SURVEYING
IN RPD
TERMINOLOGIES :
SURVEY-”The procedure of locating or delineating the contour and
position of the abutment teeth and associated structures before
designing a partial denture.”-GPT 9
SURVEYING-”An analysis and comparison of the prominence of
intraoral contours associated with the fabrication of a prosthesis”-GPT
9
SURVEYOR-”An instrument used in the construction of a removable
partial denture to locate and delineate the contours and relative
positions of abutment teeth and associated structures.”-GPT 9
• A line drawn on a tooth or teeth of a cast by means of a
surveyor for the purpose of determining the positions of the
SURVEY LINE
various parts of a retainer-GPT 9
• Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so
GUIDING oriented as to direct the path of placement/removal of a
PLANE removable partial denture
• The direction in which a prosthesis is placed upon and
PATH OF removed from the abutment teeth-GPT 9
INSERTION
A line encircling a tooth designating its greatest circumference
HEIGHT OF
CONTOUR
at a selected position
TYPES OF SURVEYORS
1) Ney’s surveyor
2) Wills surveyor
3) Electronic surveyor
4) Paratherm surveyor
5) Stressograph
6) Broken arm cast surveyor
7) Optical surveyor
8) Laser surveyor
9) Parallelometer
10)Other surveyors are: austenal microanalyzer, krupp model k3,
arthogyr model 1670, galloni isoparallelometer model 1020,
bachmann parallelometer
PURPOSES OF SURVEYING
•Determine the most advantageous path of insertion.
•Locate proximal tooth surface- guiding surfaces
•Locate and measure undercuts
•Identify hard and soft tissue interferances
•Determine a path of insertion consistent with esthetic requirements
•Delineate the height of contour of the abutment teeth and identify
areas of undercut
•Planning restorative procedures
•Record the most ideal cast position for future reference
•Plan for RPD design and the required mouth preparation
PARTS OF A SURVEYOR :
SURVEYING ARM
HORIZONTAL
MANDREL ARM
VERTICAL ARM
CAST HOLDER/
SURVEYING TABLE
PLATFORM
SURVEYING TOOLS :
Analysing Rod
Carbon Marker
Undercut Gauge
Wax Trimmer
ANALYSING ROD :
Used for preliminary survey of the cast
Assessment of degree of undercuts on hard and soft tissues
Assessment of angulation of teeth
In distal extension cases, allow judgement of whether the distal abutment
undercuts are sufficient to indicate that a tilt may be beneficial.
CARBON MARKER
•Basically allows visualization of the analysing rod’s work.
•Used for drawing survey lines around all the teeth involved in clasp
design or that have proximal undercuts to be eliminated.
•To mark the extent of bony/soft tissue undercuts for prosthetic
mouth preparation if required.
UNDERCUT GAUGES :
•Used to measure the location and horizontal depth of undercuts on
•the analysed and marked teeth in three dimensions
•Stewart – o.o1”,0.015”,0.02”
•McCracken-0.01”,0.02”,0.03”
•Same shank,only the size of the tip/bead varies (except Neys)
WAX TRIMMERS :
Used to trim off excessive wax while surveying the
wax patterns
To prevent over contoured block out of
unfavourable undercuts.
COMPARISON OF NEY’S & JELENKO
SURVEYOR
1. Horizontal arm is fixed 1.Horizontal arm is movable
2. Vertical arm is retained 2. Vertical arm is spring
by friction mounted
3. Shaft remains in any 3. Vertical arm when released
vertical position until again returns to its original position,
it is moved it should be held against
spring tension
4. Cast table is moved 4. Cast table is fixed to the
around surveyor platform surveyor platform
SURVEY LINES :
High
Louis
Blatterfein’s
division of
Diagonal abutment Medium
teeth into
near zone
NZ & far
zone FZ
Low
SIGNIFICANCE OF SURVEY LINES
It helps to locate
areas of undesirable
tooth
Any rigid,nonflexible undercuts that must
part of the be
prosthesis avoided or
must be designed to eliminated.
lie above the survey
line,and only
flexible
parts may be
designed
to go below it.
HIGH SURVEY LINE: From occlusal 1/3rd
in NZ to occlusal 1/3rd in FZ.
MEDIUM SURVEY LINE: from occlusal
1/3rd in NZ to middle 1/3rd in FZ.
LOW SURVEY LINE: From cervical 1/3rd in
NZ to cervical 1/3rd in FZ.
DIAGONAL SURVEY LINE: From
occlusal 1/3rd in NZ to gingival 1/3rd in
FZ.
NEY’S CLASSIFICATION
Class I: Class II: Class III:
Survey line runs Survey line also Survey line is
diagonally across runs diagonally parallel to the
the tooth surface across the tooth occlusal surface
The type of clasp surface but as a and lies just
indicated is mirror image of below
occlusally Class I line. Here it
approaching cast a
clasp with terminal gingivally
third engaging the approaching
undercut. clasp
HEIGHT OF CONTOUR:
First termed by KENNEDY
Represents the greatest bulge of diameter of a crown when viewed
from a specific angle or changes as the vertical position of the tooth
changes
Tipping or tilting the cast will cause the height of contour to move
accordingly
SUPRA BULGE :
Surface of the
tooth that is INFRA BULGE :
occlusal to the Surface gingival to
height of the height of contour
contour
DE VAN 1935
PATH OF INSERTION :
FACTORS
AFFECTING
RETETIVE
UNDERCUTS
INTERFERENCES &
GUIDING PLANES
ESTHETICS
RETENTIVE UNDERCUTS :
When surveying diagnostic casts for rpd,retentive undercuts must be present on
.
abutment teeth when the cast displays a horizontal tilt
This is necessary because dislodging forces are always directed perpendicular to
the occlusal plane.
INTERFERENCES
In the maxillary arch –
•palatal torus
•exostoses and undercuts on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary arch
•facial tipping of posterior teeth
•anterior soft tissue undercuts
In the mandibular arch –
•mandibular tori
•lingual tipping of the posterior teeth
•bony prominences often encountered at the facial surfacesof
mandibular canines and premolars.
•Soft tissue undercuts
ESTHETICS:
•To obtain optimum esthetics,the metal,usually in the form of clasp arm, must be
concealed without compromising necessary support and stability of the prostheses.
•The artificial teeth must be placed in the most natural position possible.
•Avoiding unnecessary display of the metal,the tilt of the survey table should be
such that the survey line on the teeth that are visible be as close to the gingival
margin
•The ideal position of the clasp for the retentive purpose is gingival. third of the
tooth
.
GUIDING PLANES :
Guiding planes are formed from the proximal tooth surfaces of the teeth and are
contacted by the minor connectors or other rigid components of the partial
denture.
These planes guide the prostheses for removal and placement.
The guiding planes are in intimate contact with the minor connectors,help to
stabilize against the lateral forces.
NUMBER OF PATH OF
INSERTION:
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURES IN SURVEYING A
DIAGNOSTIC CAST
Orientation of cast
Cast tilting
Visual analysis using analysing rod
Marking of survey lines /soft tissue undercuts using carbon markers
Undercut gauges used to measure amount of available retention
Interferences
Wax Trimmers
Tripoding of casts
ORIENTATION OF CAST
Casts oriented such that the anterior part is always toward thevertical member of
surveyor and away from the operator
Position for description is fixed for either cast.
Can be attached to the holding table via:
Soft plasticine or wax
Locking screws engaging the sides of model
o Magnetised iron cast into base of model
CAST TILTING
Tilting is changing the position of the cast, which thus changes the long axis of each
tooth relative to the horizontal plane.
Alters the contour, positions, location & depth of undercut relative to the new plane.
Allows
: most advantageous path of insertion
The
Increase in desirable and decrease in undesirable undercuts
Distribution of available undercuts to produce more uniform retention throughout the
available teeth & tissues
.
Establishes parallelism & improvises upon esthetics
VISUAL ANALYSIS USING ANALYSING
ROD
Primarily responsible for “eyeballing” of the cast.
Once orientation & tilt is established, allows for a general tangential
analysis of undercuts, tooth angulations, etc.
Also aids the establishment of relative parallelism of various planar surfaces
MARKING OF SURVEY LINES /SOFT TISSUE
UNDERCUTS USING CARBON MARKERS
Analysis by the analysing rod is visualised via the carbon marker.
5H pencil graphites secured with metal reinforcement sheath
UNDERCUT GAUGES USED TO MEASURE
AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE RETENTION
These gauges are used to identify the specific amount
and location of desired retentive undercut on the surface
of the abutment teeth
The undercut is best viewed against light passing through a triangle
bounded by surfaces of abutment tooth, surveyor blade ,apex being
the point of contact at the height of convexity and base of triangle
being the gingival tissues.
46
Undercut utilisation
o 0.01 → cast retainers
o 0.02 → wrought wire retention
o 0.03 → rarely used
If no retentive undercuts are present, they must be created by:
o Gold Crowns
retentive restorations.
creating an undercut by tooth modification
WAX TRIMMERS
Once unfavorable undercuts are blocked, to prevent overcontouring, wax
trimmers are used.
In case of distal extension cases, to create a gap/self cleansing area under the
.
saddle, a 25 trimmer is used in conjunction.
Wax patterns for casting can also be carved accordingly
PRESERVING THE TILT THROUGH
TRIPODING :
Once tilt has been selected for given rpd design, this tilt should be preserved,so
that it can be re-established accurately to the surveying table.
This procedure is termed as “ TRIPODING”.This helps in returning the cast to
surveyor for future reference.
the
SURVEYING THE MASTER CAST :
Surveyed as a new cast
Prepared proximal guiding plane surfaces will indicate the correct AP tilt.
Any remaining interferences after mouth preparation must be eliminated with
block out
Survey lines marked
CONTOURING OF WAX PATTERNS
Surveyor blade – used as wax carver
Proposed path of placement maintained through out
preparation of cast restorations for abutment teeth.
Surfaces of restorations that provide reciprocation for clasp
arms have to be contoured to permit their location well below
occlusal surfaces and on non retentive areas
BLOCK OUT
After the establishment of path of insertion and the location
ofundercut areas on the master cast, the areas that shall be
crossed by the rigid parts of the denture must be blocked out.
Roach carver or No.7 spatula used to adapt the blocking wax.
Four types:
Parallel Blockout
Shaped Blockout/Ledge Blockout
Arbitrary Blockout
Relief
https://youtu.be/oozJhYVZNgU
