LECTURE ONE:
NUMBER AND
OPERATION
ENMATH11E
IMAGINA
REAL RY
NUMBERS NUMBER
S
NATURAL
WHOLE NUMBER COMPLEX
NUMBER “Counting INTEGER
Ex: 0,1,2,3 Numbers”
Ex: 1,2,3,4 Ex: 5i, -2i
RATIONAL NUMBERS – can be POSITIVE
expressed as includes terminal Ex:
decimal or repeating decimal
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS – cannot
be expressed as NEGATIVE
Example: Ex:
NUMBERS
REAL NUMBERS
- natural numbers (or "whole" numbers), negative numbers,
integers, fractions, decimals, square roots and special numbers
like π.
- RATIONAL NUMBERS – can be expressed as includes terminal
decimal or repeating decimal
- IRRATIONAL NUMBERS – cannot be expressed as
IMAGINARY NUMBERS
- Defined as the square root of a negative number
- Written in a form of real numbers multiplied by the
unit called “i“
- Example: 5i, 10i
NUMBERS
NATURAL NUMBERS - “counting
numbers”
- Includes all the positive integers from 1
till infinity
- Does not include “zero”
WHOLE NUMBERS
- Includes all natural numbers and
“zero”
“All natural numbers are whole number but
not all whole numbers are natural
numbers”
NUMBERS
INTEGERS
Defined as:
- The negative numbers
- 0; and
- The positive numbers
NEGATIVE NUMBERS
- Any number whose value is less than
“zero”
- Example:
FIELD AXIOMS OF REAL NUMBERS
1. CLOSURE AXIOMS
- For each pair of real numbers a and b, there is a unique sum a
+ b , and a unique product, a b both of which are also real
numbers
- For every a, b R
Addition :
Multiplication :
2. COMMUTATIVE RULE
- The sum or the product of any two real numbers a and b is
not affected by the order in which these numbers are added
or multiplied
- For every a, b R
Addition :
Multiplication :
FIELD AXIOMS OF REAL NUMBERS
3. ASSOCIATIVE RULE
- The sum or the product of any triple real numbers a, b and c
is not affected by the manner in which these numbers are
group for addition or multiplication
- For every a, b, c R
Addition :
Multiplication : (
4. DISTRIBUTIVE RULE
- Multiplication is distributive over addition. This axiom
changes the product of two factors into a sum of two terms
- For every a, b, c R
FIELD AXIOMS OF REAL NUMBERS
5. IDENTITY ELEMENT
- When a binary operation is done on any pair of real
numbers taken in the order a first, b second, and the
operation produces the first element a , then the
second element, b, is called identity element with
respect to the operation done.
- For every a R
Addition: 0 = additive identity element
Multiplication: 1 = multiplicative identity
element
FIELD AXIOMS OF REAL NUMBERS
6. INVERSE ELEMENT
If a binary operation is applied on any pair of real numbers taken
in the order a first, b second, and the operation produces the
identity element then second element, b, is called the inverse of
the first number, a, with respect to the operation done
Addition: For each real number a, there exists a unique
real number denoted by the symbol such that
-a is called the additive inverse or the negative of a
Multiplication: For each real number a, except zero, there
exist a unique real number denoted by the symbol
is called multiplicative inverse or the reciprocal of a
OPERATIONS OF INTEGERS
ADDITION SUBTRACTION
SAME SIGN 1. Change the sign of the
1. Add the numbers subtrahend
2. Copy the sign 2. Use the addition rule for integers
DIFFERENT SIGNS
3. Subtract the numbers
4. Copy the sign of the larger
number
MULTIPLICATION DIVISION
SAME SIGN SAME SIGN
1. Product is positive 1. Quotient is positive
DIFFERENT SIGNS DIFFERENT SIGNS
1. Product is negative 1. Quotient is negative
- used to represent the portion/part of the
FRACTION whole thing
- represents the equal parts of the whole
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
=
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑤h𝑜𝑙𝑒
TYPE OF FRACTIONS
1. UNIT FRACTION – In a fraction, the numerator with 1 is called a unit
fraction.
For example, ½, ¼
2. PROPER FRACTION – If a numerator value is less than the denominator
value, it is called a proper fraction. Example: 7/9, 8/10
3. IMPROPER FRACTION – If a numerator value is greater than the
denominator value, then it is called an improper fraction. Example: 6/5,
11/10
4. MIXED FRACTION – If a fraction consists of a whole number with a
proper fraction, it is called a mixed fraction. Example 5 ¾, 10 ½
A fraction is said to be undefined (or have no meaning) when
the denominator = 0. Example:
OPERATIONS OF
FRACTION
ADDING AND SUBRACTING
FRACTIONS
EXAMPLES:
1. FRACTIONS WITH LIKE
DENOMINATORS
A. add or subtract the numerators
B. write the result over the same
denominator
2. FRACTIONS WITH UNLIKE
DENOMINATORS
A. simplify them by finding the LCM
(least common multiple)
OPERATIONS OF
MULTIPLICATION
FRACTION OF
FRACTIONS
1. MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
(two or more) EXAMPLES:
A. Multiply the numerator
B. Multiply the denominator
C. Simplify
2. MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
WITH MIXED NUMBER
A. Rewrite the mixed fraction as improper
fraction
B. Multiply the numerator
C. Multiply the denominator
D. Simplify
OPERATIONS OF
FRACTION
EXAMPLES:
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
A. Solve for the reciprocal of the divisor
B. Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of
the divisor
C. Simplify
EXPONENTS
- The exponent of a number says how many times to use the
number in a multiplication
- - Read as “3 to the power of 2”
Sometimes refer to as index or power
EXPONENT/INDEX
or “3 squared” or “3 to the
2 second power”
BASE
3
/POWER
- Means “multiply 3 by itself 2
REMEMBER: times”
1. Any number a, (except 0) raise to the power 1
Example:
is a
2. Any number a, (except 0) raise to the power 0
is 1
3. Any number a, (except 0) raise to the power -1
is
EXAMPLES:
1.
2.
3.
EXPONENTS
Example:
LAW OF EXPONENTS
LAW OF EXPONENTS
Example:
LAW OF EXPONENTS
Example:
1.
RADICALS
- Also called “fractional exponent”
- Involves the use of radical sign , sometimes these are called
“SURDS”
√8
3 radical
inde
sign
x radica
nd
radic
al
1 - Read as “square
√ 4 =4 2
root” of 4 GENERAL RULE
1
- Read as “cube root”
√ 8 =8
3 3
of 4
1
- Read as “fourth root”
√ 16=16
4 4
of 4
LAW OF RADICALS
LAW OF RADICALS
Example:
LAW OF RADICALS
Example:
1.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
POWERS AND RADICALS
RULE FOR RADICALS:
1. terms must have the same Example:
radicand
2. terms must have the same
index
RULE FOR POWERS:
1. Combine terms having the same
base and exponent
2. If terms have different base and
exponents, solve them
individually before proceeding to
the operations
PEMDAS
PEMDAS - Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition
and Subtraction
PEMDAS: Order of operation
P: Solve first the calculation or equation which are present inside
parentheses or brackets like parentheses ( ), brackets[ ], or braces { } .
Priority is given to parentheses first. {[()]}
E: Exponential expressions should be calculated first before the operations.
Usually, they are expressed in power or roots, like
MD: Then perform multiplication or division from left to right, whichever
comes first in the equation.
AS: At last, perform addition or subtraction whichever comes first while
moving from left to right.
PEMDAS
EXAMPLES:
1.
2.
QUESTIONS?
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world”
- NELSON MANDELA
THANK YOU!
