Basic computer organization

Based on CBSE
Curriculum
Class-11

By: Dr. Ratnesh Kumar Jain

Content
• Introduction to Computer
• Characteristics of Computer
• Evaluation of Computer
• Data Vs Information
• Functional Components of Computer
 Introduction to Computer
• Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from
the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions
(called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the
future use.
• Any work in computer follows IPO (Input-Process-Output).
• This IPO is continued in cycle until computer turned off.
• A computer is a combination of hardware and software resources which
integrate together and provides various functionalities to the user.
• Hardware are the physical components of a computer like the processor,
memory devices, monitor, keyboard etc. while software is the set of
programs or instructions that are required by the hardware resources to
perform various operations as per the requirement of users.
Definition of Computer

Electronic Device
Accepts and stores input
Process the input
Outputs results
Under direction of stored programs and instructions
 Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence : not afflicted to tiredness, monotony, lack of
concentration like human beings.
Reliability
Versatility : can work with different types of data like sound,
graphics, audio.
Memory
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING
DEVICE
First Generation (1940-56):
The first generation computers used vacuum tubes &
machine language was used for giving the instructions. These
computers were large in size & their programming was difficult task.
The electricity consumption was very high. Some computers of this
generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC-1.
In this generation, mainly batch processing
operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic
tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this
generation used machine code as the programming language.
Second Generation (1956-63):
In 2nd generation computers, vacuum tubes were replaced by
transistors. They required only 1/10 of power required by
tubes. This generation computers generated less heat & were
reliable. The first operating system developed in this
generation. IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604 are the examples
of this generations computers.
In 2nd generation, magnetic cores were used
as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks
as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The
computers used batch processing and multiprogramming
operating system.
Third Generation (1964-71):
The 3rd generation computers replaced transistors with
Integrated circuit known as chip. From Small scale integrated
circuits which had 10 transistors per chip, technology
developed to MSI circuits with 100 transistors per chip. These
computers were smaller, faster & more reliable. High level
languages invented in this generation.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and
efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used. High-level
languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 are some examples of
computers
generation.in. 3rd
Fourth Generation (1972- 1980):
LSI & VLSI were used in this generation. As a result
microprocessors came into existence. The computers using this
technology known to be Micro Computer. High capacity hard
disk were invented. There is great development in data
communication.
Fourth generation computers became
more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it
gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this
generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed
operating system were used. All the high-level languages like
C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
Fifth Generation (1980-Present & Beyond):
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used
today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically
change the face of computers in years to come.
Some computer types of this generation are −
Desktop
Laptop
Note Book
Ultra
Book
 Data Vs Information
• Data are raw facts and figures
• Example- 12.7, 2001, Rajpal etc
• Process data or meaning full data is called information
• Rajpal whose date of birth is 2001 has 12.7 crore Rupees
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

Registers
The Central Processor Unit (CPU)
It is the brain of the computer system.
All major calculation and comparisons are made inside the CPU and it
is also responsible for activation and controlling the operation of
other unit.
This unit consists of- Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU)
and Registers.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic logic unit performs all arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. It also uses logic operation for
comparison like comparison or decision making (>, <, <=, >=, = etc.).
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit of a CPU controls the entire operation of the computer. It also
controls all devices such as memory, input/output devices connected to the CPU.
CU fetches instructions from memory, decodes the instruction, interprets the
instruction to know what the task are to be performed and sends suitable control
signals to the other components to perform for the necessary steps to execute the
instruction.
Registers
Registers or processor registers are small units of data holding places. The CPU
uses registers to temporarily hold some important processing-information during
the time the processing is taking place.
Input/Output Unit
An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can
be understood by the computer.
Output unit converts the output in binary form to human readable form.

The input/output unit consists of devices used to transmit information

between the external world and computer memory.
The information fed through the input unit is stored in computer's memory
for processing and the final result stored in memory can be recorded or
display on the output medium.
Memory unit
It is an essential component of a digital computer. It is where all data
intermediate and final results are stored. The data read from the main
storage or an input unit are transferred to the computer's memory where
they are available for processing. This memory unit is used to hold the
instructions to be executed and data to be processed.
Primary Memory:
Primary memory has direct link with input unit and output
unit. It stores the input data, intermediate calculation and
results.

Secondary Memory:
The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for
future use. So some other types of storage technology is
required to store the data permanently for long time, it is
called secondary or auxiliary memory.
BASIC COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
CPU

CU

Registers

ALU
Memory

System Bus

Input Unit Output Unit Storage Unit

 The System Bus
• The System Bus or the bus is an electronic pathway that connects
various components of a computer system, through which they
communicate and work in tandem.
• Through system bus, data and instructions are passed among the
computer system components
• The data carrying part of system bus is called data bus
• The control instruction carrying part of system bus is called control
bus
• The memory address carrying part of the system bus is called
Address bus
• A separate type of bus called I/O Bus connects the Input, Output
and other external devices to the system
 Input & Output Device
Input Unit:
•Input devices are those devices which help to enter data into computer
system. E.g. Keyboad, Mouse, Touchscreen, Barcode Reader, Scanner,
MICR, OMR etc.
•The Input Unit is responsible for taking input and converting it into
computer understandable form (the binary code).
KEYBOARD: Used to Input Textual data. This is the most
common input device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys. In
a keyboard each press of a key typically corresponds to a single
written symbol. However some symbols require pressing and holding
several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys
produce letters, numbers or characters, other keys or simultaneous key
presses can produce actions or computer commands.
Mouse:
It is a pointing device.
It is a hand- held pointing device that detects two-dimensional
motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated
into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a
smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer.
 Scanner
- In computing, a scanner is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital
image.
- 3D scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and
measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically
driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-
-format
Digitaldocuments, where abased
camera scanners, flatbed
ondesign wouldof
the concept be impractical.
reprographic cameras.
Where : office, home
When : To input image into
computer
JOYSTICK:
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick
that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling.
Many people use joysticks on computer games
involving flight such as flight simulator.
Joy sticks are often used to control video games, and usually have
one or more push-buttons whosestate canalso be read by the
computer
Barcode Reader
- A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic
device for reading printed barcodes . Like a flatbed
scanners, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light
sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.
Where : supermarket,
library
When : scanning product barcode
MICR
- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, is a character
recognition technology used primarily by the banking industry
to facilitate the processing of cheques. The technology allows
computers to read information
- MICR characters are printed in special typefaces with a
magnetic ink or toner.
Where : Bank
When : check number, bank routing number,
checking account number and in some cases
the amount of the check.
OMR
- Optical Mark Recognition, also called Optical Mark Reading and
OMR, is the process of capturing human-marked data from
document forms such as surveys and tests.
- Many traditional OMR devices work with a dedicated
scanner device that shines a beam of light onto the form
paper. The contrasting reflectively at predetermined positions
on a page is then utilized to detect the marked areas because
they reflect less light than the blank areas of the paper.
Where : Marking test
When : To mark test or surveys
centre
in answers form.
OCR
- Optical character recognition, is the mechanical or electronic
translation of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text
(usually captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text. It is
used to convert paper books and documents into electronic files
- Optical character recognition use optical techniques such as
mirrors and lenses. Digital character recognition using scanners
and computer.
-When one scans a paper page into a computer, it produces just
an image file, a photo of the page. The computer cannot
understand the letters on the page
When : can be used with any digital document (such as a
PDF file). To extract its text and either create an editable
text file, or a searchable PDF
 Magnetic Stripe
- A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by
modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a
band of magnetic material on the card.
- Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in credit cards, identity cards, and
transportation tickets.
- Magnetic stripes following these specifications can typically be
read by most point-of-sale hardware, which are simply general-
purpose computers that can be programmed to perform specific
tasks. Examples of cards adhering to these standards include ATM
cards, bank cards (credit and debit cards including VISA and
MasterCard), gift cards, loyalty cards, driver's licenses, telephone
calling cards, membership cards, electronic benefit transfer cards
(e.g. food stamps), and nearly any application in which value or
secure
Where :information
shopping is not stored on the card itself. Many video game
and amusement centers now use debit card systems based on
centre
When : purchasing things that you
magnetic stripe cards.
buy
 Joystick
- A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on
a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is
controlling.
- Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually
have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by
the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on
modern video game consoles is the analog stick.
- Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes,
trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance
cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-
operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller
electronic equipment
Where : game centre,such as mobile
cranes, trucks phones.
When : playing games such as play station
Chip Reader
- Chip reader is a device that reads the information on chips. There
are many kinds of chip.
 Touch pad
- A touchpad, also trackpad is a pointing device consisting of
specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a
user's fingers to a relative position on screen. They are a common
feature of laptop computers and also used as a substitute for a
computer mouse
- Touchpads vary where
in sizedesk space
but are is scarce.
rarely made larger than 40
square centimeters, about 6 square inches. They can also be
found on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some portable
media players
Where : laptop computers,
PDA
When : to input the instruction into the computer, we move our
finger around the touch pad
Pin pad
- A PINpad is an electronic device used in a debit or smart card-based
transaction to input and encrypt the cardholder's PIN. The PINpad is
required so that the customer card can be accessed (in the case of chip
cards) and the PIN can be securely entered and encrypted before it is
sent upstream to the transaction manager of the switch or the bank.
Where : Electronic device, debit or smart
card
When : It is sent upstream to the
transaction manager of the switch or the
bank.
Light pen
- A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive
wand used in conjunction with a computer's CRT TV set or monitor. It
allows the user to point to displayed objects, or draw on the screen, in a
similar way to a touch screen but with greater positional accuracy.
- A light pen can work with any CRT-based display, but not with LCD,
screens, projectors and other display devices.

Where : CRT TV set

When : to point display object on
the monitor
Webcam
- A webcam is a video capture device connected to a computer or
computer network, often using a USB port or, if connected to a
network, ethernet or Wi-Fi. The most popular use is for video
telephony, permitting a computer to act as a videophone or video
conferencing station. This can be used in messenger programs such
as Windows Live Messenger, Skype and Yahoo messenger services.
Other popular uses, which include the recording of video files or even
Where : Connected to the
still-images,
computer. are accessible via numerous software programs,
When : We can open webcam when we
applications and devices.
want to. We can use it when we want to
have a video conference or take a still
image.
Output Device:
Output devices are those devices which help to display the
processed information. Eg. Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Projector
etc.
PRINTER:
 Printer produces result on the paper.
 There are various types of printers available in the market:
DOT MATRIX PRINTER:
 Uses ribbon and hammer technology.
 Its quality is not very good. It prints by making the object
using
small dots.
INKJET PRINTER:
It creates a digital image by propelling droplets
of ink onto the paper.

LASERJET PRINTER:
They uses laser technology to print documents.
It produce high quality printing at very high
speed.
MONITOR
 It is the primary output device where we

see the output. It looks like TV.

 It is also known as VDU(Visual Display Unit).
 Its display may be in the form of CRT

LED, LCD.
1. CRT(CATHODE RAY TUBE)
2. LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
3. LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
MEMORY UNITS: Memory is used to store the data for later
reference. The smallest unit is bit, which mean either 0 or 1.
 1 bit = 0 or 1
 1 Byte = 8 bits
 1 Nibble = 4 bits
 1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Byte= 210 Byte
 1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB= 210 KB
 1 Giga Byte = 1024 MB= 210 MB
 1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB= 210 GB
 1 Peta Byte =1024 TB= 210 TB
 1 Exa Byte =1024 PB= 210 PB
 1 Zetta Byte = 1024 EB= 210 EB
 1 Yotta Byte = 1024 ZB= 210 ZB
 Primary Memory
• It can be divided into two parts-
• Random Access Memory
• Read Only Memory
• Difference between RAM and ROM
 Random Access
Memory

• RAM is the main memory of a computer. Main

memory is used to store all of the working
information of the computer such as the operating
system, user programs and data.

• Main memory should not be confused with hard disk

space which is used to permanently store data.

• RAM is volatile. The contents of RAM are lost when

the computer is switched off.
DRAM
Dynamic RAM

• Dynamic RAM is the most common type of RAM used in

computers. It is relatively easy to manufacture and so is
cheap. However, DRAM contents must be continually
refreshed. The process of refreshing the memory takes time
and while the memory is being refreshed it cannot be read
from or written to. This makes DRAM cheap but slow.

• DRAM is cheap but slow and is used for main memory.

SRAM
Static RAM

• Static RAM is physically different to dynamic RAM as the memory

contents do not have to be continually refreshed. This means that it can
always be accessed and so SRAM is a faster type of memory. However the
process of manufacturing the memory and the components used make it
more expensive. For this reason SRAM is used in smaller quantities where
fast memory is required, such as cache.

• SRAM is fast but expensive and is typically used for cache memory.
ROM
Read Only Memory

• Whereas RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile which is to say that

the contents are not lost when power is removed. ROM chips come
with instructions already burned into the chip. It is commonly used
for computer BIOS chips.

• ROM is cheap in high quantities and is generally used for PC

BIOSes.
 PROM
Programmable ROM

• PROM chips do not lose their data when power is removed but, unlike standard ROM
chips, come without a program already installed.

• The programs for the PROM chips can be 'burned' into them with a special piece of
programming hardware. Once burned this way the contents are never lost but nor can
they be altered.

• PROM chips are commonly used where engaging a chip foundry to manufacture a
custom ROM chip would be too expensive.

• PROM is expensive and is used for low volume applications.

 EPROM

Erasable Programmable ROM

• EPROM chips can be erased once programmed, thus making them

ideal for testing new applications where a ROM chip will be required.

• They can be easily recognized by the plastic 'window' on the top of

the chip. This is used to erase the contents of the chip by shining
ultra-violet light onto it.

• EPROMs are expensive but reusable and are used for testing.
 EEPROM

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM

• EEPROMs can be programmed and erased without using any special extra
hardware. Instead a simple electrical current can be used. Unlike other
programmable ROM chips EEPROMs need not be completely programmed at one
time. Instead blocks of data can be programmed individually.

• As well as being used in modern computers for updateable BIOSes, EEPROMs are
typically used for USB drives, as well as for compact flash memory, MultiMedia
cards, SD cards, etc.

• EEPROM is cheap and is used for reprogrammable ROM applications like Flash.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM
AND ROM
RAM ROM
Random Access Memory where all the Read Only Memory is used to store the
programs (applications/apps) and data startup instructions i.e. Booting Instructions
are loaded for execution and other settings related instructions
Read and Write both operations can be Only Read operations can be performed
performed
Volatile Memory i.e. contents are lost Non-volatile Memory i.e. contents are not
when power is switched off erased when power is switched off
Temporary Memory Permanent Memory
Types of RAM are SRAM, DRAM & Types of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
SDRAM
 Cache Memory
Processor Cache RAM
Memory
• RAM is faster than secondary storage, but not as fast as a computer
processor. So, because of RAM, a CPU may have to slow down.
• To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high speed memory is
placed between the CPU and the primary memory known as cache.
• It stores the copies of the data from frequently accessed primary
memory locations, thus, reducing the average time required to
access data from primary memory.
• When the CPU needs to access memory, it first examines the cache.
In case the requirement is met, it is read from the cache, otherwise
the primary memory is accessed.
 SECONDARY MEMORY
The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for future use. So
some other types of storage technology is required to store the data
permanently for long time, it is called secondary or auxiliary storage.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY STORAGE
Hard Disk
• The hard disk memories store information on one or more circular platters
(or disks) which are continually spinning
• These rotating disks are coated with a magnetic material and stacked with
space between them
• Information is recorded on the surface of rotating disks by magnetic heads as
tiny magnetic spots
• These heads are mounted on access arms
• Each disk having many tracks (A track is concentric circles on the magnetized
surface of the magnetic disks)
• The tracks on the disk surface are divided into invisible segments known as
Sectors
Compact Disks (CDs)
• This is optical media
• Cheaper then all other media
• Storage capacity upto 700MB
• Three types of Compact Disks
• CD-ROM(Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
• CD-R(Compact Disk-Recordable)
• CD-RW(Compact Disk-Rewritable)
Digital Video Disks (DVDs)
• It looks similar to CD but can hold upto 17GB of data or
movie of 4 hours
• It is also known as super density disk
• It comes in 3 varieties-
• Digital Video Disk-Read Only (DVD-ROM)
• Digital Video Disk-Recordable (DVD-R)
• Digital Video Disk-Rewritable (DVD-RW)
 Portable Flash Memory
• Also known as Pen Drive
• It is a small, ultra portable storage device with a ‘solid state’
momory
• It has no moving parts unlike magnetic storage devices not does it
make use of lasers (Optical devices).
• It works as RAM but the data is retained in Flash memory even
when the power is switched off
• It comes in variety of sizes range from 4GB upto 128GB
Pen/Thumb Drives- Flash Memories
• Pen drives and cell phones uses this memory which is Flash memory
• Flash is a ‘solid state’ memory i.e. it has no moving parts unlike
magnetic storage devices, not does it make use of laser- unlike optical
drives.
• It is implemented using EEPROM
Solid-State Drive (SSD)
• It is flash based memory
• Significantly faster than older hard disk
• RAM like working mechanism
Blu Ray Disk (BD)
• It is optical disc storage media format
• Its main uses are high definition video and data storage
• Looks same as CD or DVD but instead of using red laser rays (650mm)
it uses a blue-violet laser (405mm)
• Narrowness of Blue-violet rays make it possible to focus the laser spot
with even greater precision allowing data to be packed more tightly
and stored in less space (i.e. more compact)
• Blu Ray disks of today are capable of storing upto 128 GB of data.
 Computer Systems and Data
• Data Capturing- inputting data to covert it into digital form so that it is usable to
computer. The task of data capturing is performed by the Input unit
• Data Storage- To store the captured data, digital storage devices are used. Two issues
are related to data storage:
• Data is generated at very high rates
• Data keeps on increasing with time and after sometime, you need more storage space to
handle this
To Solve these issues-
• High speed digital storage devices are used
• Storage devices are upgraded periodically, both storage capacity wise as well as technology
wise
• Note- While discarding e-waste, you should be careful about the data stored in discarded
storage devices. Delete all the content before discarding and format using proper tool.
• Data Retrieval- refers to the process of obtaining stored data from a storage device
and making it available to the CPU.
• Access Time- Time taken to retrieve data from a storage device.
Data deletion

• You accidentally delete one or more files. Without a doubt, this is

one of the most common data loss events. ...
• You accidentally format a partition. ...
• The hard drive is physically damaged. ...
• Your drive contains unreadable sectors. ...
• Computer viruses and malware.
• Willfu
Where do deleted files go?
• When you first delete a file on a computer, it is moved to the
computer's Recycle Bin, Trash, or something similar
depending on your operating system. When something is
sent to the Recycle Bin or Trash, the icon changes to indicate
it contains files and if needed allows you to recover
a deleted file.
Primary steps for recover from the
accidental deletion of data
• If you simply deleted files on your computer by moving them
to the Recycle Bin and didn't press the Empty Recycle Bin
button, you can retrieve them back with ease. Just open the
Recycle Bin, locate and right-click the files you want and
choose "Restore"
Data recovery software
• Data recovery software is a type of software that
enables the recovery of corrupted, deleted or
inaccessible data from a storage device.
• This software reviews, scans, identifies, extracts and
copies data from deleted, corrupted and formatted
sectors or in a user-defined location within the
storage device.
List Of The Best Data Recovery Software
Solutions

• R-Studio Data Recovery Software.

• Recuva.
• PhotoRec.
• TestDisk.
• Disk drill.
• PC Inspector File Recovery.
• Wise Data Recovery.
• MiniTool Partition Wizard.
• Undelete 360.
 Use of some data recover software
• if you need to recover a deleted file from your Android phone or tablet, first plug the
device into your computer via USB and mount it as a USB hard drive. Then download
a recovery program, like Recuva.

• Disk Drill is a free hard drive data recovery app for Windows (it supports XP, Vista, 7, 8
and 10). It is a simple and neat app that offers professional-grade recovery tools: Deep
and Quick Scans, can search for a lost partition and rebuild file systems. You can recover
up to 500MB of lost data for free
• Disk Drill has tested clean.
• The antivirus programs we used to test this file indicated that it is free of malware,
spyware, trojans, worms or other types of viruses.
Thanks