Topic : Introduction and importance of organic

manure, properties and methods of preparation of

bulky and concentrated manures

Presented by: Navjot Kaur

Assistant Professor
Department of Agriculture and Natural Sciences

CT University, Ludhiana
 BACKGROUND
Agriculture: 7500 BC
Organic Farming

• 1900- Albert Howard- Father of modern organic farming-‘An Agricultural

Testament’

• 1922- Rudolph Steiner-biodynamic agriculture - ‘Demeter’

• 1940- The term ‘organic’ in relation to farming- Northbourne Lord- ‘Look to the
Land’.

• 1962- Rachel Carson- ‘Silent Spring’ -ill effects of pesticides on the environment.
•
• 1972- IFOAM- International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements-
France.

1975- Masanobu Fukoka- One Straw Revolution- Natural Farming

• 1991- EU Regulation

1999- Codex Guidelines

2000- NPOP- National Programme on Organic Production

2004- NSOP- National Standards for Organic Production

 ORGANIC FARMING

 Synthetic fertilizers
 Herbicides
 Fungicides
 Insecticides
 Synthetic Plant growth promoters

Organic agriculture is a system of farm design and management to create an

ecosystem which can achieve sustainable productivity without the use of artificial
external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
(NPOP)
 Concept
•Nature is the best role model for farming
•‘Feed the soil, not the plant’
•The emphasis- improving the general health of soil with minimal use of off-
farm inputs.
•does not believe in mining of the soil of its nutrients and degrading it for
present needs.
• Treat Soil-as a living entity
•Soil microbes and other organisms- an important place in sustaining the soil
fertility and must be protected and nurtured.
•Waksman, ‘Without soil microbes, life on planet would come to standstill’.
•The ultimate aim- to develop economically viable, socially acceptable and
ecologically safer agricultural systems by mutual coexistence with the
ecosystem rather than dominating it.
•Thus organic farming is not just a chemical free farming; it also covers the
sustainability, environmental, economic and social aspects.
 Principles of Organic Agriculture
•Guiding principles for producing quality food in an environ friendly and
sustained manner.
•These are the roots from which organic farming grows and develops.
•They express the contribution that organic farming can make to the world.
Health Fairness

Ecology Care
Only the last river has been poisoned,
Only the last tree has been cut down,
Only the last fish has been caught,
Only then will you learn that money can
not be eaten.
~ Cree aphorism
 The Principle of Health
 Should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plants, animals,
humans and planet as one and indivisible.
 Health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from
the health of ecosystems.
 Only a healthy soil can produce healthy crops that further
contribute to the health of animals and human beings.
 The health encompasses the physical, mental, social and
ecological health.
 should sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems in the entire
chain from production to the ultimate consumer and health of
organisms from the smallest in the soil to the human beings.
 The use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives
are prohibited in organic farming in the perspective of this principle.
 The Principle of Ecology
 Organic farming should be based on living ecological systems
and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.
 production should be based on ecological processes and
recycling.
 should have harmony with the natural ecosystem and should not
try to dominate the natural system.
 It must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and
scale.
 Input use should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient
management of materials and energy in order to maintain and
improve the environment quality and conserve resources.
 Ecosystem should be maintained through appropriate system of
farm design, establishment of habitats and maintenance of
biodiversity.
 The Principle of Fairness
 should be based on relationships that ensure fairness with
regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
 It indicates equity, respect and justice both among people
and their relations to other living beings.
 All the stakeholders in organic farming should conduct
human relationships in a manner that ensure fairness at all
levels and to all the involved in organic farming.
 Natural and environmental resources that are to be used for
production and consumption should be managed in a way that
is socially and ecologically just and should be held in trust for
future generations.
 Animals should be provided with living conditions so as to
express their natural behaviour.
 The Principle of Care
 should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner
to protect the health and well being of current and future
generations and their environment.
 Increased productivity should not be at the cost of human and
environmental health.
 precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in
management, development and technology choices.
 Scientific interventions combined with practical experience,
accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge
should offer valid solutions.
 This principle restricts the adoption of unpredictable
technologies such as genetic engineering.
 Characteristics of organic farming
Organic farming systems, in the light of principles of organic
farming, should:
 Encourage and enhance the biological cycles within the farming
system.
 Enhance and maintain the long term soil fertility.
 Mobilize organic matter and nutrient elements locally within
closed systems.
 Use, as far as possible, renewable resources in locally organized
agricultural systems.
 Avoid all forms of pollution.
 Maintain biodiversity at the regional and local level.
 Allow the livestock to express their innate behaviour.
 Produce qualitative food in sufficient quantity which is
acceptable socially and economically.
 Benefits of organic farming
i) Conservation of natural resources: Non-traditional crops avoided,
Balanced supply of macro and micronutrients, improved soil health,
Better retention of soil moisture and nutrients.
ii) Healthy environment: Reduced pollution, Reduces the CO2

emission by eliminating synthetic fertilizers and storage in the soil,

Burning of crop residues restricted.
iii) Reduced health hazards: Prevents pesticide residues in
environment and human food chain. The prohibition of use of highly
soluble fertilizers- nitrate contamination.
iv) Employment generation:
v) Sustainable agricultural production: Based on the concept of
feeding the soil and not the crop plants.
vi) Reduced cost of product: Inputs are on-farm
vii) Higher profitability: Premium/ reduced costs
 CONSTRAINTS
• Threat to national food security: 276 million tonnes of foodgrains by 2020.
• Low organic carbon soils: Desired organic carbon > 1.2%
• Lack of awareness: among the consumers and the farmers.
• Lack of market for organic products
• Complex and costly certification
• Limited availability of organic manures
• Competitive use of crop residues
• High input costs
• Lack of quality biofertilizers and biopesticides
• Lack of subsidy on organic inputs
• Lack of organic premium
• Labour and cost intensive
• Lower crop yields
 ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS
 Bio-dynamic Farming
 Natural Farming
 Rishi Krishi
 Homa Farming
 BIODYNAMIC FARMING
Greek words: Bios- life and Dynamics- energies.
- working with the energies which create and maintain life.
Developed by - Rudolf Steiner in Germany
It is Based on the principle that natural phenomena like
cosmic and terrestrial forces play an important role in crop
production. Agricultural operations are performed and
biodynamic preparations are used according to the positions of
the earth, the sun and the moon. Biodynamic calendar is
followed for planning the agricultural operations.
BD preparations: BD 500 - 508
Derived from a variety of herbs, silica and cow manure.
 RISHI KRISHI
Rishi krishi system- based on the Vedas
Generally practiced in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
On-farm sources of nutrition are used for soil enrichment through Rishi krishi
formulation known as- amritpani and soil collected from under a banyan tree
(Ficus bengalensis).
 Amritpani- ghee (butter) + cow dung fb mixing of honey and diluting the
mixture with water.
Seed treatment (beej sanskar), enrichment of soil (bhumi sanskar) and foliar
spray on plants (padap sanskar).
 HOMA FARMING
Homa farming- origin from the Vedas

Based on the principle that, ‘you heal the atmosphere and the healed
atmosphere will heal you’.

The basic aspect of homa farming is Agnihotra puja with chanting of Sanskrit
mantras at specific times.

The ash that results from the puja is used to energize the composts, plants,
animals etc.
 NATURAL FARMING
•Developed by Masanobu Fukuoka who wrote ‘The One Straw Revolution’.
•Based on the understanding of nature and stress is laid on no-till farming.
•Pruning of fruit trees is prohibited.
•All synthesized chemicals, untreated animal manures and urban sewage are
prohibited.
•Composts fermented using plant organic materials are used to increase soil
fertility and improve the soil physical properties.
 INITIATIVES:
GOVT/NGOs
Event Year
1st Conf of NGOs at Wardha 1984
NPOP 2002
National Standards for Organic Farming
2004
Network/National Project on Organic Farming
National Centre of Organic Farming
Sikkim Organic Mission 2010
NPOF in Horticulture crops 2013
PKVY 2015
Mission Organic Value Chain Development-NEH
2016
Sikkim becomes organic
PGS certification system
 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Sir Albert Howard—Father of Modern Organic Agriculture

I regard Indian Farmers as my

professors. I learnt from them
how to grow healthy crops
without the slightest help
from artificial manures
or insecticides
 CROPS & VARIETIES IN ORGANIC FARMING

• Crops- Locally adapted

• Crop rotation: Legume
• Intercropping: Legume
• Varieties - Bt
 Area and Status
•World area: 57.8 m ha (2/3 is grasslands) in 178 countries
•Global market in 2016: 89.7 billion USD
•Maximum area under organic farming: Australia
•Highest no of organic producers : India
•Area under organic farming in India: 3.56 mha
•Area under organic cultivation in India: 1.78 mha
(In 2003-04: 42000 ha)
• Organic production: 1.7 mt
• Madhya Pradesh > Himachal Pradesh > Rajasthan.
 Prospects of organic farming in India
Total area under cultivation : 142 million ha
65% area under rain fed cultivation
- fertilizer use very low due to erratic rainfall.
- Farming systems- highly diversified with crops, trees, animals
- No much effect on national food security.
- Labour intensive nature of organic farming will help in optimizing the
human resource utilization-usually remain under utilized.
- spice crops of these areas like fennel, fenugreek are in demand in
organic food market.
- almost organic by default and conversion to organic is not difficult.
Thus, these areas should be priority areas for promotion of organic
farming.
 ORGANIC FARMING IN PUNJAB
 As a state policy is neither desirable nor possible.
 The total organic sources are not adequate to meet the nutrient demand of
the current area under crops to exploit the potential yields.
 The estimated total organic sources (FYM) are hardly sufficient for 15 % of
wheat and 20% of rice area.
 On an average, there are 2 animals per hectare and to apply full dose of
recommended nutrients (N) to wheat and rice it would require about 17 animals
per hectare .
www.apeda.gov.in
 PUNJAB AGRICULTURE : AN
OVERVIEW
• Area (geographical) : 5.03 mha (1.53% of India)
• Net sown area: 4.12 mha (81.9% of state’s Geographical area)
• Irrigated area: 100 %
- Canals : 29%
- Tubewells : 71% (14.82 lakh)
• Total cropped area: 7.83 mha
• Cropping intensity: 190%
• Cropping Systems : Rice-Wheat; Cotton-Wheat; and Maize-
Wheat
• Fertilizer use: 242 kg/ha
• Foodgrain production (2020-21): 31.6 mt
• Produces 16% wheat, 11% rice & 3.4% cotton of the
country
 BASIC ORGANIC STANDARDS
 Conversion from chemical to organic farming requires a three year
conversion period during which all the practices should be organic.
 A buffer zone must be created around the organic field to avoid any
contamination or run off from the adjoining chemical fields.
 Seed should be from the organic produce and should not be
treated with any chemical. Genetically modified (GM) crops are not
allowed. The cultural practices of organic crops like seed rate,
sowing time and spacing may be same as that of conventional
crops, if otherwise not mentioned.
 Herbicides should not be used for weed control and weeds should
be managed by cultural practices/methods and need based
weeding.
 Chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators are
prohibited.
 CERTIFICATION
Organic certification system is a quality assurance
initiative, intended to assure quality, prevent fraud
and promote commerce, based on set of standards
and ethics.

It is a process certification for producers of organic

food and other organic plant products.
 WHY CERTIFICATION ?
 Third party assurance from producer to the consumer
separated by distance

 For uniform label

 Assurance to the consumers that its concern for

healthy food has been addressed.

 Effective marketing tool for image, credibility,

visibility/transparency
 Organic: Fact & Fiction
• Organic is a production claim.
– Organic is about how food is produced
and handled.
• Organic is not a content claim.
– It does not represent that a product is “free” of
something.
• Organic is not a food safety claim.
– Organic is not a judgment about the quality and safety
of any product.
– Organic does not mean a product is superior, safer, or
more healthful than conventionally produced food.
 APEDA
APEDA- Agricultural and Processed Food Products
Export Development Authority

-Coordinating agency for organic food production

and export under the brand name ‘India Organic’.
1. Skip the hard questions, mark them with a cross, and go back to them. This means
you’ll not lose marks for unanswered easy questions.
2. If in doubt choose ‘C’, poor questions designers do not truly randomize the right
options and have a bias towards ‘C’. Next best is ‘B’.
3. If in doubt choose the ‘longest option’. Question designers often cannot make a right
option any shorter, but have complete freedom with wrong options.
4. Look for similarities in options and eliminate outliers (in bold) e.g. 4p-q, 2p+q,
4p+q, 3p+q.
5. Now note that there’s only one ‘-‘, which makes 4p+q more likely. Look for
these internal patterns.
6. ‘All of the above’ is likely to be correct. For it to be correct the writer has to design
options that were all correct, so, if you can’t spot any wrong answers, or see that two or
more are correct, it increases the probability of ‘All of the above’ being correct. Similarly
with ‘None of the above’.
7. Choose a middle order option i.e. out of 100, 150. 200, 250, choose 150 or 200.
Designers tend to have a bias, where right answers tend to be lower than the highest and
higher than the lowest option.
8. For questions that demand an ‘except’ or ‘not’, mark each option with a T for true and
F for false against each option. And underline the word ‘not’ as it’s sometimes missed.
9. If there’s a typo or punctuation error, the option is likely to be wrong. Writers tend to
proofread correct answers only.
10. Look for grammatical agreement between the question and its options; ‘An.....’ and
words starting with vowels or agreement between subject, object or verb.
. Go with your first impression. The more you read, the more you tend to read into
the wrong options.
12. If you’re stuck, go with the ‘Least bad rule’. Eliminate least likely answers first.
13. Look for clues about answers from other questions. Designers often,
unintentionally, put clues, even answers, to questions in other questions.
14. If you’ve never heard of the answer, it’s likely to be made up and incorrect.
15. First cover the options and try to answer. Prevents being misled by clever wrong
options.
16. If two options are opposites, one is likely to be correct. Designers first made up
option is likely to be the correct option’s opposite.
17. Favour options with careful qualifiers, such as ‘sometimes, occasionally etc.’ as
tested knowledge usually has more finite than absolute qualities.
18. Conversely, be wary of options with absolute qualifiers, such as ‘always,
never etc’. As these are often too definite to be reasonably correct.
19. Always guess, unless there is a penalty. It’s a 1 in 4 chance, so don’t give it up.
20. Eliminate obvious answer on 4 options then guess, don’t fail to answer. This
reduces the odds from ‘1 in 4’ to ‘1 in 3’. Far better than just guessing or not
answering, depending on any penalty scores for wrong answers.
This didn't mean that there is no need for studying. Studying is the first priority then
you can use this tips & tricks as add ons Wishing you all the best :)
You cannot solve the
problem with the
same kind of thinking
that created the
problem
-Albert Einstein
EAT ORGANIC DREAM ORGANIC LIVE ORGANIC