Chapter three part two

EIGRP,OSPF and RIP

 Routing information protocol(RIP)
» Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol that uses hop
count as a routing metric to find the best path between the source and the
destination network. It is a distance-vector routing protocol that has an AD value of
120 and works on the Network layer of the OSI model. RIP uses port number 520.
» Is a distance-vector routing protocol. Routers running the distance-vector protocol
send all or a portion of their routing tables in routing-update messages to their
neighbors.
» Features of RIP
1. Updates of the network are exchanged periodically.
2. Updates (routing information) are always broadcast.
3. Full routing tables are sent in updates.
4. Routers always trust routing information received from neighbor routers. This is also known
as Routing on rumors.
 RIP feature
» RIP uses a modified hop count as a way to determine network distance.
» A modified hop count reflects the fact that network engineers can assign paths a
higher cost. By default, if a router's neighbor owns a destination network and can
deliver packets directly to the destination network without using any other routers,
that route has one hop. In network management terminology, this is described as a
cost of one
» RIP supports only 15 hops in a path. If a packet can't reach a destination in 15 hops,
the destination is considered unreachable.
» Paths can be assigned a higher cost (as if they involved extra hops) if the enterprise
wants to limit or discourage their use.
 RIP cont.…
RIP timers
» Timers in RIP help regulate performance. They include the following:
» Update timer -- Frequency of routing updates. Every 30 seconds IP RIP sends a complete copy
of its routing table, subject to split horizon. (Internetwork packet exchange RIP does this every
60 seconds.)
» Invalid timer -- Absence of refreshed content in a routing update. RIP waits 180 seconds to
mark a route as invalid and immediately puts it into hold-down.
» Hold-down timers and triggered updates -- Assist with stability of routes in a Cisco
environment. Hold-downs ensure that regular update messages do not inappropriately cause a
routing loop. The router doesn't act on non-superior new information for a certain period of
time. RIP's hold-down time is 180 seconds.
» Flush timer -- RIP waits an additional 240 seconds after hold-down before it actually removes
the route from the table.
 RIP versions:
» There are three versions of routing information protocol
• RIP Version1: It is an open standard protocol means it works on the various vendor’s
routers. It works on most of the routers, it is classful routing protocol. Its administrative
distance value is 120. Its metric is hop count and max hop count is.. It is used in small
companies, in this protocol routing tables are updated in each 30 sec..
• RIP Version2:It supports classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and has the ability to
carry subnet information, its metric is also hop count, and max hop count 15 is same as
rip version 1. Auto summary can be done on every router. In RIPv2 Subnet masks are
included in the routing update.
• RIPng: RIPng can only run on IPv6 networks. Additionally, it uses different IP address
lengths, RIPng uses 128-bit IP addresses (to accommodate IPv6 128 bit addressing),
compared with RIPv2's 32-bit addresses. Different packet lengths, a RIPv2 message
carries up to 25 route entries.
Routing information protocol(RIP) Configuration example

• R1>enable RIP Configuration

• R1#configure terminal
• R1(config)#router rip
• R1(config)#interface fastEthernet
0/0 • R1(config-router)#network
• R1(config-if)#no shutdown 192.168.12.0
• R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1
255.255.255.0
• R1(config-router)#network
172.16.1.0
• R1(config-if)#exit
• R1(config)#interface fastEthernet
1/0
• R2(config)#router rip
• R1(config-if)#ip address
192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0 • R2(config-router)#network
• R1(config-if)#no shutdown 192.168.12.0
R for router 2&3
 EIGRP Features and
Operation
» EIGRP is a classless, enhanced distance-vector protocol that gives us a real edge
over another Cisco proprietary protocol, Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP).
» That’s basically why it’s called Enhanced IGRP.
» Like IGRP, EIGRP uses the concept of an autonomous system to describe the set
of contiguous routers that run the same routing protocol and share routing
information.
» But unlike IGRP, EIGRP includes the subnet mask in its route updates.
» The advertisement of subnet information allows us to use Variable Length
Subnet Masks (VLSMs) and summarization when designing our networks!
 EIGRP Features and Operation (Cont.…)
» EIGRP is sometimes referred to as a hybrid routing protocol because it has
characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state protocols.
» For example, EIGRP doesn’t send link-state packets as OSPF does; instead, it
sends traditional distance-vector updates containing information about networks
plus the cost of reaching them from the perspective of the advertising router.
» And EIGRP has link-state characteristics as well—it synchronizes routing tables
between neighbors at startup and then sends specific updates only when topology
changes occur.
» This makes EIGRP suitable for very large networks. EIGRP has a maximum hop
count of 255 (the default is set to 100).
 EIGRP Features and Operation (Cont.…)
» There are a number of powerful features that make EIGRP a real standout from
IGRP and other protocols. The main ones are listed here:
› Support for IP and IPv6 (and some other useless routed protocols) via protocol dependent
modules
› Considered classless (same as RIPv2 and OSPF)
› Support for VLSM/CIDR
› Support for summaries and discontiguous networks
› Efficient neighbor discovery
› Communication via Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
› Best path selection via Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
 Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
» Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is a proprietary protocol used to
manage the communication of messages between EIGRP-speaking
routers.
» When EIGRP sends multicast traffic, it uses the Class D address
224.0.0.10.
» Each EIGRP router is aware of who its neighbors are, and for each
multicast it sends out, it maintains a list of the neighbors who have
replied.
» If EIGRP doesn’t get a reply from a neighbor, it will switch to using unicasts to resend
the same data.
» If it still doesn’t get a reply after 16 unicast attempts, the neighbor is declared dead.
People often refer to this process as reliable multicast.
 EIGRP’s 5 Packet Types

» Hello packets
› Used to discover & form adjacencies
with neighbors

» Update packets
› Used to propagate routing information
 EIGRP’s 5 Packet Types
» Query packets
• Used by DUAL for searching for
networks
• Can use Unicast or Multicast

» Reply packets
• Reply packet
• Can use Unicast only

» Acknowledgement packets
• Used to acknowledge receipt of
update, query & reply packets
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
» EIGRP uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) for selecting and maintaining the
best path to each remote network.
» This algorithm allows for the following:
• Backup route determination if one is available
• Support of VLSMs
• Dynamic route recoveries
• Queries for an alternate route if no route can be found

» DUAL provides EIGRP with possibly the fastest route convergence time among all
protocols.
» The key to EIGRP’s speedy convergence is:
• First, EIGRP routers maintain a copy of all of their neighbors’ routes, which they use to calculate
their own cost to each remote network.
• Second, if there isn’t a good alternative in the local topology table, EIGRP routers very quickly
ask their neighbors for help finding one
 DUAL Concepts

» Feasible distance: This is the best metric along all paths to a remote network,
including the metric to the neighbor that is advertising that remote network.
» Reported/advertised distance: This is the metric of a remote network, as reported by a
neighbor.
» Neighbor table: Each router keeps state information about adjacent neighbors.
» Topology table: The topology table is populated by the protocol-dependent modules
and acted upon by the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL).
» Feasible successor: A feasible successor is a path whose reported distance is less than
the feasible distance, and it is considered a backup route.
• The show ip eigrp topology command will display all the EIGRP feasible successor routes
known to a router.
» Successor: A successor route is the best route to a remote network.
 Neighbor Discovery
» Before EIGRP routers are willing to exchange routes with each other, they must
become neighbors.
» There are three conditions that must be met for neighbor ship establishment:
• Hello or ACK received
• AS numbers match
• Identical metrics (K values)
 EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values
» EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric
• Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load  Use the sh ip protocols
command to verify the K
» The composite metric used by EIGRP values
• Formula used has values K1->K5  Use the show interfaces
• K1 & K3 = 1 command to view metrics
• all other K values = 0
EIGRP Metrics
» Bandwidth– EIGRP uses a
static bandwidth to
calculate metric
• Most serial interfaces use a
default bandwidth value of
1.544Mbps (T1)

» Delay: is defined as the

measure of time it takes for
a packet to traverse a route
» It is a static value based on
link type to which interface
is connected
 EIGRP Metrics

» Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric)

• A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail
• Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of 255 the higher the fraction the better the reliability

» Load (not a default EIGRP metric)

• A number that reflects how much traffic is using a link
• Number is determined dynamically and is expressed as a fraction of 255
• The lower the fraction the less the load on the link
 Basic EIGRP Configuration
The following is our sample internetwork
Basic EIGRP Configuration (cont.….)
» EIGRP autonomous system
number actually functions as a
process ID
» Process ID represents an instance
of the routing protocol running on
a router
» Example
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system-
number
 Basic EIGRP Configuration (cont.….)
» The router eigrp command
 The global command that enables eigrp is
• router eigrp autonomous-system number

» All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the same process ID
number(autonomous-system number)
 Basic EIGRP Configuration (cont.….)

• The Network Command

• Functions of the network
command
• Enables interfaces to transmit &
receive EIGRP updates
• Includes network or subnet in
EIGRP updates

• Example
Router(config-router)#network
network-address
 Basic EIGRP Configuration (cont.….)

• The network Command with a Wildcard Mask

• This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP to advertise specific subnets
• Example syntax
• Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]
 Basic EIGRP Configuration (cont.….)

• Verifying EIGRP
• EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before
any updates can be sent or received
• Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has
established adjacencies with neighbors is
• show ip eigrp neighbors
 EIGRP
• The show ip protocols command is also
used to verify that EIGRP is enabled

• Examining the Routing Table

• The show ip route command is also
used to verify EIGRP
• EIGRP routes are denoted in a
routing table by the letter “D”
• By default , EIGRP automatically
summarizes routes at major network
boundary
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Introduction to OSPF
• OSPF is:
• Classless
• Link-state routing protocol
• Uses areas for scalability
• RFC 2328 defines the OSPF metric as an arbitrary value called cost.
• The IOS software uses bandwidth to calculate the OSPF cost metric.
 OSPF Message Encapsulation

• In the IP packet header:

– Protocol field is set to 89 (OSPF)
– Destination address is typically set to one of two multicast addresses:
• 224.0.0.5
• 224.0.0.6
• Destination MAC address is also a multicast address:
– 01-00-5E-00-00-05
– 01-00-5E-00-00-06
 OSPF Packet Types
• Five types of OSPF LSPs (link-state packets).
1. Hello: Used to establish and maintain adjacency.
2. DBD (Database Description): Abbreviated list of the sending router’s link-state
database.
3. LSR (Link-State Request) : Used by routers to request more information about any
entry in the DBD.
4. LSU: (Link-State Update): Link-state information.
5. LSAck (LSA Acknowledgment): Router sends a link-state (LSAck) to confirm receipt of
the LSU.
 Hello Protocol
Hello packets :
• Discover neighbors (OSPF neighbors)
• Establish adjacencies
• Advertise parameters on which two routers must agree to become
neighbors:
• Hello Interval, Dead Interval, Network Type

• Electthe Designated Router and Backup Designated Router on

multiaccess networks such as Ethernet and Frame Relay.
 OSPF Packet Types
» Type: OSPF packet type: Hello (Type 1), DBD (Type 2), LS Request (Type
3), LS Update (Type 4), LS ACK (Type 5).

» Router ID: ID of the originating router.

» Area ID: Area from which the packet originated.
» Network Mask: Subnet mask associated with the sending interface.
» Hello Interval: Number of seconds between the sending router’s Hellos.
» Router Priority: Used in DR/BDR election.
» Designated Router (DR): Router ID of the DR, if any.
» Backup Designated Router (BDR): Router ID of the BDR, if any.
» List of Neighbors: Lists the OSPF Router ID of the neighboring router(s).
 Neighbor
Hello, I’m R2
Establishment,
OSPF Hello and
Dead Intervals

Hello, I’m R3
Hello, I’m R1

• Before an OSPF router can flood its link states, must discover neighbors.
• Before two routers can form an OSPF neighbor adjacency, they must agree on three values:
• Hello interval
• Dead interval
• Network type
• Both the interfaces must be part of the same network, including having the same subnet
mask.
Hello Intervals
Hello, I’m R2

Hello, I’m R3
Hello, I’m R1

• By default, OSPF Hello packets are sent:

• 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point segments
• 30 seconds on nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments (Frame
Relay, X.25, ATM).
• Sent to ALLOSPFRouters at 224.0.0.5
 Dead Hello, I’m R2
Intervals

Hello, I’m R3
Hello, I’m R1

• Dead interval - Period, expressed in seconds, that the router will wait to receive a Hello packet
before declaring the neighbor “down.”
• It uses a default of four times the Hello interval.
• 40 seconds - Multiaccess and point-to-point segments.
• 120 seconds - NBMA networks.
• When Dead interval expires:
• OSPF removes that neighbor from its link-state database.
• Floods the link-state information about the “down” neighbor out all OSPF-enabled interfaces.
Electing a DR and BDR

• Election of Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router

(BDR).
– Used to reduce the amount of OSPF traffic on multiaccess networks.
– DR is responsible for updating all other OSPF routers.
– BDR is the backup if the current DR fails.
• Link-State Updates (LSU) are the packets used for OSPF routing updates.
– Can contain 11 different types of LSAs (Link-State Advertisements)
• At times, these terms are used interchangeably.
 Administrative Distance

• Administrative distance
(AD) is the trustworthiness
(or preference) of the route
source.
• OSPF has a default AD of
110.
 Basic OSPF
Configuration
Topology

» Notice that the addressing

scheme is discontiguous.
» Three serial links of various
bandwidths.
» The current configurations do not
include the interface bandwidth
command.
» This means that the bandwidth
value on the serial interfaces is set
to the default value of 1544 Kbps.
hostname R1 hostname R2
! !
interface FastEthernet0/0 interface FastEthernet0/0
description R1 LAN description R2 LAN
ip address 172.16.1.17 255.255.255.240 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0/0
. !
interface Serial0/0/0
description Link to R2 description Link to R1
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252 ip address 192.168.10.2
clock rate 64000 255.255.255.252
! !
interface Serial0/0/1 interface Serial0/0/1
description Link to R3 description Link to R3
ip address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.252 ip address 192.168.10.9
255.255.255.252
• hostname R3
• ! clock rate 64000
• interface FastEthernet0/0
• description R3 LAN
• ip address 172.16.1.33 255.255.255.248
• !
• interface Serial0/0/0
• description Link to R1
• ip address 192.168.10.6 255.255.255.252
• clockrate 64000
• !
• interface Serial0/0/1
• description Link to R2
 The router OSPF Command
R1(config)# router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#

» The process-id
• Between 1 and 65,535
• Chosen by the network administrator.
» Locally significant:
• Does not have to match other OSPF routers.
» We are using the same process ID simply for consistency.
 The network Command
Router(config-router)# network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id

» The network command (same function as when used with other IGP routing protocols)
• Any interfaces on a router that match the network address in the network command
will be enabled to send and receive OSPF packets.
• This network (or subnet) will be included in OSPF routing updates.
» Requires the wildcard mask.
• Used to specify the interface or range of interfaces that will be enabled for OSPF.
» The area area-id refers to the OSPF area.
 A group of routers that share link-state information.
• Has identical link-state databases.
 We configure all the OSPF routers within a single area.
• This is known as single-area OSPF.
» The network commands must be configured with the same area ID on all routers.
• Good practice to use an area ID of 0 with single-area OSPF.
 Configure the network Commands
Router-ID does NOT have to be
the same on all routers
R1(config)# router ospf 1 Area-ID must
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.1.16 0.0.0.15 area 0 be the same
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 on all routers
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
R2(config)# router ospf 1
Wildcard
R2(config-router)# network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
mask must
R2(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 be used
R2(config-router)# network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0
R3(config)# router ospf 1
R3(config-router)# network 172.16.1.32 0.0.0.7 area 0
R3(config-router)# network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
R3(config-router)# network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0

» network commands for all three routers, enabling OSPF on all interfaces.
» At this point, all routers should be able to ping all networks.
OSPF Router ID
What’s my
Router ID?

64 Kbps
128 Kbps

256 Kbps
What’s my What’s my
Router ID? Router ID?

• OSPF Router ID is an IP address used to uniquely identify

an OSPF router.
• Also used in the DR and BDR selection process.
 What’s my
OSPF Router ID
Router ID?

What’s my
Router ID? 64 Kbps What’s my
128 Kbps
Router ID?
256 Kbps

• Routers derive the router ID based on three criteria and with the following
precedence:
1. IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.
2. Highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.
3. Highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.
OSPF Router ID

64 Kbps
128 Kbps

256 Kbps

» If no router IDs or loopback interfaces have been configured what would be

the Router ID of each router?
– R1: 192.168.10.5, which is higher than either 172.16.1.17 or 192.168.10.1
– R2: 192.168.10.9, which is higher than either 10.10.10.1 or 192.168.10.2
– R3: 192.168.10.10, which is higher than either 172.16.1.33 or 192.168.10.6
 Verifying the Router ID
R1# show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 1”
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 192.168.10.5
<output omitted>

R2# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is “ospf 1”
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 192.168.10.9
<output omitted>

R3# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is “ospf 1”
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 192.168.10.10
<output omitted>
Loopback Address Save running-configs to startup configs and power
cycle network.
Router(config)# interface loopback number
Router(config-if)# ip address ip-address subnet-mask

R1(config)# interface loopback 0

R1(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255

R2(config)# interface loopback 0

R2(config-if)# ip address 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.255

R3(config)# interface loopback 0

R3(config-if)# ip address 10.3.3.3 255.255.255.255

» The advantage of using a loopback interface is that, unlike physical interfaces, it

cannot fail.
» OSPF router-id command, is a fairly recent addition to IOS software,
» More common to find loopback addresses used for configuring OSPF router IDs.
Topology with
Loopback
Addresses

1. Use the IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.

2. Highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.
3. Highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.
 OSPF router-id Command
Router(config)# router ospf process-id
Router(config-router)# router-id ip-address

• The OSPF router-id command was introduced in IOS Software Release

12.0(T)
• Takes precedence over loopback and physical interface IP addresses for
determining the router ID.
1. Use the IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.
2. Highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.
3. Highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.
 Modifying the Router ID
» The router ID is selected when OSPF is configured with its first OSPF network
command.
» If the OSPF router-id command or the loopback address is configured after the
OSPF network command, the router ID is derived from the interface with the
highest active IP address.
» The router ID can be modified with the IP address from a subsequent OSPF router-
id command by reloading the router or by using the following command:
» Router# clear ip ospf process
» Modifying a router ID with a new loopback or physical interface IP address may
require reloading the router.

» If the router ID is the same on two neighboring routers, the neighbor establishment
might not occur.
%OSPF-4-DUP_RTRID1: Detected router with duplicate router ID

» When duplicate OSPF router IDs occur, the IOS software displays a message above.
 Verifying New Router IDs (Loopbacks)
R1# show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 1”
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.1.1.1
<output omitted>

R2# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is “ospf 1”
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.2.2.2
<output omitted>

R3# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is “ospf 1”
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.3.3.3
<output omitted>
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.3.3.3 1 FULL/ - 00:00:30 192.168.10.6 Serial0/0/1
10.2.2.2 1 FULL/ - 00:00:33 192.168.10.2 Serial0/0/0

R2# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.3.3.3 1 FULL/ - 00:00:36 192.168.10.10 Serial0/0/1
10.1.1.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:37 192.168.10.1 Serial0/0/0

R3# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.2.2.2 1 FULL/ - 00:00:34 192.168.10.9 Serial0/0/1
10.1.1.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:38 192.168.10.5 Serial0/0/0

• The show ip ospf neighbor command enables you to verify

and troubleshoot OSPF neighbor relationships.
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.3.3.3 1 FULL/ - 00:00:30 192.168.10.6 Serial0/0/1
10.2.2.2 1 FULL/ - 00:00:33 192.168.10.2 Serial0/0/0

• Neighbor ID: The router ID of the neighboring router.

• Pri: The OSPF priority of the interface.
• State: The OSPF state of the interface.
• FULL state means that the router’s interface is fully adjacent with its
neighbor and they have identical OSPF link-state databases.
• Dead Time: The amount of time remaining that the router will wait to receive
an OSPF Hello packet from the neighbor before declaring the neighbor down.
• This value is reset when the interface receives a Hello packet.
• Address: The IP address of the neighbor’s interface to which this router is
directly connected.
• Interface: The interface on which this router has formed adjacency with the
neighbor.
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.3.3.3 1 FULL/ - 00:00:30 192.168.10.6 Serial0/0/1
10.2.2.2 1 FULL/ - 00:00:33 192.168.10.2 Serial0/0/0

• Excellent command to begin troubleshooting.

• Routers must first form an adjacency before link-state information can be exchanged.
• Note: On multiaccess networks such as Ethernet, two routers that
are adjacent may have their states displayed as 2WAY.
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip ospf interface serial 0/0/0
Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.10.1/30, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost:
64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
<output omitted>
• Two routers may not form an OSPF adjacency if:
• Subnet masks do not match
• OSPF Hello or Dead timers do not match.
• OSPF network types do not match.
• There is a missing or incorrect OSPF network command.
• Other powerful OSPF troubleshooting commands include the following:
• show ip protocols
• show ip ospf
• show ip ospf interface
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is “ospf 1” OSPF Process ID
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 10.1.1.1 OSPF Router ID
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.16.1.16 0.0.0.15 area 0
Networks OSPF is advertising
192.168.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
that are originating from this
192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 router
Reference bandwidth unit is 100 mbps
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
10.2.2.2 110 11:29:29
OSPF Neighbors
10.3.3.3 110 11:29:29
Distance: (default is 110)
Administrative Distance
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip ospf
<some output omitted>
Routing Process “ospf 1” with ID 10.1.1.1
Start time: 00:00:19.540, Time elapsed: 11:31:15.776
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Supports area transit capability
Router is not originating router-LSAs with maximum metric
Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs
Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Incremental-SPF disabled
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs
Minimum LSA arrival 1000 msecs
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 3
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 11:30:31.628 ago
SPF algorithm executed 5 times
 Verifying OSPF
R1# show ip ospf
<some output omitted>
Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs
Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs

• Any time a router receives new information about the topology (addition,
deletion, or modification of a link), the router must:
• Rerun the OSPF algorithm
• Create a new OSPF tree
• Update the routing table
• The OSPF algorithm is CPU intensive.
 Examining the Routing Table
R1# show ip route
Codes: <some code output omitted>
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

192.168.10.0/30 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C 192.168.10.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.10.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
O 192.168.10.8 [110/128] via 192.168.10.2, 14:27:57, Serial0/0/0
172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
O 172.16.1.32/29 [110/65] via 192.168.10.6, 14:27:57, Serial0/0/1
C 172.16.1.16/28 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.10.2, 14:27:57, Serial0/0/0
C 10.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0

• Loopback interfaces are included.

• Unlike RIPv2 and EIGRP, OSPF does not automatically summarize at major
network boundaries.
OSPF and Multi-access
Networks
 Challenges in Multiaccess Networks
 DR/BDR Election Process
 OSPF Interface Priority
 Challenges in Multi-access Networks
Broadcast networks because a single device is capable of sending a single frame
that has all devices on the network as its destination.

In contrast, on a point-to-point network, there are only two devices on the

network, one at each end.
• A multiaccess network is a network with more than
two devices on the same shared media.
• Examples of multiaccess networks include Ethernet,
Token Ring, and Frame Relay.
Challenges in
Multi-access
Networks

• OSPF defines five network types:

• Point to point
• Broadcast multiaccess
• Nonbroadcast multiaccess
• Point to multipoint
• Virtual links
Challenges in
Multi-access
Networks

• Multiaccess networks can create two challenges

for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs:
• Creation of multiple adjacencies, one
adjacency for every pair of routers
• Extensive flooding of LSAs
 Flooding of LSAs
• Link-state routers flood their
link-state packets when OSPF is
initialized or when there is a
change in the topology.
• In a multiaccess network, this
flooding can become excessive.
• Not shown in the figures are the
required acknowledgments sent
for every LSA received.
 Solution: Designated Router
Here are LSAs
from R1.

DROther DROther
DROther DROther

Here are my DROther

LSAs. DROther

• Designated Router (DR) is the collection and

distribution point for LSAs sent and received.
• A Backup Designated Router (BDR) is also elected
in case the DR fails.
• All other routers become DROthers.
 Solution: Designated Router
Here are LSAs
from R1.

To: 224.0.0.6

To: 224.0.0.5

DROther DROther
DROther DROther
Here are my
LSAs. DROther
DROther
• DROthers only form full adjacencies with the DR and BDR.
• Send their LSAs to the DR and BDR
• Multicast address 224.0.0.6 (ALLDRouters, all DR routers).
• R1 sends LSAs to the DR.
• BDR listens, too.
• DR is responsible for forwarding the LSAs from R1 to all other routers.
• DR uses the multicast address 224.0.0.5 (AllSPFRouters, all OSPF routers).
• The result is that there is only one router doing all the flooding of all
LSAs in the multiaccess network.
 DR/BDR Election Process

• DR/BDR elections do not occur in point-to-point networks.

• In this new topology, we have three routers sharing a common
Ethernet multiaccess network, 192.168.1.0/24.
• Each router is configured with an IP address on the Fast Ethernet
interface and a loopback address for the router ID.
 DR/BDR Election
Next Highest Router ID

BDR

Highest Router ID

DROther DR

• The following criteria are applied:

1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface priority.
2. BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF interface priority.
3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the highest router ID is used to break the tie.
• Default OSPF interface priority is 1.
• Current configuration, the OSPF router ID is used to elect the DR and BDR.
RouterA# show ip ospf neighbor (DROTHER) << Not part of the command
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.33 1 FULL/DR 00:00:39 192.168.1.3 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.22 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:36 192.168.1.2 FastEthernet0/0

RouterB# show ip ospf neighbor (BDR) << Not part of the command
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.33 1 FULL/DR 00:00:34 192.168.1.3 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.11 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:38 192.168.1.1 FastEthernet0/0

RouterC# show ip ospf neighbor (DR) << Not part of the command
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.22 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:35 192.168.1.2 FastEthernet0
192.168.31.11 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:32 192.168.1.1 FastEthernet0

• DROthers
• Only form full adjacencies with the DR and BDR
• Still form a neighbor adjacency with any DROthers
(receives Hello packets).
• Displayed as 2WAY.
RouterA# show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.33 1 FULL/DR 00:00:39 192.168.1.3 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.22 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:36 192.168.1.2 FastEthernet0/0

RouterB# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.33 1 FULL/DR 00:00:34 192.168.1.3 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.11 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:38 192.168.1.1 FastEthernet0/0

RouterC# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.22 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:35 192.168.1.2 FastEthernet0
192.168.31.11 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:32 192.168.1.1 FastEthernet0

• The priority for all routers is the default 1.

 Verifying Router States
RouterA# show ip ospf interface fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.31.11, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.31.33, Interface address 192.168.1.3
Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.31.22, Interface address
192.168.1.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
<output omitted>
 Timing of DR/BDR Election

If I booted first and started the

election before the others were
ready, I would be the DR!

• The DR and BDR election process takes place as soon

as the first router with an OSPF enabled interface is
active on the multiaccess network.
• This could be a lower-end router that took less time to
boot, which might not be the best router to handle
the functions of the DR.
• What would happen if the DR failed? Who would
be the DR? Who would be the BDR?
 Timing of DR/BDR Election

BDR DR

BDR
DROther
X DR

• When the DR is elected, it remains the DR until one of the following

conditions occurs:
• The DR fails.
• The OSPF process on the DR fails.
• The multiaccess interface on the DR fails.
• If the DR fails, the BDR assumes the role of DR, and an election is held to
choose a new BDR.
• What if a new router joined the network with a higher Router ID?
 Timing of DR/BDR Election

I am a new router with the highest

DR
Router ID. I cannot force a new DR or
BDR election, so I am a DROther.

BDR
X
DROther

• What if a new router with a higher Router ID enters

the network?
• What if RouterC (previous DR) came back?
With its higher Router ID than RouterB (DR)
and RouterA (BDR) would it be a DR, BDR or
DROther?
 Timing of DR/BDR Election
I’m back but I don’t get
to become DR again. I
DR am now just a DROther.

BDR
X DROther

DROther

• A previous DR does not regain DR status if it

returns to the network.
• What would happen if the RouterA (BDR)
failed? Who would be the new BDR? Would
the DR change?
 Timing of DR/BDR Election

Amongst the DROthers I

have the highest Router DR
ID, so I am the new
BDR!

BDR
X DROther

DROther BDR

• What if RouterB also fails? Who would be

the new DR? Who would be the BDR?
 Timing of DR/BDR Election

DR

X I am now the new

BDR!
I am now the
new DR! DROther

BDR DR
Timing of DR/BDR Election To simplify our discussion, we removed
RouterD from the topology.
How can we make sure RouterB is
the DR and RouterA is the BDR, I want to be the DR
regarless of RouterID values?

I have the highest

Router ID

I want to be the
BDR

• Choosing a DR and BDR

• We can change the OSPF interface priority
to better control our DR/BDR elections.
 OSPF Interface Priority
Router(config-if)# ip ospf priority {0 - 255}

• Important for this router to have sufficient CPU and

memory capacity to handle the responsibility.
• Control the election of these routers with the ip
ospf priority interface command.
• Priority (Highest priority wins):
• 0 = Cannot become DR or BDR
• 1 = Default
• Therefore, the router ID determines the DR and BDR.
 OSPF Interface Priority
RouterA# show ip ospf interface fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.31.11, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.31.33, Interface address 192.168.1.3
Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.31.22, Interface address 192.168.1.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
<output omitted>

• The OSPF interface priority can be viewed using

the show ip ospf interface command.
Highest priority wins

Pri = 100

Pri = 200

RouterA(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0

RouterA(config-if)# ip ospf priority 200

RouterB(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0

RouterB(config-if)# ip ospf priority 100

• After doing a shutdown and a no shutdown on the Fast

Ethernet 0/0 interfaces of all three routers, we see the
result of the change of OSPF interface priorities.
 BDR

Highest priority wins

DR
DROther

RouterA# show ip ospf neighbor (DR)

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.22 100 FULL/BDR 00:00:30 192.168.1.2 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.33 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:30 192.168.1.3 FastEthernet0/0

RouterB# show ip ospf neighbor (BDR)

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.11 200 FULL/DR 00:00:37 192.168.1.1 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.33 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:38 192.168.1.3 FastEthernet0/0

RouterC# show ip ospf neighbor (DROTHER)

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.31.22 100 FULL/BDR 00:00:32 192.168.1.2 FastEthernet0/0
192.168.31.11 200 FULL/DR 00:00:31 192.168.1.1 FastEthernet0/0
 THANK YOU

END OF CHAPTER 3