
Think of a recent song, movie, or TV show you enjoyed. How does
this media reflect global media culture? What elements of global
integration are present (e.g., international actors, music styles,
storylines)? How does this media blend local and global cultural
production (e.g., using local language, customs, or themes while
still appealing to a global audience)? Can you identify any
examples of globalization of religion within this media? Share your
observations and discuss how this media piece illustrates the
complex interplay of these global forces.

ANALYSIS
1. How does this activity encourage students to think critically about the role of
media in shaping global cultural experiences?
2. What are the potential limitations of using a single media piece to illustrate
the complex dynamics of globalization?
3. How can this activity be used to spark discussions about the ethical
implications of global media culture?
 ABSTRACTION

Global Media Cultures

The media have a very important impact on cultural globalization in two

mutually interdependent ways: Firstly, the media provide an extensive transnational
transmission of cultural products and, secondly, they contribute to the formation of
communicative networks and social structures. The rapidly growing supply of media
products from an international media culture presents a challenge to existing local
andnational cultures. The sheer volume of the supply, as well as the vast technological
infrastructure and financial capital that pushes this supply forward, have a
considerable impact on local patterns of cultural consumption and possibilities for
sustaining an independent cultural production. Global media cultures create a
continuous cultural exchange, in which crucial aspects such as identity, nationality,
religion, behavioral norms and way of life are continuously questioned and challenged.
These cultural encounters often involve the meeting of cultures with a different socio-
economic base, typically a transnational and commercial cultural industry on one side
and a national, publicly regulated cultural industry on the other side.

Due to their very structure, global media promote a restructuring of

cultural and social communities. The media such as the press, and later radio and tv
have been very important institutions for the formation of national communities. Global
media support the creation of new communities. The Internet, for example, not only
facilitates communication across the globe, but also supports the formation of new
social communities in which members can interact with each other. And satellite tv and
radio allow immigrants to be in close contact with their homeland's language and
culture while they gradually accommodate to a new cultural environment. The
common point of departure is the assumption that a series of international media
constitutes a global cultural supply in itself and serves as an independent agency for
cultural and social globalization, in which cultural communities are continuously
restructured and redefined. (Source: Website)

In other words, media cultures take part in the process of globalization,

including how they challenge existing cultures and create new and alternative
symbolic and cultural communities.
Various Forms of Global Integration

Global integration is not a new phenomenon in today's

contemporary world. Trade took place between distant civilizations even in
ancient times. This globalization process in the economic domain has not always
proceeded smoothly has it benefited all whom it was offered, But, despite
occasional interruptions, such as the collapse of the Roman Empire or during the
interwar period in this century, the degree of economics integration among
different societies around the world has generally been rising in the past half
century, and ever greater than it has been and is likely to improve.

There are three (3) factors that have affected the process of
economic globalization. These are:

1. Improvements in transportation and communication technology have reduced

the cost of transporting goods, services and factors of production and
communicating economically useful knowledge and technology

2. Tastes of individuals and, societies have generally but not universally, favored
taking advantage of the opportunities provided by declining costs of transportation
and communication through increasing economic integration.

3. The character and pace of economic integration have been significantly

influenced by public policies, although it is not always in the direction of
increasing economic integration.

Thus, technology, tastes, and public policy each have important

influence on the pattern and pace of economies in its various dimensions.

Dynamics Between Local and Global Cultural Production

Paulo Emanuel Novais Guimarães pointed out that the advent of the
category 'world music' led to both an unprecedented level of (re)discovery of local
music scenes and to an assemblance of an intricate global musical platform in the
contemporary age of globalization. The processes in which local cultures express
and engage themselves with broader global networks and the other way around
can be claimed to be indispensable sources of knowledge in the analytical
approach of socio-political concerns, these being of small or large-scale societies.
Extremely frequent in debates on globalization is after all the dichotomic struggle
between the concrete and human 'local' against the abstraet and dehumanizing
'global' (Wilson & Dissanayake, 1996: 22). In order to apprehend how this
relationship has indeed been marked at times by oppression and domination, the
critical theories of authors such as Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha and Immanuel
Wallerstein will be applied to cases of local and global music industry operations.
This lesson aims nonetheless, above all, to provide a concise yet consistent
introduction to how this relation goes beyond the criticisms of cultural imperialism
and Americanization, to how multifarious this relation can be. Key issues
represented by the binary concepts of authenticity and homogeneity and of
production, distribution and marketing of cultural products, will be referred to.
Without trying to uphold a modernocentric view that admits the rise of
globalization as a recent phenomenon, the commercial dynamics between the
global and the local in world music approached, will be mostly from the 1950's
onwards.

Globalization of Religion

One may ask: what is the relation of religion to globalization? First,

there is the way in which globalization flattens out cultural differences, erodes
local customs and beliefs, and spreads a secular, capitalist way of life that us at
odds with religions of all sorts. At the same time, there is the way in whichreligion
serves as the source of globalization's greatest resistance and as a haven for
those standing in opposition to its ubiquitous yet often subtle power.

In both of these views, the relationship between religion and

globalization is antagonistic-one of struggle and conflict.

While opposition is an important aspect of the relationship between

religion and globalization, to see them only as foes misses some of the
complexities of their interaction, not only in the past but in the postmodern world
as well.

Religion and globalization can also be seen as partners in historical

change. In times past, religion, in various manifestations, has been a carrier of
globalizing tendencies in the world. The history of Christianity, of course, can be
understood in part as an early effort to create a global network of believers. Its
extraordinary growth and influence as a world religion was a result of a link
between its own global ambitions and the expansion of various political and
economic regimes. It succeeded as a globalizing force long before there was a
phenomenon called "globalization." Elements of this historical pattern can be
found in Buddhism, Islam, and other faiths as well.

Religion is hardly epi-phenomenal to the processes of globalization

in our own day. It continues to be a player in intricate and even contradictory
ways. To be sure, it was once thought that secularization was the inevitable
outcome of the processes we call "modernity." Clearly this has not been the case.
Religious faith persists in a complex interaction with the structures and processes
of the modern world and that complexity has only intensified under the conditions
of contemporary globalization.
 Sassen (1991) used the concept of global cities to describe the three
urban centers of New York, London, and Tokyo as economic centers that exert
control over the world’s political economy. World cities are categorized. As such
based on the global reach of organizations found in them. Not only are there
inequalities between these cities, there also exists inequalities within each city
(Beaverstock et al.,2002). Alternatively, following Castells (2000), these cities can
be seen as important nodes in a variety of global networks.

Although cities are major beneficiaries of globalization, Bauman

(2003) claimed that they are also the most severely affected by global problems.
Therefore, the city faces peculiar political problems, wherein it is often fruitlessly
seeking to deal locally with global problems and “local politics has become
hopelessly overloaded” (p.102).

Theories of Global Stratification

For much of human history, all of the societies on earth were poor.
Poverty was the norm for everyone but obviously, that is not the case anymore.
Just as you find stratification among socioeconomic classes within a society like
the Philippines, you would also see across the world a pattern of global
stratification with inequalities in wealth and power between societies. So what
made some parts of the world develop faster, economically speaking, than
others? We may draw answers by looking at the different theories of global
stratification.
 APPLICATION
Answer the following. Response should be minimum of three
(3) sentences.

1. How do media affect cultural globalization?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___

2. Is global economic integration a new phenomenon in today’s

contemporary world? Explain.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___

3. What is the impact of globalization to religion? Religion to globalization?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___

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 CHAPTER 8
• Globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
• Role of religion today
• Role of religion in promoting world peace
• The rise and fall of ISIL or ISIS

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

● Explain the dynamics between local and

global cultural production

ACTIVITY
Instruction: In small groups, discuss how globalization has affected religious
practices and beliefs. Consider how religion plays a role in both promoting and
hindering world peace. Then, analyze the rise and fall of ISIL/ISIS, focusing on the
group's religious ideology and its impact on global affairs.

ANALYSIS

1. How does globalization contribute to both the spread and the diversification of
religious practices and beliefs?
2. What are some specific examples of how religion has been used to both
promote and hinder world peace?
3. How did ISIL/ISIS's religious ideology contribute to its rise and eventual fall?
 ABSTRACTION

Globalization Affects Religious Practices and Beliefs

Evolving trade routes led to the colonization of the Asia, Africa, Central
and South America. Religion became an integral part of colonization and later on
globalization. Religion has been a major feature in some historical conflicts and the
most recent wave of modern terrorism.

The Impact of Globalization

• flattens cultural differences
• erodes local customs and beliefs
• spreads secular, capitalist way of life

What is Religion Nowadays?

• it's no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive by reflection
• it's a symbolic system which carries our identity and marks out social/ ethic and other
boundaries
• it marks crucial moments in the life cycle with rituals
• it provides powerful mechanisms for psychological and social tension.

Role of Religion Today

Looking around the world today, it is clear that religion plays a role in
many of the major conflicts going on at various levels. Furthermore, religion plays an
important role in people's lives worldwide, and has become one of the major ways
people connect with each other across the globe. However, the role of religion in
contemporary societies is still t sufficiently understood in academic research and in the
work of policy-makers, NGO's and journalists.

Role of Religion in Promoting World Peace

Ven K. Dhammananda of Malaysia wrote an essay of the title above. The essay is
produced here:

Religion has a definite role to play in the people's search for world peace. The moral
principles and values contained in the teachings of great religious teachers are
essential factors for the reduction of and ultimate eradication of greed, hatred, and
delusion-which form the root cause of various conflicts and wars, both within and
without. Within oneself, these three evil or unwholesome roots bring about great unrest
in the mind, resulting in physical outbursts of violence culminating in global warfare.
 The fact that war begins in the minds of people is well recognized by
certain peace-loving people. The preamble to UNESCO's constitution says:
"Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses
of peace must be constructed." That is, if one wishes to have peace of mind, one
must also construct defenses of peace in one's own mind.

The world cannot have peace until nations and people begin to
reduce their selfish desires for more and more material possessions, give up their
racial arrogance, and eliminate their madness for worldly power. Material wealth
alone cannot bring peace and happiness to the minds of people. The key to real
and lasting peace lies in "mental disarmaments"--disarming the mind from all
kinds of "poisonous" defilements such as greed, hatred, jealousy, egotism, etc.

Religion not only inspires and guides people but also provides them
with the necessary tools to reduce greed with the practice of charity; to overcome
hate and aversion with loving-kindness; and to remove ignorance with the
development of wisdom and insight in order to understand the true nature of
beings and "see things as they really are.“

The negative aspects of religion lie in the madness of some so-

called religionists who try to convert and win followers by hook or by crook, rather
than adhering to proper instruction and guidance. The purposeful
misinterpretation of scriptural texts for various ulterior motives has led to religious
persecutions, inquisitions, and "holy wars." These terribly awful experiences have
really marred the very name "religion.“

In the context of today's spiritual need, religionists should work

together in earnestness and not in jealous competition with one another. They
must work in harmony and cooperate in the true spirit of service-for the welfare
and happiness of the many. It is only then that they can effectively influence the
opinions of the masses and truly educate the people with some higher values of
life, which are very necessary for peaceful co-existence and integrated human
development.

Differences in religious beliefs and practices should not hinder the

progress of various religionists working for a common cause, for world peace. Let
all religions teach people to be good and proclaim the brotherhood of humankind.
Let religions teach people to be kind, to be tolerant, to be understanding.

Enough suffering and destruction have been caused by human

"cleverness." It is time that we pause and reflect upon the true values of religion
and seek proper spiritual guidance to develop our "goodness," to work for peace
and harmony instead of war and disunity.
 For the cause of humanity and of peace, let us hope that all our
religious leaders will stretch out their hands in friendship to one another and to all
people irrespective race or creed- with a genuine feeling of love and of
brotherhood-to work for a peaceful world and to work for humanity.

The Rise and Fall of the ISIL or ISIS

Pushed out from many of its strongholds in Syria and besieged on

all sides in the Iraqi city of Mosul, the Islamic State of Iraq and Levants Group
(ISIL also known as ISIS) is losing its territorial base in the very region that once
incubated its growth. In May 2018, the US Defense Intelligence Agency estimated
that ISIL has lost 65 percent of its land in Iraq and 45 percent in Syria since 2014.

With the group's presence in the region greatly diminished,

questions arise over who will fill the vacuum left by its retreat. IN 2017, Marawi
City was besieged by extremist terrorists - the ISIS.

ISIL's rapid expansion has irrevocably changed the political

dynamics governing the region - but in order to know how, one must first
understand the conditions that contributed to the group's rise.
 APPLICATION

Write an essay consisting of 300 words in a short bond paper about the
topic: “My Role as a Citizen in Promoting Peace and Order in the
Community”

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER 9
• World population
• Global mobility
• Trends in global migration
• Factors influencing migration and population movements
• Transnationalism and migration
• Anak OFW workshop conference

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

● Identify the attributes of global city

● Analyze how cities serve as engines of
globalization
● Analyze the present global population

ACTIVITY
Instruction: In small groups, discuss the factors driving global population growth
and migration patterns. Consider the social, economic, and environmental
implications of these trends. Then, brainstorm potential solutions to address
challenges related to population growth and mobility, such as resource scarcity,
environmental degradation, and social inequality.

ANALYSIS

1. How do factors like poverty, conflict, and climate change intersect to influence
global migration patterns?
2. What are the potential social, economic, and environmental consequences of
continued population growth and migration?
3. What are some feasible solutions to address the challenges posed by global
population growth and mobility, and how can these solutions be implemented
effectively?
 ABSTRACTION

World Population

In July 2018, the world population is 7,632.819,325. In 2010, there were

only 6,958,169,159 people in the world. The present median age of the population is
29.9. Fertility rate is 2.51. The number of people per kilometer is 76.

Population in the world is currently (2018) growing at a rate around 1.09%

per year (down from 1.12% in 2017 and 1.14% in 2016). The current average
population increase is estimated at 83 million people per year.

Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late 1960s, when it was at
around 2%. The rate of increase has nearly halved since then, and will continue to
decline in the coming years. It is estimated to reach 1% by 2023, less than 0.5% by
2052, and 0.25% in 2076 (a yearly addition of 27 million people to a population of 10.7
billion). In 2100, it should be only 0.09%, or an addition of only 10 million people to a
total population of 11.2 billion.

The latest world population projections indicate that world population will
reach 10 billion persons in the year 2055 and 11 billion in the year 2088.

The Philippines, with a very small land area compared to other countries
is number 13 among the top 20 countries with largest population (live). below is the top
20 countries with the largest population (live).
 World population will therefore continue to grow in the 21st century, but at
ta much slower rate compared Ito the recent past. World population has doubled
(100% increase) in 40 years from 1959 (3 billion) to 1999 (6 billion). It is now estimated
that it will take another nearly 40 years to increase by another 50% to become 9 billion by
2037.

Global Mobility

Global migration is the flow or movement of people from one place to

another around the world. The main purpose of migration is to find work or employment.

Trends in Global Mobility

The IOM's Global Migration Trends Factsheet presents a snapshot of

the major migration trends worldwide for the year 2015 based on statistics from a variety
of sources.

Considering the state of migration globally in 2015, the following facts stand
out:

In 2015, the number of international migrants worldwide people residing in a

country other than their country of birth - was the highest ever recorded, having reached
244 million (from 232 million in 2013). As a share of the world population, however,
international migration has remained fairly constant over the past decades, at around 3%.
While female migrants constitute only 48% of the international migrant stock worldwide,
and 42% in Asia, women make up the majority of international migrants in Europe
(52.4%) and North America (51.2%).

South-South migration flows (across developing countries) continued to

grow compared to South-North movements (from developing to developed countries): in
2015, 90.2 million international migrants born in developing countries resided in other
countries in the Global South, while 85.3 million born in the South resided in countries in
the Global North.
 Germany became the second most popular destination for international
migrants globally (in absolute numbers), following the United States and preceding the
Russian Federation, with an estimated 12 million foreign- born residing in the country in
2015 (against 46.6 million in the U.S. and 11.9 million in the Russian Federation). As a
proportion of the host country's population, however, numbers of international migrants
continue to be highest in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: the foreign-born population
makes up 88.4% of the total population in the United Arab Emirates, 75.7% in Qatar and
73.6% in Kuwait.

Close to 1 in 5 migrants in the world live in the top 20 largest cities,

according to IOM's World Migration Report 2015. International migrants make up over a
third of the total population in cities like Sydney, Auckland, Singapore and London, and at
least one in four residents in Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Paris is foreign-born.

The year 2015 saw the highest levels of forced displacement globally
recorded since World War II, with a dramatic increase in the number of refugees, asylum-
seekers and internally displaced people across various regions of the world - from Africa
to the Middle East and South Asia. The world hosted 15.1 million refugees by mid-2015.
This is a 45% increase compared to three and a half years ago, largely due to continued
conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic, now well into its 5th year. Some 8.6 million persons
were newly displaced in 2015 alone.

In 2015, Germany also became the largest single recipient of first- time
individual asylum claims globally, with almost 442,000 applications lodged in the country
by the end of the year. The number of asylum claims worldwide almost doubled between
the end of 2014 and the first half of 2015, from 558,000 pending applications at the end of
2014 to almost 1 million by the end of June 2015. This figure continued to increase, rising
to about 3.2 million pending asylum applications globally by the end of 2015.

By the end of 2015, the EU as a whole received over 1.2 million first-time
asylum claims, more than double the number registered in 2014 (563,000), and almost
double the levels recorded in 1992 in the then 15 Member States (672,000 applications).
The increase in 2015 is largely due to higher numbers of asylum claims from Syrians,
Afghans and Iraqis).

Almost 1 in 3 first-time asylum applicants in the EU were minors, a 9%

increase compared to 2014 levels; also, 1 in 4 of these were judged to be
unaccompanied by national authorities - the highest number since 2008 and a three-fold
increase on numbers registered in 2014.

Still, the vast majority of refugees continue to be hosted by developing

countries, particularly those that are proximate to the refugees' countries of origin: for
instance, the bulk of the Syrian refugee population is hosted by Turkey (2.2 million),
Lebanon (1.2 million) and Jordan (almost 630,000), according to figures recorded in
December 2015.
 Also, most forced displacement globally still occurs within countries' borders,
with an estimated 38 million people internally displaced by conflict and violence at the end
of 2014 - from Iraq to South Sudan, from Syria to the Democratic Republic of Congo and
Nigeria.

The year 2015 was also the deadliest year for migrants: increased levels of
forced displacement globally were tragically accompanied by record- high numbers of
people perishing or going missing while trying to cross international borders. Over 5,400
migrants worldwide are estimated to have died or gone missing in 2015. According to
IOM's Missing Migrant project, migrant fatalities during migration to Europe increased by
15% compared to the previous year, reaching at least 3,770.

From 2014 to 2015, a major and sudden shift in routes of irregular migration
by sea to Europe occurred - with about 853,000 arriving to Greece compared to almost
154,000 to Italy, as opposed to about 34,400 and 170,100 respectively in 2014.

In 2015, the number of voluntary returns of migrants (e.g. failed asylum-

seekers, and other groups) from EU countries was for the first time higher than the
number of forced returns (81,681 against 72,473). Moreover, the number of IOM-assisted
voluntary returns from EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland in 2015 reached a
figure of almost 56,000.

New estimates for the number of migrant workers globally show that the
large majority of international migrants in the world are migrant workers. Migrants have
higher labor force participation than non-migrants, particularly due to higher labor force
participation rates for migrant women relative to non-migrant women.

Remittances continue to climb globally while remittance-sending costs

remain relatively high. The sum of financial remittances sent by international migrants
back to their families in origin countries amounted to an estimated $581 billion in 2015
over three-quarters of which were sent to low and middle-income economies. In Tajikistan
remittances constituted over 40% of the country's GDP. However, average remittance
transfer costs were still at 7.5% of the amount sent in the third quarter of 2015, higher
than the 3% minimum target set in the Sustainable Development Goals to be met by
2030. Remittance transfer costs are particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa - now
standing at 9.5% on average.

Finally, public opinion towards migration globally is more favorable than

commonly perceived - with the notable exception of Europe, according to an IOM-Gallup
report.
(Source: Global Migration Trends Factsheet, 2015)
Factors Influencing Migration and Population Movements

• •Socio-political, economic and ecological factors are the main forces driving migration.
• Rising communal violence world-wide, often as a result of ethnic or religious
intolerance, has led to increased levels of migration.
• Economic disparity between developing and developed economies encourages the
movement of skilled labor from the former to the latter. Temporary migration visas allow
for an increase in the rate of circular migration.
• Changes in the ecological environment have the potential to worsen food and water
insecurity in various parts of the globe. Limited access to food and water resources
may push people to migrate to countries where these resources are more readily
available.

Fertility, mortality, and migration all influence the size of a society's

population. Poorer countries tend to grow almost completely from internal causes (for
example, high birth rates due to the absence of reliable contraception), while richer
countries tend to grow from both internal causes and migration. Demographers determine
a population's natural growth rate by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth
rate. The world's low-growth nations tend to be more industrialized, such as the United
States and Europe. The high-growth countries tend to be less industrialized, such as
Africa and Latin America.

The Global Mobility

Companies need a global workforce and global mobility, now more than
ever. They are sending an increasing number of people abroad, in a wider variety of roles,
for many reasons: to prepare for and respond to opportunities in global production; to
promote research, development, and innovation; and to improve customer sales, service,
and growth. At the same time, global market uncertainty is putting companies under
tremendous cost pressure. That makes it imperative for leaders to carefully manage their
global mobility investments and to realize an appropriate return on them.

Global Mobility: A Win-Win For You and Your Employer

Global mobility is on the rise, and many employees want a passport filled
with foreign-nation stamps to bolster personal growth and career development.
Increasingly, they are seeking expatriate, commuter, rotational or other alternative
assignments to build their resumes. International assignments are a great career
development tool and, at the same time, help organizations address talent shortages,
close skill gaps and accelerate.

No company wants to send talent around the globe without purpose. But for
those organizations that do have multinational operations, increasing the availability of
international assignments can help draw talent to the organization and secure the talent
already in place all while providing individuals with new skills, opportunities for
international travel, new challenges and the experience needed to progress their careers.
business growth - making it a win for both parties.
 The trend is riding a global wave. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China)
countries, the UAE and Qatar, are emerging as talent hot spots, driven by shifting
economic growth. By 2025, the Gross Domestic Product of Shanghai and Beijing will be
larger than Los Angeles and London, yet global companies operating in China already
find it difficult to find and retain talent.

A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world
center, is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic
system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies, and the idea that
globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic
geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global
system of finance and trade.

The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages
binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic
means. The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by sociologist
Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo; although the
term "world city", which refers to cities involved with large amounts of global business,
dates to at least the May 1886 description of Liverpool, by The Illustrated London News.
Patrick Geddes also used the term "world city" later in 1915. More recently, the term has
been described as being synonymous with a city's influence and "financial capital", with
other factors becoming less relevant.

Characteristics

Although what constitutes a world city is still subject to debate, standard

characteristics of world cities are:

• A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate,

banking, accountancy, and marketing
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations
• The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial
institutions
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
• Major manufacturing centres with port and container facilities
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics
• Centers of media and communications for global networks
• Dominance of the national region with great international significance
• High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector
• High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international
student attendance, and research facilities
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the country
• Typically, highly diverse in terms of language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
 According to Greig Charnock, a global city is an urban center that enjoys
significant advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system.
The terms have its origins in research on cities carried out during the 1980s, which
examined the common characteristics of the world's most important cities. However, with
increased attention being paid to processes of globalization during subsequent years,
these world cities came to be known as global cities. Linked with globalization was the
idea of spatial reorganization and the hypothesis that cities were becoming key loci within
global networks of production, finance, and telecommunications. In some formulations of
the global city thesis, then, such cities are seen as the building blocks of globalization.
Simultaneously, these cities were becoming newly privileged sites of local politics within
the context of a broader project to reconfigure state institutions.

Global Demography

According to David E Bloom and David Canning, In the past 50 years, the
world accelerated its transition out of long-term demographic stability. As infant and child
mortality rates fell, populations began to soar. In most countries, this growth th led led Ito t
falling fertility rates. Although fertilityhas fallen, the population continues to increase
because of population momentum; it will eventually level off. In the meantime,
demographic change has created a 'bulge' generation, which today appears in many
countries as a large working-age population. This cohort will eventually become a large
elderly population, in both developed and developing countries. Population growth has
been the subject of great debate among economists and demographers. Until recently,
most have agreed on a middle ground, in which population growth per se has no effect on
economic growth. New evidence suggests that changes in the age structure of
populations - in particular, a rising ratio of working-age to non-working-age individuals -
leads to the possibility of more rapid economic growth, via both accounting and
behavioral effects. The experiences of east Asia, Ireland and sub-Saharan Africa all serve
as evidence of the effect of demographic change on economic growth (or lack thereof).
Both internal migration (from rural to urban areas) and international migration complicate
this picture. The overall implications of population growth for policy lie in the imperative for
investments in health and education, and for sound policies related to labour, trade and
retirement. Understanding future trends is essential for the development of good policy.
Demographic projections can be quite reliable, but huge uncertainties - in the realms of
health, changes in human life span, scientific advances, migration, global warming and
wars - make overall predictions extremely uncertain.

Transnationalism and Migration

The meaning of transnationalism varies but generally center on exchanges,

connections and practices across borders, thus transcending the national space as the
primary reference point for activities and identities. With respect to migration, being
connected to several places at once or "being neither here nor there" - has long been a
defining feature of the experience of being a migrant. Leading transnational, multi-sited
lives means that exchanges and interactions across borders are a regular and sustained
part of migrants' realities and activities. These exchanges may take the form of ideas,
values and practices, as well as political mobilization and economic contributions.
 Transnationalism creates a greater degree of connection between
individuals, communities and societies across borders, bringing about changes in the
social, cultural, economic and political landscapes of societies of origin and destination.
The challenge for policymakers is to look beyond national borders in analyzing the scope,
purpose and impact of their policies. Cross-border connections between societies
resulting from migration necessitate the formulation and implementation of appropriate
policy interventions by States. The reason for this, firstly, is that migration policies in a
transnational context are likely to produce an impact outside the domestic sphere for
which they are primarily intended. Secondly, the success or failure of those same policies
will also be determined, to varying extents, by realities that lie beyond a single country's
borders.

Overseas Filipinos and the death penalty: Cases that made headlines

This is not the first time the country has mourned the execution of a fellow
Filipino abroad.

On January 25, 2017, the country was shocked to hear that overseas
Filipino worker (OFW) Jakatia Pawa, who claimed innocence in the murder of her Kuwaiti
employer's 22-year-old daughter, was set to be executed within the day. The family was
also informed by Jakartia herself on the day of the execution.

Last-minute protests, prayers, and appeals were made for the Filipina
to be saved but to no avail. Come 3:19pm, Philippine time, she was announced dead.

This is not the first time the country mourned over the execution of a fellow
Filipino abroad or feared for the fate of someone on death row.

So far 35% of 132 cases of abused OFW kids recorded Tuesday, November
28, 2017 by Julieta C. Rivera. THE Mindanao Migrants Center for Empowering Actions,
Inc. (MMCEAI) in Davao City said that it has recorded a total of 132 cases of children of
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) being abused and molested.

MMCEAI executive director Inorisa Sialana-Elento, during the Kapehan sa

Dabaw on Monday, November 27, 2017 at The Annex of SM City Davao, said that from
2014 to 2017, their data show that there are various cases of abuses against the children
left behind by their parents.

Although she didn't exactly have the figures on the kind of cases, she said
that this also includes abandonment of OFW, abandonment by foreign nationals and
abandonment by parents and guardians. "Mataas din dito ang sexual abuse, teenage
parents or pregnancy and school dropouts," she said. Internet addiction is also one of the
concerns among the youth due to lack of guidance from their OFW parents.
(Source: Website)
Anak OFW Workshop Conference

In 2017, the Congressional District Anak OFW Workshop Consultation was

held and attended by some children of active OFWs wherein 20 of which experiencing
sexual abuse. "We made a silent shout box and there are cases of sexual abuse,"
Sialana-Elento said, adding that there were also physical abuse, verbal abuse by
guardian, and economic abuse, abortion, illegal drugs and bullying.

Thus, they are seeking the government's assistance to help these children
through monitoring and providing their needs in the absence of their parents. Also, they
urged the local government units to create opportunities and provide employment for the
parents of these children so they would no longer need to go abroad. They are also
pushing for the establishment of a Migrant Desk in Barangays to look after the situation
and issues that OFWs and their families are facing.
 APPLICATION

Part 1. Words to know

Define the following terms according to your understanding: (Don’t copy
from the textbook)

1. Global city
2. Refugees
3. Density
4. International migrants
5. Global migration

Part 2. Essay
Write an essay consisting of 300 words in a short bond paper about the
topic: “I Want (Don’t want) to Be and OFW”

Hooray!!!
Its another lesson
unlocked, keep grinding
for your future!
 CHAPTER 10
• Sustainable development
• Sustainability versus stability
• Some sustainable development goals

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

● Differentiate stability from sustainability

● Articulate models of global sustainable

development

ACTIVITY
Instruction: In small groups, discuss the concept of sustainable development,
considering the tension between sustainability and stability. Analyze the potential
trade-offs and challenges in achieving both economic growth and environmental
protection. Then, select a specific Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) and
brainstorm concrete actions that individuals, communities, and governments can
take to contribute to its achievement.

ANALYSIS
1. How does the pursuit of economic growth often conflict with the need for
environmental sustainability, and what are some examples of these conflicts?
2. What are some of the key challenges in achieving specific Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), and how can these challenges be addressed through
collaborative efforts?
3. What are the potential consequences of failing to achieve sustainable
development, and what are the long-term benefits of prioritizing sustainability over
short-term economic gains?
 ABSTRACTION

Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development refers to the organizing principle for meeting

human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural
systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the
economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living
conditions and resources continue to meet human needs without undermining the
integrity and stability of the natural system.

While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly

from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable
forest management and twentieth century environmental concerns. As the concept
developed, it has shifted to focus more on economic development, social development
and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that "the
term 'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem
equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development refers to the holistic
approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability".

The concept of sustainable development has been-and still is-subject to

criticism. What, exactly, is to be sustained in sustainable development? It has been
argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non- renewable resource,
since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth's
finite stock. This perspective renders the industrial revolution as a whole unsustainable.
It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been
stretched from "conservation management" to "economic development", and that the
Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world
development, with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public
relations slogan.

Sustainability versus Stability

Sustainability is the utilization of resources without compromising the

other, of the future generation. It's a broader normative term. Sustainability can hardly
be used as solely ecological feature without considering human perception and impact.
Stability is a way to characterize a system behavior and is quite well bounded to certain
method in dynamic system analysis.
Sustainable Development Goals
In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the
"universal, integrated and transformative" 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The goals are to be implemented and
achieved in every country from year 2016 to 2030.
Some Sustainable Development Goals:

1. Sustainable Environment
Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it
endures and remains diverse and productive. Since natural resources are derived from
the environment, the state of air, water, and the climate are of particular concern. The
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report outlines current knowledge about scientific, technical and
socio-economic information concerning climate change, and lists options for adaptation
and mitigation. Environmental sustainability requires society to design activities to meet
human needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet. This, for example,
entails using water sustainably, utilizing renewable energy, and sustainable material
supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and
biodiversity).

2. Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming
that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or natural
systems. It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding or
downstream resources-as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring
areas. The concept of sustainable agriculture extends intergenerationally, passing on a
conserved or improved natural resource, biotic, and economic base rather than one which
has been depleted or polluted. [25] Elements of sustainable agriculture include
permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation. [26] It
involves agricultural methods that do not undermine the environment, smart farming
technologies that enhance a quality environment for humans to thrive and reclaiming and
transforming deserts into farmlands(Herman Daly, 2017).

3. Sustainable Development on Environment Economies

The total environment includes not just the biosphere of earth, air, and
water, but also human interactions with these things, with nature, and what humans have
created as their surroundings.

As countries around the world continue to advance economically, they put a

strain on the ability of the natural environment to absorb the high level of pollutants that
are created as a part of this economic growth. Therefore, solutions need to be found so
that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public
good. In the world of economics, the amount of environmental quality must be considered
as limited in supply and therefore is treated as a scarce resource. This is a resource to be
protected. One common way to analyze possible outcomes of policy decisions on the
scarce resource is to do a cost-benefit analysis. This type of analysis contrasts different
options of resource allocation and, based on an evaluation of the expected courses of
action and the consequences of these actions, the optimal way to do so in the light of
different policy goals can be elicited.
 Benefit-cost analysis basically can look at several ways of solving a problem
and then assigning the best route for a solution, based on the set of consequences that
would result from the further development of the individual courses of action, and then
choosing the course of action that results in the least amount of damage to the expected
outcome for the environmental quality that remains after that development or process
takes place. Further complicating this analysis are the interrelationships of the various
parts of the environment that might be impacted by the chosen course of action.
Sometimes it is almost impossible to predict the various outcomes of a course of action,
due to the unexpected consequences and the amount of unknowns that are not
accounted for in the benefit-cost analysis.

Sustainable Energy

Sustainable energy is clean and can be used over a long period of time.
Unlike fossil fuels and biofuels that provide the bulk of the worlds energy, renewable
energy sources like hydroelectric, solar and wind energy produce far less pollution. Solar
energy is commonly used on public parking meters, street lights and the roof of buildings.
Wind power has expanded quickly, its share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of
2014 was 3.1%. Most of California's fossil fuel infrastructures are sited in or near low-
income communities and have traditionally suffered the most from California's fossil fuel
energy system. These communities are historically left out during the decision-making
process, and often end up with dirty power plants and other dirty energy projects that
poison the air and harm the area. These toxicants are major contributors to health
problems in the communities. As renewable energy becomes more common, fossil fuel
infrastructures are replaced by renewables, providing better social equity to these
communities. Overall, and in the long run, sustainable development in the field of energy
is also deemed to contribute to economic sustainability and national security of
communities, thus being increasingly encouraged through investment policies.

Sustainable Technology

One of the core concepts in sustainable development is that technology can

be used to assist people meet their developmental needs. Technology to meet these
sustainable development needs is often referred to as appropriate technology, which is an
ideological movement (and its manifestations) originally articulated as intermediate
technology by the economist E. F. Schumacher in his influential work, Small is Beautiful.
and now covers a wide range of technologies. Both Schumacher and many modern-day
proponents of appropriate technology also emphasize the technology as people-centered.
Today appropriate technology is often developed using open source principles, which
have led to open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) and thus many of the plans of
the technology can be freely found on the Internet. OSAT has been proposed as a new
model of enabling innovation for sustainable development.
Sustainable Transport

Transportation is a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. It is said

that one-third of all gasses produced are due to transportation. Motorized transport also
releases exhaust fumes that contain particulate matter which is hazardous to human
health and a contributor to climate change.

Sustainable transport has many social and economic benefits that can
accelerate local sustainable development. According to a series of reports by the Low
Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP), sustainable transport
can help create jobs, improve commuter safety through investment in bicycle lanes and
pedestrian pathways, make access to employment and social opportunities more
affordable and efficient. It also offers a practical opportunity to save people's time and
household income as well as government budgets, making investment in sustainable
transport a 'win-win' opportunity.

Some Western countries are making transportation more sustainable in both

long-term and short-term implementations. An example is the modification in available
transportation in Freiburg, Germany. The city has implemented extensive methods of
public transportation, cycling, and walking, along with large areas where cars are not
allowed.

Since many Western countries are highly automobile-oriented, the main

transit that people use is personal vehicles. About 80% of their travel involves cars.
Therefore, California, is one of the highest greenhouse gases emitters in the United
States. The federal government has to come up with some plans to reduce the total
number of vehicle trips in order to lower greenhouse gases emission. Such as:

• Improve public transit through the provision of larger coverage area in order to provide
more mobility and accessibility, new technology to provide a more reliable and
responsive public transportation network.
• Encourage walking and biking through the provision of wider pedestrian pathway, bike
share stations in downtowns, locate parking lots far from the shopping center, limit on
street parking, slower traffic lane in downtown area.
• Increase the cost of car ownership and gas taxes through increased parking fees and
tolls, encouraging people to drive more fuel efficient vehicles. This can produce a social
equity problem, since lower income people usually drive older vehicles with lower fuel
efficiency. Government can use the extra revenue collected from taxes and tolls to
improve public transportation and benefit poor communities.

Other states and nations have built efforts to translate knowledge in

behavioral economics into evidence-based sustainable transportation policies.
Corporate Sustainability

The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate sustainability constitutes a

firm's efficient use of natural capital. This eco-efficiency is usually calculated as the
economic value added by a firm in relation to its aggregated ecological impact. This idea
has been popularised by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(WBCSD) under the following definition: "Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of
competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life,
while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-
cycle to a level at least in line with the earth's carrying capacity" (DeSimone and Popoff,
1997: 47).

Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less explored is the second
criterion for corporate sustainability. Socio-efficiency describes the relation between a
firm's value added and its social impact. Whereas, it can be assumed that most corporate
impacts on the environment are negative (apart from rare exceptions such as the planting
of trees) this is not true for social impacts. These can be either positive (e.g. corporate
giving, creation of employment) or negative (e.g. work accidents, mobbing of employees,
human rights abuses). Depending on the type of impact socio-efficiency thus either tries
to minimise negative social impacts (i.e. accidents per value added) or maximise positive
social impacts (i.e. donations per value added)
in relation to the value added.

Both eco-efficiency and socio-efficiency are concerned primarily with

increasing economic sustainability. In this process they instrumentalise both natural and
social capital aiming to benefit from win-win situations. However, as Dyllick and Hockerts.
[74] point out the business case alone will not be sufficient to realise sustainable
development. They point towards eco- effectiveness, socio-effectiveness, sufficiency, and
eco-equity as four criteria that need to be met if sustainable development is to be
reached.

CASI Global, New York "CSR & Sustainability together lead to sustainable
development. CSR as in corporate social responsibility is not what you do with your
profits but is the way you make profits. This means CSR is a part of every department of
the company value chain and not a part of HR / independent department. Sustainability
as in effects towards Human resources, Environment and Ecology has to be measured
within each department of the company."
(Source: http://casiglobal.us/)

Sustainable Income

At the present time, sustainable development, along with the solidarity

called for in Catholic social teaching, can reduce poverty. While over many thousands of
years the 'stronger' (economically or physically) overcame the weaker, nowadays for
various reasons-Catholic social teaching, social solidarity, sustainable development-the
stronger helps the weaker. This aid may take various forms. 'The Stronger offers real help
rather than striving for the elimination or annihilation of the other. Sustainable
development reduces poverty through financial (among other things, a balanced budget),
Sustainable Architecture

In sustainable architecture the recent movements of New Urbanism and

New Classical architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that
appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This
in contrast to modernist and International Style architecture, as well as opposing to
solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl, with long commuting distances and large
ecological footprints. Both trends started in the 1980s. (It should be noted that sustainable
architecture is predominantly relevant to the economics domain while architectural
landscaping pertains more to the ecological domain.)

Sustainable Politics

A study concluded that social indicators and, therefore, sustainable

development indicators, are scientific constructs whose principal objective is to inform
public policy-making. The International Institute for Sustainable Development has similarly
developed a political policy framework, linked to a sustainability index for establishing
measurable entities and metrics. The framework consists of six core areas, international
trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, measurement and
assessment, natural resource management, and the role of communication technologies
in sustainable development.

The United Nations Global Compact Cities Programme has defined

sustainable political development in a way that broadens the usual definition beyond
states and governance. The political is defined as the domain of practices and meanings
associated with basic issues of social power as they pertain to the organization,
authorization, legitimation and regulation of a social life held in common. This definition is
in accord with the view that political change is important for responding to economic,
ecological and cultural challenges. It also means that the politics of economic change can
be addressed. They have listed seven subdomains of the domain of politics:

1. Organization and governance

2. Law and justice
3. Communication and critique
4. Representation and negotiation
5. Security and accord
6. Dialogue and reconciliation
7. Ethics and accountability

This accords with the Brundtland Commission emphasis on development that is guided
by human rights principles.
Sustainable Culture

Working with a different emphasis, some researchers and institutions have

pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the dimensions of sustainable
development, since the triple-bottom-line dimensions of economic, environmental and
social do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society. In this
context, the Agenda 21 for culture and the United Cities and Local Governments
(UCLG) Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the policy statement "Culture: Fourth
Pillar of Sustainable Development", passed on 17 November 2010, in the framework of
the World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders - 3rd World Congress of UCLG, held in
Mexico City. This document inaugurates a new perspective and points to the relation
between culture and sustainable development through a dual approach: developing a
solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies. The Circles
of Sustainability approach distinguishes the four domains of economic, ecological,
political and cultural sustainability.

Other organizations have also supported the idea of a fourth domain of

sustainable development. The Network of Excellence "Sustainable Development in a
Diverse World", sponsored by the European Union, integrates multidisciplinary capacities
and interprets cultural diversity as a key element of a new strategy for sustainable
development. The Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development Theory has been referenced
by executive director of IMI Institute at UNESCO Vito Di Bari in his manifesto of art and
architectural movement Neo-Futurism, whose name was inspired by the 1987 United
Nations' report Our Common Future. The Circles of Sustainability approach used by
Metropolis defines the (fourth) cultural domain as practices, discourses, and material
expressions, which, over time, express continuities and discontinuities of social meaning.

Sustainable Natural Capital

The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that

societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which
may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible. Leading
ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly, for example, points to the
fact that natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital. While it is
possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much more
unlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system services, such as the protection
provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest. In
fact, natural capital, social capital and economic capital are often complementarities. A
further obstacle to substitutability lies also in the multi-functionality of many natural
resources. Forests, for example, not only provide the raw material for paper (which can
be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity, regulate water flow, and
absorb CO2.
 The loss of biodiversity, for example, is often definitive. The same can be
true for cultural diversity. For example, with globalization advancing quickly the number of
indigenous languages is dropping at alarming rates. Moreover, the depletion of natural
and social capital may have non-linear consequences. Consumption of natural and social
capital may have no observable impact until a certain threshold is reached. A lake can, for
example, absorb nutrients for a long time while actually increasing its productivity.
However, once a certain level of algae is reached lack of oxygen causes the lake's
ecosystem to break down suddenly.

Business-as-usual

If the degradation of natural and social capital has such important

consequence the question arises why action is not taken more systematically to alleviate
it. Cohen and Winn [97] point to four types of market failure as possible explanations:
First, while the benefits of natural or social capital depletion can usually be privatized, the
costs are often externalized (i.e. they are borne not by the party responsible but by
society in general). Second, natural capital is often undervalued by society since we are
not fully aware of the real cost of the depletion of natural capital. Information asymmetry is
a third reason-often the link between cause and effect is obscured, making it difficult for
actors to make informed choices. Cohen and Winn close with the realization that contrary
to economic theory many firms are not perfect optimizers. They postulate that firms often
do not optimize resource allocation because they are caught in a "business as usual"
mentality.

Sustainable Education

Education must be revisited in light of a renewed vision of sustainable

human and social development that is both equitable and viable. This vision of
sustainability must take into consideration the social, environmental and economic
dimensions of human development and the various ways in which these relate to
education: 'An empowering education is one that builds the human resources we need to
be productive, to continue to learn, to solve problems, to be creative, and to live together
and with nature in peace and harmony. When nations ensure that such an education is
accessible to all throughout their lives, a quiet revolution is set in motion: education
becomes the engine of sustainable development and the key to a better world.

Higher education in sustainability across education streams including

engineering, finance, supply chain and operations is gaining weight-age. Multiple
institutes including Wharton, Columbia, CASI Global New York offer certifications in
Sustainability. Corporate's prefer employees certified in sustainability.
Refence https://www.wharton.upenn.edu/http://www.columbia.edu/http:// casiglobal.us/
Sustainable Progress

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD; also

known as Rio 2012) was the third international conference on sustainable development,
which aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global
community. An outcome of this conference was the development of the Sustainable
Development Goals that aim to promote sustainable progress and eliminate inequalities
around the world. However, few nations met the World Wide Fund for Nature's definition
of sustainable development criteria established in 2006. Although some nations are more
developed than others, all nations are constantly developing because each nation
struggles with perpetuating disparities, inequalities and unequal access to fundamental
rights and freedoms.
(Source: Shaker, R.R. the Spatial Distribution of Development in Europe and Its
Underlying Sustainable Correlations, 2015)
 APPLICATION

Part 1. Words to know

Define the following terms according to your understanding: (Don’t copy
from the textbook)

1. Sustainability
2. Stability
3. Sustainable development
4. Global sustainable development
5. Global food security

Part 2. Essay
Write an essay consisting of 300 words in a short bond paper about the
topic: “global Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding the World”

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 CHAPTER 11
• Sustainable development models
• Global challenges in food security
• Global food security model

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

● Define global food security

● Critique existing models of global food

security

ACTIVITY
Instruction: In small groups, brainstorm a list of challenges that threaten global
food security. Then, research and discuss how sustainable development models
can be implemented to address these challenges. Finally, consider how a global
food security model might be designed to ensure equitable access to nutritious
food for all.

ANALYSIS
1. How do the challenges identified in the brainstorming phase relate to the
principles of sustainable development?
2. What are the potential trade-offs and challenges in implementing sustainable
development models to address food security issues?
3. What are the key elements of a global food security model that would ensure
equitable access to nutritious food for all, and how can these elements be
implemented effectively?
 ABSTRACTION

Sustainable Development Models

The 1987 Report of the Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future,

defined sustainable development as, "meeting the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet own needs." To
supplement that touchstone definition and others, here are three sustainability models
that might help explain what a sustainable society looks like, according to Bob Wilhord
(2010). These are the 3-legged stool model. The common three dimensions of
sustainability: economic, environmental, and social/cultural. The 3-legged stool
metaphor reinforces the three dimensions that are required for us to enjoy a high quality
of life - and shows that society is unstable if one of them is weak. The downside of this
metaphor is that the economic, environmental, and social legs look separate and equal.

Some people add a fourth leg / dimension: Culture is intertwined with the
social leg, but organizations like Living Principles divide the social aspect into people and
culture. They define the people dimension as, "actions and issues that affect all aspects
of society, including poverty, violence, injustice, education, healthcare, safe housing,
labor and human rights," and the culture dimension as "actions and issues that affect how
communities manifest identity, preserve and cultivate traditions, and develop belief
systems and commonly accepted values." Living Principles refer to the economy,
environment, people, and cultures as sustainability "streams." Others refer to three or
four "pillars" of sustainability. Metaphors abound.

3-overlapping-circles model. The overlapping-circles model of

sustainability acknowledges the intersection of economic, environmental, and social
factors. Depending on our mindset, we re-size the circles to show that one factor is more
dominant than the other two. For example, some business leaders prefer to show the
economy as the largest circle because it is the most important to their success and it
makes their world go around.

They draw society as the second largest circle because that is where their
customers and other important stakeholders live. The environment would then be the
smallest because it is the most external to standard business metrics. Unfortunately, this
model implies that the economy can exist independently of society and the environment-
that the part of the red circle that does not overlap with the blue and green circles has an
existence of its own. This large incongruity leads us to the next, more accurate model.

They draw society as the second largest circle because that is where their
customers and other important stakeholders live. The environment would then be the
smallest because it is the most external to standard
business metrics. Unfortunately, this model implies that the economy can exist
independently of society and the environment-that the part of the red circle that does not
overlap with the blue and green circles has an existence of its own. This large incongruity
leads us to the next, more accurate model.

3-nested-dependencies model. If you were to ask a maritime fisherman

whether the devastating collapse of the cod fishery off the east coast of Newfoundland an
environmental disaster, a social disaster, or an economic disaster was, he would say,
"Yes." The 3-nested-dependencies model reflects this co-dependent reality. It shows that
human society is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the environment-that without food, clean
water, fresh air, fertile soil, and other natural resources, we're cooked.

It's the people in societies who decide how they will exchange goods and
services. That is, they decide what economic model they will use. Because they create
their economies, they can change them if they find their current economic models are not
working to improve their quality of life. To add another metaphor: the economy is the tail
and society is the dog- not vice versa.

To be fair, the society-economy relationship is symbiotic. During the recent

recession, the economic downturn had a significant impact on people's quality of life.
Good jobs are so important to a vibrant modern-day society that sustainability champions
who portray the economy as subservient to society are sometimes accused of being
naïve about how the "real world" works.

Global Challenges in Food Security

Malnutrition affects all countries in the world. Malnutrition, including over-

and under-nutrition and micro-nutrient deficiencies is the top contributor to global disease
burden. Globally, 800 million people are under-nourished, 2 billion are overweight or
obese and 2 billion are micronutrient deficient.

The vast majority of the world's hungry live in developing countries.

Southern Asia faces the greatest hunger burden, with about 281 million undernourished
people. In sub-Saharan Africa, the current rate of undernourishment is currently around
23 per cent. Despite decreasing under-nutrition, levels remain unacceptably high.

Despite improved food access at all income levels, diet quality is declining.
Notwithstanding recent food production increases, nutritious foods remain unaffordable
for many. The consequences are severe; poor nutrition causes nearly half the deaths in
children under five, and one in four children suffer stunted growth; 66 million primary
school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in
Africa alone. Without policy changes, obesity will increase in all countries and reach 3.28
billion by 2030, increasing non-communicable disease prevalence and health costs.
Sustainable agriculture is the foundation of food security and has the potential to
secure livelihoods

Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods

for 40 per cent of today's global population and it is the largest source of income and jobs
for poor rural households. Investing in smallholder farmers is an important way to
increase food security and nutrition for the poorest, as well as food production for local
and global markets.

However, providing food and securing livelihoods must be done in a manner

which does not compromise the environment. Since the 1900s, some 75 per cent of crop
diversity has been lost from farmers' fields. Better use of agricultural biodiversity can
contribute to more nutritious diets, enhanced livelihoods for farming communities and
more resilient and sustainable farming systems.
Reference: Third International Conference on Global Food Security, December 2017,
Cape Town, Africa.

Global Food Security Index

The Global Food Security Index developed by the Economist (Magazine).

Intelligence Unit with with sponsorship from DuPont, is a universal benchmarking tool on
food security.

It examines the core issues of food affordability, availability, quality and

safety, as well as natural resources and resilience in 113 countries. It is based on 26
unique indicators that measure these drivers of food security across both developing and
developed countries. "This index is the first to examine food security comprehensively
across the three internationally established dimensions. Moreover, the study looks
beyond hunger to the underlying factors affecting food insecurity. This year the GFSI
includes an adjustment factor on natural resources and resilience."

"This new category assesses a country's exposure to the impacts of a

changing climate; its susceptibility to natural resource risks; and how the country is
adapting to these risks." The GFSI is available at no charge online at
foodsecurityindex.eiu.com

Overall

Singapore is the runaway winner (Global Rank: 19), followed by Malaysia

(43). Rice exporters are at lower tiers: Thailand (53), Vietnam (64), Cambodia (84), and
Myanmar (80). Rice importers' ranks, excluding Singapore and Malaysia, are: Indonesia
(73) and the Philippines (79). ASEAN countries with high GFSI are ahead in affordability,
availability, and quality and safety criteria.
1. Affordability
Singapore posted the highest per capita income at $73,168, distantly
followed by Malaysia with $9,503 in 2016. Indonesia has $3,570, the Philippines $2,951,
and Vietnam, $2,186. The two leaders had little (if no) poverty. Malaysia's poverty
incidence was only 1.6% in 2014 versus 21.6% for the Philippines in 2015.

2. Quality; 3. Safety; and 4. Availability

Rice importers Singapore and Malaysia beat rice exporters Vietnam and
Thailand by a mile. The index has several factors of which supply sufficiency is only one
of six. The Philippines is even ahead of Cambodia, a rice exporter.
The level of development of a country affects the quality and safety criteria. Singapore
and Malaysia are far ahead. Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines are in the middle
cluster.

5. Natural Resources and 6. Resilience (NRR)

The 2017 GFSI includes "a new environmental criterion that recognizes the
growing emphasis on resource conservation, climate change adaption, and sustainable
agriculture practices. With factors, such as temperature change, land deforestation, and
depletion of water resources, the NRR category measures future impacts on the countries
in the GFSI." (To read the report, please visit the link http://bit.ly/ securefood or use a
smartphone to scan the QR code.)

Global Food Security Model

MINK is the process-based crop modeling for global food security. This was
pointed out by Richard Robertson of the International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFRI) in September 5, 2017.

Over the last decade, computer models of crop growth have increasingly
been used to understand how climate change may affect the world's capacity to produce
food. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has undertaken a major
sustained effort to analyze changes in the productivity of major crops across the entire
world. The results are integrated into economic modeling efforts ranging from household
to country-level economy-wide models to the global agricultural sector partial equilibrium
economic model known as IMPACT. With the models working together, researchers can
examine how biophysical changes in crop growth interact with changes in social and
economic conditions.

Now, for the first time, IFPRI is releasing a comprehensive volume

describing the global-scale crop modeling system behind IMPACT known as "Mink" for
short.
 Crop modeling starts at the field level and scaling this up to the global level
is challenging. Climate data must be collated, processed, and formatted. Representative
crop varieties and planting calendars have to be chosen. Fertilizer input levels need to be
specified. Myriad other assumptions need to be considered and appropriate values and
strategies determined. And that is just the preparation phase. All the data then have to be
organized, exported, and run through the crop models to obtain simulated yields under
different climate scenarios and production environments. This necessitates employing
parallel computing to get the job done quickly enough to be useful. And then the reams of
output data must be organized, manipulated, analyzed, and finally interpreted to provide
context as well as specific information so policymakers can plan appropriately for the
future.

Naturally, with so much going on, the process can be mysterious for those
looking in from the outside and potentially confusing even for those on the inside.

The document addresses how Mink works at several different levels. There
is the broad discussion of interest to policymakers and managers concerning how global-
scale crop modeling can be used, its strengths and weaknesses, how to think about the
issues, and where it sits in the wider context of agricultural and policy research. At a
middle level, every step of the process is described for those who wish to understand how
it works so they can use the results properly, but not necessarily generate the numbers
themselves. Along the way, though, various tips, tricks, and lessons learned are revealed
for those who do, in fact, wish to replicate this kind of work on their own. And finally, for
collaborators and researchers who wish to use Mink themselves, there is the nitty-gritty,
nuts-and-bolts level documentation and tutorial aspects that literally say "Change this
number; click here and drag there."

Mink has been used to provide insight for numerous reports, peer- reviewed
journal articles, and the popular press.
 APPLICATION

Brush Up

1. Differentiate stability from sustainability

2. How are sustainability achieved?
3. What exactly is to be sustained in sustainability development?
4. How can education be sustained in the Philippines?
5. Is global food security achievable?

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 CHAPTER 12
• Meaning and usage of global citizenship
• The universal declaration of human rights
• Global citizen
• Mundialization
• Earth anthem
• Criticism of global citizenship
• Ethical obligation of global citizen

In this lesson, challenge

yourself to:

● Articulate a personal definition of global

citizenship

● Appreciate the ethical obligations of global

citizenship

ACTIVITY
Instruction: Imagine you are a global citizen tasked with designing a public
service announcement to raise awareness about a pressing global issue. Choose
an issue (e.g., climate change, poverty, inequality) and brainstorm how you would
use visuals, language, and storytelling to connect with a diverse audience and
inspire action.

ANALYSIS
1. How does the chosen global issue connect to the concept of global citizenship?
2. What are the specific challenges in communicating about this issue to a diverse
audience, and what strategies can be used to overcome these challenges?
3. What are the most effective ways to use visuals, language, and storytelling to
inspire action and promote positive change in relation to the chosen global issue?
 ABSTRACTION

Meaning and Usage of Global Citizenship

Global Citizenship refers to the rights, responsibilities and duties that

come with being a member of global entity as a citizen of a particular nation or place. The
idea is that one's identity transcends geography or political borders and that
responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity".
This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other,
more local identities, but such identities are given "second place" to their membership in
a global community. Extended, the idea leads to questions about the state of global
society in the age of globalization. In general usage, the term may have much the same
meaning as "world citizen" or cosmopolitan, but it also has additional, specialized
meanings in differing contexts. Various organizations, such as the World Service
Authority, have advocated global citizenship.

Usage of Global Citizenship

It is used in education, philosophy, psychological studies, human rights, in

support of global government.

A. Global Citizenship as Used in Education

In education, the term is most often used to describe a worldview or a set of

values toward which education is oriented (see, for example, the priorities of the Global
Education First Initiative led by the Secretary- General of the United Nations). The term
"global society" is sometimes used to indicate a global studies set of learning objectives
for students to prepare them for global citizenship.

1. Global Citizenship Education

Within the educational system, the concept of global citizenship education

(GCED) is beginning to supersede or overarch movements such as multicultural
education, peace education, human rights the education, Education for Sustainable
Development and international education. Additionally, GCED rapidly incorporates
references to t aforementioned movements. The concept of global citizenship has been
linked with awards offered for helping humanity. Teachers are being given the
responsibility of being social change agents. Audrey Osler, director of the Centre for
Citizenship and Human Rights Education, the University of Leeds, affirms that "Education
for living together in an interdependent world is not an optional extra, but an essential
foundation".
 With GCED gaining attention, scholars are investigating the field and
developing perspectives. The following are a few of the more common perspectives:

• Critical and transformative perspective. Citizenship is defined by being a member

with rights and responsibilities. Therefore, GCED must encourage active involvement.
GCED can be taught from a critical and transformative perspective, whereby students
are thinking, feeling, and doing. In this approach, GCED requires students to be
politically critical and personally transformative. Teachers provide social issues in a
neutral and grade-appropriate way for students to understand, grapple with, and do
something about.

• Worldmindedness. Graham Pike and David Selby view GCED as having two strands.
Worldmindedness, the first strand, refers to understanding the world as one unified
system and a responsibility to view the interests of individual nations with the overall
needs of the planet in mind. The second strand, Child-centeredness, is a pedagogical
approach that encourages students to explore and discover on their own and
addresses each learner as an individual with inimitable beliefs, experiences, and
talents.

• Holistic Understanding. The Holistic Understanding perspective was founded by

Merry Merryfield, focusing on understanding the self in relation to a global community.
This perspective follows a curriculum that attends to human values and beliefs, global
systems, issues, history, cross-cultural understandings, and the development of
analytical and evaluative skills

2. Global Citizenship as Used in Philosophy

Global citizenship, in some contexts, may refer to a brand of ethics or

political philosophy in which it is proposed that the core social, political, economic and
environmental realities of the world today should be addressed at all levels-by individuals,
civil society organizations, communities and nation states-through a global lens. It refers
to a broad, culturally- and environmentally-inclusive worldview that accepts the
fundamental interconnectedness of all things. Political, geographic borders become
irrelevant and solutions to today's challenges are seen to be beyond the narrow vision of
national interests. Proponents of this philosophy often point to Diogenes of Sinope (c. 412
B.C.) as an example, given his reported declaration that "I am a citizen of the world
(κοσμοπολίτης, cosmopolites)" in response to a question about his place of origin. A
Sanskrit term, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, has the meaning of "the world is one family".
The earliest reference to this phrase is found in the Hitopadesha, a collection of parables.
In the Mahopanishad VI.71-73, ślokas describe how one finds the Brahman (the one
supreme, universal Spirit that is the origin and support of the phenomenal universe). The
statement is not just about peace and harmony among the societies in the world, but also
about a truth that somehow the whole world has to live together like a family.
3. Global Citizenship as Used in Psychological Studies

Recently, global pollsters and psychologists have studied individual

differences in the sense of global citizenship. Beginning in 2005, the World Values
Survey, administered across almost 100 countries, included the statement, "I see myself
as a world citizen." For smaller studies, several multi-item scales have been developed,
including Sam McFarland and colleagues' Identification with All Humanity scale (e.g.,
"How much do you identify with (that is, feel a part of, feel love toward, have concern
for)... all humans everywhere?"), Anna Malsch and Alan Omoto's Psychological Sense of
Global Community (e.g., "I feel a sense of connection to people all over the world, even if
I don't know them personally"), Gerhard Reese and colleagues' Global Social Identity
scale (e.g. "I feel strongly connected to the world community as a whole."), and Stephen
Reysen and Katzarska-Miller's global citizenship identification scale (e.g., "I strongly
identify with global citizens."). These measures are strongly related to one another, but
they are not fully identical.

Studies of the psychological roots of global citizenship have found that

persons high in global citizenship are also high on the personality trait perfophies to
experience and agreeableness from the Big Five personality traits and high in empathy
and caring. Oppositely, the authoritarian personality, the social dominance orientation and
psychopathy are all associated with less global human identification. Some of these traits
are influenced by heredity as well as by early experiences, which, in turn, likely influence
individuals' receptiveness to global human identification.

Research has found that those who are high in global human identification
are less prejudiced toward many groups, care more about international human rights,
worldwide inequality, global poverty and human suffering. They attend more actively to
global concerns, value the lives of all human beings more equally, and give more in time
and money to international humanitarian causes. They tend to be more politically liberal
on both domestic and international issues. They want their countries to do more to
alleviate global suffering.

Following a social identity approach, Reysen and Katzarska- Miller tested a

model showing the antecedents and outcomes of global citizenship identification (i.e.,
degree of psychological connection with global citizens). Individuals' normative
environment (the cultural environment in which one is embedded contains people,
artifacts, cultural patterns that promote viewing the self as a global citizen) and global
awareness (perceiving oneself as aware, knowledgeable, and connected to others in the
world) predict global citizenship identification. Global citizenship identification then
predicts six broad categories of prosocial behaviors and values, including: intergroup
empathy, valuing diversity, social justice, environmental sustainability, intergroup helping,
and a felt responsibility to act. Subsequent research has examined variables that
influence the model such as: participation in a college course with global components,
perception of one's global knowledge, college professors' attitudes toward global
citizenship, belief in an intentional worlds view of culture, participation in a fan group that
promotes the identity, use of global citizen related words when describing one's values,
possible self as a global citizen, religiosity and religious orientation, threat to
one's nation, interdependent self-construal prime, perception of the university
environment, and social media usage.

4. Global Citizen is Used in Other Aspects: Geography, Sovereignty, and Mere

Citizenship

At the same time that globalization is reducing the importance of nation-

states, the idea of global citizenship may require a redefinition of ties between civic
engagement and geography. Face-to-face town hall meetings seem increasingly
supplanted by electronic "town halls" not limited by space and time. Absentee ballots
opened the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country; the Internet may
carry this several steps further. Another interpretation given by several scholars of the
changing configurations of citizenship due to globalization is the possibility that citizenship
becomes a changed institution; even if situated within territorial boundaries that are
national, if the meaning of the national itself has changed, then the meaning of being a
citizen of that nation changes.

Tension among Local, National, and Global Forces

An interesting feature of globalization is that, while the world is being

internationalized, it's also being localized at the same time. [32] The world shrinks as the
local community (village, town, city) takes on greater and greater importance. This is
reflected in the term glocalization, a portmanteau of the words "global" and "local". Mosco
(1999) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of technopoles. [33] If this
trend is true, it seems global citizens may be the glue that holds these separate entities
together. Put another way, global citizens are people who can travel within these various
boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world through a global lens.

Globalization Citizenship as Used in Human Rights

The lack of a universally recognized world body can put the initiative upon
global citizens themselves to create rights and obligations. Rights and obligations as they
arose at the formation of nation-states (e.g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in
time of war) are being expanded. Thus, new concepts that accord certain "human rights"
which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and
governments. This is the result of many factors, including the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of World War II and the
Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e.g., pre-
industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo).

Couple this with growing awareness of our impact on the environment, and
lime that citizen rights may extend to include the right there is the rising feeling to dignity
and self-determination. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global
citizenship may seem more accessible.
 One cannot overestimate the importance of human rights discourse in
shaping public opinion. What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in
conflicts? Or, incarcerated as part of ethnic cleansing? Equally striking, are the pre-
industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle?
These rights can be equated with the rise of global citizenship as normative associations,
indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one
that is more flexible and inclusive. If true, this places a strain in the relationship between
national and global citizenship.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted

Resolution No. 217-A (111), also known as "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights."

Article 1 states that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one
another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Article 2 states that "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set
forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,
jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs,
whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of
sovereignty."

Article 13(2) states that "Everyone has the right to leave any country,
including his own, and to return to his country."

As evidence in today's modern world, events such as the Trial of Saddam

Hussein have proven what British jurist A. V. Dicey said in 1885, when he popularized the
phrase "rule of law" in 1885. Dicey emphasized three aspects of the rule of law:

1. No one can be punished or made to suffer except for a breach of law proved in an
ordinary court.

2. No one is above the law and everyone is equal before the law regardless of social,
economic, or political status.

Global Citizen (or World Citizen)

A global citizen is a person who places global citizenship above every

nationalistic or local idealities and relationships.
 An early expression of the term globalization is mentioned in Diogenes of
Sinope (412 BC), who is the founding father of the cynic movement in Ancient Greece.
Diogenes was asked and said: "Asked where he came from, he answered: 'I am a citizen
of the world (comsmopolites)". This was a ground-breaking concept of a social identity in
Greece global citizen because the broadest basis of at the time was either the individual
city-state of the Greeks city-state or the Greeks (Hellenes) as a group. The Tamil poet
Kaniyan Poongundran wrote in Purananuru, "To us all towns are one, all men our kin." In
later years, political philosopher Thomas Paine would declare, "my country is the world,
and my religion is to do good." Today, the increase in worldwide globalization has led to
the formation of a "world citizen" social movement under a proposed world government. In
a non-political definition, it has been suggested that a world citizen may provide value to
society by using knowledge acquired across cultural contexts.

Albert Einstein described himself as a world citizen and supported the idea
throughout his life, famously saying "Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles
of mankind." World citizenship has been promoted by distinguished people including
Garry Davis, who lived for 60 years as a citizen of no nation, only the world. Davis
founded the World Service Authority in Washington, DC, which sells World Passports, a
fantasy passport to world citizens. In 1956 Hugh J. Schonfield founded the
Commonwealth of World Citizens, later known by its Esperanto name "Mondcivitana
Respubliko", which also issued a world passport; it declined after the 1980s.

The Bahá'í faith promotes the concept through its founder's proclamation (in
the late 19th century) that "The Earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens." As a
term defined by the Bahá'í International Community in a concept paper shared at the 1st
session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York,
U.S.A. on 14-25 June 1993. "World citizenship begins with an acceptance of the oneness
of the human family and the interconnectedness of the nations of 'the earth, our home.'
While it encourages a sane and legitimate patriotism, it also insists upon a wider loyalty, a
love of humanity as a whole. It does not, however, imply abandonment of legitimate
loyalties, the suppression of cultural diversity, the abolition of national autonworld
citizenship encompassations, in domic justice, both within and between nations; non-
adversarial decisind making at all levels of society; equality of the sexes; racial, ethnic,
national makreligious harmony; and the willingness to sacrifice for the common good.
andere livets of world citizenship-including the promotion of human honor and dignity,
understanding, amity, co-operation, trustworthiness, compassion and the desire to serve-
can be deduced from those already mentioned."
Mundialization (French, mondialisation)

As a philosophy, this term seems to be a response to globalization's

"dehumanization through planetarization", as quoted from Teilhard de Chardin. The early
use of the term mundialization was the safe to the act of a city or a local authority
declaring itself as a "world citizen" city by voting a charter stating its awareness of global
problems and its sense of the shared responsibility. The concept was promoted by t the
self-declared World Citizen Garry Davis in 1949, as a logical extension of the idea of
individuals declaring themselves world citizens, and promoted by Robert Sarrazac, a
former leader of the French Resistance who created the Human Front of World Citizens in
1945. The first city to be officially mundialised was the small French city of Cahors (only
20,000 in 2006), the capital city of the Département of Lot in central France, on 20 July
1949. Hundreds of cities mundialised themselves over a few years, most of them in
France, and then it spread internationally, including to many German cities and to
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In less than a year, 10 General Councils (the elected councils of
the French "Départements"), and hundreds of cities in France covering 3.4 million
inhabitants voted mundialisation charters. One of the goals was to elect one delegate per
million inhabitants to a People's World Constitutional Convention given the already then
historical failure of the United Nations in creating a global institution able to negotiate a
final world peace. To date, more than 1000 cities and towns have declared themselves
World cities, including Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, St. Louis, Philadelphia,
Toronto, Hiroshima, Tokyo, Nivelles, and Königswinter.

As a social movement, mundialization expresses the solidarity of

populations of the globe and aims to establish institutions and supranational laws of a
federative structure common to them, while respecting the diversity of cultures and
peoples. The movement advocates for a new political organization governing all humanity,
involving the transfer of certain parts of national sovereignty to a Federal World Authority,
Federal World Government and Federal World Court. Basing its authority on the will of the
people and developing new systems to draw the highest and best wisdom of all humanity
into the task of governing our world, the collaborative governing system would be capable
of solving the problems which call into question the future of man, such as hunger,
water, war, peace-keeping, pollution and energy. The mundialization movement
includes the declaration of specified territory - a city, town, or state, for example - as world
territory, with responsibilities and rights on a world scale. Currently the nation-state
system and the United Nations offer no way for the people of the world to vote for world
officials or participate in governing our world. Internatiortal treaties or agreements lack the
force of law. Mundialization seeks to address this lack by presenting a way to build, one
city at a time, such a system of true World Law based upon the sovereignty of the whole.

Earth Anthem

Shashi Tharoor, an author, feels that an Earth Anthem sung by people

across the world can inspire planetary consciousness and global citizenship people. This
author suggests that the students of this course should write the lyrics of an Earth Anthem
with musical composition.
 In addition, they should also compose the World Pledge (Panatang
Pandaigdig)

Criticism of Global Citizenship

Various writers and authors criticized the use and practice of global
citizenship. Not all people of the world like the idea of having a global citizenship. For
example, Parekh advocates what he calls globally oriented he calls globally oriented
citizenship, and states, "If global citizenship means being a citizen of the world, it is
neither practicable nor desirable." He argues that global citizenship, defined as an actual
membership of a type of worldwide government system, is impractical and dislocated from
one's immediate community. He also notes that such a world state would inevitably be
"remote, bureaucratic, oppressive, and culturally bland." Parekh presents his alternative
option with the statement: "Since the conditions of life of our fellow human beings in
distant parts of the world should be a matter of deep moral and political concern to us, our
citizenship has an inescapable global dimension, and we should aim to become what I
might call a globally oriented citizen." Parekh's concept of globally oriented citizenship
consists of identifying with and strengthening ties towards one's political regional
community (whether in its current state or an improved, revised form), while recognizing
and acting upon obligations towards others in the rest of the world.

Michael Byers, a professor in Political Science at the University of British

Columbia, questions the assumption that there is one definition of global citizenship, and
unpacks aspects of potential definitions. In the introduction to his public lecture, the UBC
Internalization website states, ""Global citizenship' remains undefined. What, if anything,
does it really mean? Is global citizenship just the latest buzzword?" Byers notes the
existence of stateless persons, whom he remarks ought to be the primary candidates for
global citizenship, yet continue to live without access to basic freedoms and citizenship
rights. Byers does not oppose the concept of global citizenship, however he criticizes
potential implications of the term depending on one's definition of it, such as ones that
provide support for the "ruthlessly capitalist economic system that now dominates the
planet." Byers states that global citizenship is a "powerful term" because "people that
invoke it do so to provoke and justify action," and encourages the attendees of his lecture
to re-appropriate it in order for its meaning to have a positive purpose, based on idealistic
values.

Neither is criticism of global citizenship anything new. Gouverneur Morris, a

delegate to the Constitutional Convention (United States), criticized "citizens of the world"
while he was on the floor of the convention; August 9, 1787. "As to those philosophical
gentlemen, those Citizens of the World as they call themselves, He owned he did not
wish to see any of them in our public Councils. He would not trust them. The men who
can shake off their attachments to their own Country can never love any other. These
attachments are the wholesome prejudices which uphold all Governments, admit a
Frenchman into your Senate, and he will study to increase the commerce of France: an
Englishman, and he will feel an equal biass in favor of that of England."
The Rights and Responsibilities of Global Citizenship

By Ron Israel, Co-Founder and Director, The Global Citizens' Initiative July,
2015

A global citizen is someone who sees themselves as part of an emerging

sustainable world community, and whose actions support the values and practices of that
community. Many people today identify with being global citizens as more and more
aspects of their lives become globalized.

Being a global citizen does not mean that you have to give up the other
citizenship identities you already have, e.g. your country citizenship, your allegiance to
your local community, religious, or ethnic group. Being a global citizen just means that
you have another layer of identity (with the planet as a whole) added on to who you are.
And if you take that identity seriously, there are a new set of rights and responsibilities
that come with it.

Global Citizenship Rights

The rights of global citizens are imbedded in the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights, first drafted in 1948 after World War II. The core nature of the Universal
Declaration-grounded in individual liberty, e quan nature equity-has remained constant.
However, the ways in human rights are applied change over time, with changes that occur
in the political, economic and social fabric of society. Also new rights, that were not on the
1948 human rights agenda have emerged, for example, digital access rights, LGBT
rights, and environmental rights. Some people cite the emergence of new rights and
changing political systems as calling forth the need for an updated Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.

The main problem related to human rights has been the difficulties that the
world has had in enforcing them. There is a long and shameful history of disrespect for
and abuse of human rights on the part of sovereign states, religious institutions,
corporations and others. A growing number of international mechanisms have been
established for reporting human rights abuses. There also are global, regional, and
national courts that exist to adjudicate incidences of human rights abuse. Yet,
unfortunately human rights enforcement mechanisms still have limited legal jurisdiction,
and many states have not agreed to participate in them. This is yet another reason for a
review and update of our current human rights policies and programs.

Global Citizenship Responsibilities

A global citizen, living in an emerging world community, has moral, ethical,

political, and economic responsibilities. These responsibilities include:
1. Responsibility to understand one's own perspective and the perspectives of
others on global issues. Almost every global issue has multiple ethnic, social, political,
and economic perspectives attached to it. It is the responsibility of global citizens to
understand these different perspectives and promote problem-solving consensus among
the different perspectives and the building of common ground solutions. A global citizen
should avoid taking sides with one particular point of view, and instead search for ways to
bring all sides together.

2. Responsibility to respect the principle of cultural diversity: The multiple

perspectives that exist with most global issues often are a reflection of different cultural
belief systems. Each of our major cultural belief systems brings value-added to our
search for solutions to the global issues we face. In building a sustainable values-based
world community it is important to maintain respect for the world's different community it is
importake an effort to bring together the leaders of these different cultural traditions who
often have much in common with one another; and to help leaders bring the best
elements of their cultures to the task of solving global issues and building world
community.

3. Responsibility to make connections and build relationships with people from

other countries and cultures. Global citizens need to reach out and build relationships
with people from other countries and cultures. Otherwise we will continue to live in
isolated communities with narrow conflict-prone points of view on global issues. It is quite
easy to build global relationships. Most countries, cities, and towns are now populated
with immigrants and people from different ethnic traditions. The Internet offers a range of
opportunities to connect with people on different issues. So even without traveling abroad
(which is a useful thing to do), it is possible to build a network of personal and group
cross-country and cultural relationships. Building such networks help those involved
better understand their similarities and differences and search for common solutions for
the global issues that everyone faces.

4. Responsibility to understand the ways in which the peoples and countries of the
world are inter-connected and inter-dependent: Global citizens have the responsibility
to understand the many ways in which their lives are inter-connected with people and
countries in different parts of the world. They need for example to understand they ways
in which the global environment affects them where they live, and how the environmental
lifestyles they choose affect the environment in other parts of the world. They need to
understand the ways in which human rights violations in foreign countries affect their own
human rights, how growing income inequalities across the world affect the quality of their
lives, how the global tide of immigration affects what goes on in their countries.

5. Responsibility to understand global issues: Global citizens have the responsibility

to understand the major global issues that affect their lives. For example, they rieed to
understand the impact of the scarcity of resources on societies; the challenges presented
by the current distribution of wealth and power in the world; the roots of conflict and
dimensions of peace-building; the challenges posed by a growing global population.
6. Responsibility to advocate for greater international cooperation with other
nations: Global citizens need to play activist roles in urging greater international
cooperation between their nation and others. When a global issue arises, it is important
for global citizens to provide advice on how their countries can work with other nations to
address this issue; how it can work with established international organizations like the
United Nations, rather than proceed on a unilateral course of action.

7. Responsibility for advocating for the implementation of international agreements,

conventions, treaties related to global issues: Global citizens have the responsibility to
advocate for having their countries ratify and implement the global agreements,
conventions, and treaties that they have signed.

8. Responsibility for advocating for more effective global equity and justice in each
of the value domains of the world community. There are a growing number of cross-
sector issues that require the implementation of global standards of justice and equity; for
example, the global rise in military spending, the unequal access by different countries to
technology, the lack of consistent national policies on immigration. Global citizens have
the responsibility to work with one another and advocate for global equality and justice
solutions to these issues.
(Reference: The above article is a full text of the author, Ron Israel).

Ethical Obligations of Global Citizens

Various writers have the following ideas concerning the Global Citizen's
ethical obligations:

1. From: Daisaku Ikeda

• A global citizen has the wisdom to perceives the interconnectedness of all life and
living.
• The courage not to fear or deny difference; but to respect and strive to understand
people of different cultures, and to grow from encounters with them.
• The compassion to maintain an imaginative empathy that reaches beyond one's
immediate surroundings and extends to those suffering in distant places.

Thus, a global citizen has the ethical obligation of involvement and activity
with the goal of moving towards greater social justice in all dimension of his life.
2. From Kwame Anthony Appiah, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University

• If you can prevent something bad from happening at the cost of something less bad,
you ought to do it.
• People have a right to the satisfaction of their basic needs such a
• health, food, shelter and education. Our obligation is to help others
• satisfy their needs.
• In any event, our highest duties are to those whom we are closest - family, friends.

According to Janet Keeping, President of Sheldon Cheuner Foundation for

Ethics in Leadership in Calgary, Alberta, global citizenship has no legal significance at the
moment. Perhaps, as such it never will. But the words often serve as a rallying cry for
ethically motivated action on global problems such as the AIDS pandemic. The concept is
likely to contribute to call for more onerous obligations in the powerful and fortunate in
both international and domestic law - to share with those who are less so.
 APPLICATION

Part 1. Words to know

Define the following terms according to your understanding: (Don’t copy
from the textbook)

1. Global citizenship
2. Citizenship
3. Global citizen
4. Ethical obligations of global citizenship
5. Rights

Part 2. Brush Up
Differentiate
a. Rights and responsibilities
b. Global citizen and citizen of the world

Part 3. Essay
Write an essay consisting of 300 words in a short bond paper about the
topic: “I am a Global Citizen in Thoughts, Words, and Deeds”

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