Microsoft Software

Lecturer: Jing Liu

Email: neouma@mail.xidian.edu.cn
Homepage: http://
see.xidian.edu.cn/faculty/liujing
Microsoft Software
 Personal computers are becoming increasingly
powerful, versatile and popular among
organizations and individuals alike not because
of reduction in their cost and increase in memory
size but primarily due to the tremendous power
and variety of software available.
 In fact, it is the software that makes a computer
useful as well as user-friendly. Although there
are a number of software vendors in the market,
the main driving force behind the software
revolution is the Microsoft Corporation.
Microsoft Software
 The first major software project of Microsoft
Corporation was the development of an operating
system known as Disk Operation Systems (DOS) for
the original IBM personal computer in the year 1980.
 Although originally seen as a supplier of operating
systems, Microsoft went on to develop a variety of
successful application packages, thus becoming a
leading software company in the world. Microsoft
today has a suite of software packages that would
meet many of the standard applications
requirements of most organizations. This software
suite, popularly known as Microsoft Office, includes
the following application packages:
Microsoft Software
 Microsoft Word: Developed in 1983, it provides
powerful tools for creating and manipulating word
processing documents.
 Microsoft Excel: Developed in 1985, it enables to
create detailed spreadsheets for viewing and
collaboration.
 Microsoft PowerPoint: Developed in 1988, it provides
a complete set of tools for creating presentations.
 Microsoft Publisher: Developed in 1991, it helps in
publishing materials, such as news letters, brochures
and catalogs
 Microsoft Access: Developed in 1912, it gives
powerful tools for creating and managing databases.
MS Word System
 MS Word is an application software that can be
used to create, edit, save and print personal as well
as professional documents in a very simple and
efficient manner. It is mainly designed for word
processing, so it is also referred as the word
processing program.
 MS Word is not the only word processing program
available in the market. There are many other word
processing applications available, such as Open
Office Writer and Google Docs.
 For working in MS Word, we need to install MS
Office in a computer system. After installing MS
Office, we can start MS Word using Start menu.
MS Word System
Major components on the GUI of MS Word:
 Title bar: It is a horizontal bar at the top of the window

that displays the name of the currently opened MS Word

document. By default, MS Word assigns names to new
documents as Document1, Document2, Document3 and so
on. However, we can also save our document with some
other name of our choice.

 Menu bar: It is located right below the title bar. The Menu
bar is used to house a set of commands that can be used
to perform various operations such as opening a file,
closing a file and creating a table.

 Toolbar: It is located right below the menu bar. A number

of toolbars are provided in MS Word for a quick and easy
access to the various commands housed in the Menu bar.
MS Word System
 Document window: It is the actual area in the MS Word window
where we can enter text and draw graphics. The document
windows of MS Word can also be considered as a text editor
because you can edit and apply different types of formatting to
the text in this window.

 Status bar: It is located at the bottom of the MS Word window.

The status bar provides some helpful information related to the
document that we are currently working with. The information
provided by the status bar includes:

 Total number of pages in the document

 Page number of the active page
 Line number of the line of text where the cursor is currently positioned
 Column number of the character in the line of text where the cursor is
currently positioned
 Status of various modes such as track mode, extend selection mode and
overtype mode
MS Word System
 Scroll bar: The term scroll bar usually refers to the
horizontal and the vertical bars placed at the right and
the bottom of the MS Word windows. These bars allow
the user to view those portions of the document that
cannot fit on the screen at one time.

 Ruler: It is located below the toolbars. The ruler bar in

MS Word is used to set the alignment for the content in
the document. If the ruler bar is not displayed in the MS
Word window, then we can make it visible by selecting
View->Ruler.
MS Word System -
Menu Bar
 File menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to perfor
m various file handling operations. The file handling operations in MS
Word are usually known as document handling operations. The various
operations that can be performed using the options available in the Fil
e menu are opening a new document, opening an existing document,
saving the current document, printing the current document, etc.
 Edit menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to perfor
m various operations related to content editing and manipulation. The
various operations that we can perform using the options available in t
he Edit menu are copying the currently selected text to clipboard, mov
ing the currently selected text to some other location in the currently
opened document, pasting the text from clipborad to the currently op
ened document, deleting the selectee text, tec.
 View menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to displa
y the document in different views. The different views available in MS
Word are Normal, Web Layout, Print Layout, Document Map, Full Scree
n and Zoom. Apart from changing the view of a document , we can als
o perform various other tasks using the View menu like displaying or h
iding the toolbar, setting the header and footer for a document and dis
playing or hiding the rulers.
MS Word System -
Menu Bar
 Insert menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to
insert various objects such as clip art, auto shapes, organization
chart, word art and text box in a document to make it more
attractive. Apart from these objects we can also insert date and time,
page numbers, symbols, page break and column break in the
document.

 Format menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to

alter the look and layout of the content present in the document. The
various tasks that can be performed using the options available in the
Format menu are changing the font type, font color, font size and font
style of the selected text, indenting a paragraph, inserting bullets and
numbering in the document, etc.

 Tools menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used to

perform advanced operations in the MS Word document. The various
tasks that can be performed using the options available in the Tools
menu are checking and correcting spelling and grammatical
mistakes, counting the number of words and characters, protecting a
document and using mail merge, etc.
MS Word System -
Menu Bar
 Table menu: It contains a set of commands that can be used
to perform various operations related to the creation ,
modification and deletion of tables in a document.

 Windows menu: It contains a set of commands that can be

used to perform various tasks related to the active windows in
which we are working. Using his menu, we can open a new
window containing the same content as the active window,
split the active window into different panes and arrange all the
opened document into separate windows in such a manner hat
all the windows can be viewed at the same time by the user.

 Help menu: It assists the user by providing information

related to MS Word from various sources such as Office
Assistant tool and Microsoft Office Web site etc.
MS Word System -
Toolbar
The three most commonly used toolbars in MS Word are as follows:
 Standard toolbar: It provides quick access to the various operations
related to the file handling and content editing and manipulation. If the
Standard toolbar is not visible in the MS Word window, then we need to
select View-> Toolbars -> Standard to make it visible.
 Formatting toolbar: It is used to perform various operations related
to the look and the layout of the document content. Using the icons
available on this toolbar, we can change the font size, style and color of
the selected text, align the selected text to the left, center or right of
the screen, create numbered and bulleted list, etc. If the Formatting
toolbar is not visible in the MS Word window, then we need to select
View -> Toolbars -> Formatting to make it visible.
 Drawing toolbar: It is located at the bottom of the screen just above
the status bar. Using the different icons available on the drawing
toolbar, we can draw and manipulate different types of graphics in a
document. The various shapes that we can draw using the drawing
toolbar are line, rectangle, oval, etc. We can also insert clip art, word
art and pictures in the document using this toolbar. If the Drawing
toolbar is not visible in the MS Word window, then we need to select
View -> Toolbars -> Drawing to make it visible.
MS Word System
 The following are the key operations that we
can perform in MS Word:

 Creating a document
 Saving a document
 Editing a document
 Formatting a document
 Printing a document
MS Excel System
 MS Excel is an application program that allows us to
create spreadsheets, which are represented in the form
of a table containing rows and columns.

 The horizontal sequence in which the data is stored is

referred to as a row. The vertical sequence in which the
data is stored is referred to as a column.

 Each value in a spreadsheet is stored in a cell, which is

the intersection of rows and columns.

 A cell can contain either numeric value or a character

string.
MS Excel System
 Worksheet is the actual working area consisting of
rows and columns. The worksheets are also known as
the spreadsheets. A work book in MS Excel is a
combination of several worksheets. Each workbook of
MS Excel contains three worksheets by default. The
key operations that are performed in MS Excel
include:
 Creating a worksheet
 Saving a worksheet
 Modifying a worksheet
 Renaming a worksheet
 Deleting a worksheet
 Moving a worksheet
 Editing a worksheet
MS PowerPoint System
 MS PowerPoint is a software application included in the MS
Office package that allows us to create presentations.
PowerPoint provides a GUI with the help of which we can
create attractive presentations quickly and easily.

 The presentation may include slides, handouts, notes,

outlines, graphics and animations. A slide in PowerPoint is a
combination of images, text, graphics, charts, etc. that is
used to convey some meaning information.

 The presentations in MS PowerPoint are usually saved with

the extension .ppt. The interface of MS PowerPoint is similar
to the other interfaces of MS Office applications.

 PowerPoint presentations are commonly used in business,

schools, colleges, training programs, etc.
MS PowerPoint System
 The following are the key operations that can
be performed in MS PowerPoint:

 Creating a new presentation

 Designing the presentation
 Saving a new presentation
 Adding slides to the presentation
 Printing the presentation
Data Communications
and Networks
Introduction
 Computers were originally developed as standalone,
single-user systems. Stand-alone computers can receive
user’s data, manipulate them and provide useful
information for making decisions. Here, the user uses his
own data for his own decision making purposes. When the
use of computers spread across government offices and
business organizations, a number of issues were raised.
 What if a user wants to share his computer generated
information with other colleagues?
 What if a user want s to explore the possibility of using
certain information stored else where?
 Theses issues were addressed by the subsequent
developments in software, hardware and communication
technologies which have enabled the computers to
communicate between each other and exchange
information quickly and accurately and at any time.
Introduction
 The process of electronic transfer of information between two
locations is known as data communication. The five basic elements of
data communication are:

 Message: It is the information to be communicated. It may be in the

form of text, pictures, audio, video, or any combination of these.
 Sender: It is the device that creates and transmits the information.
 Receiver: It is the device that receives the information.
 Medium: It is the communication channel through which the
information travels from sender to receiver. It could be a physical wire
or radio waves.
 Protocol: It represents a set of rules that governs the communication
process between the sender and the receiver.

 Data communication may occur in a simple point-to-point mode or in a

multipoint mode where more than two computers are connected
together in the form of a network. A network is a system of
interconnected computers that can communicate with one another to
share applications and data.
Computer Network
 Computer network is a system of interconnected
computers that enable the computers to communicate
with each other and share their resources, data and
application.

 The physical location of each computer is tailored to

personal and organizational needs. A network may
include only personal computers or a mix of PCs, minis
and mainframes spanning a particular geographical
area.

 Computer networks that are commonly used today may

be classified as follows:
Computer Network
 Based on geographical area:

 Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 International Network (Internet)
 Intranet
Computer Network
 Based on how computer nodes are used:

 Client Server Networks (CSNs)

 Peer-to-Peer Networks (PPNs)
 Valued-added Networks (VANs)
Local Area Network
(LAN)
 LAN is a group of computers that are connected in a small
area such as building, home, etc.
 Through this type of network, users can easily communicate
with each other by sending and receiving messages.
 Though the number of computers connected in a LAN is
limited, the data is transferred at an extremely faster rate.

LAN
Wide Area Network
(WAN)
 WAN is a group of computers that are connected in a large
area such as continent, country, etc. WAN is generally used
for connecting two or more LANs through some medium
such as leased telephone lines, microwaves, etc. In WAN,
data is transferred at slow rate.

LAN LAN

WAN

LAN LAN
Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN)
 MAN is a network of computers that covers a large area like a
city. The size of the MAN generally lies between that of LAN an
d WAN, typically covering a distance of 5Km to 50 Km.
 The geographical area covered by MAN is comparatively larger
than LAN but smaller than WAN. MAN is generally owned by pr
ivate organizations.
 MAN is generally connected with the help of optical fibres, cop
per wires etc. One of the most common example of MAN is cab
le television network within a city. A network device known as
router is used to connect the LANs together. The router directs
the information packets to the desired destination.
LAN LAN
Router

Router Router

LAN LAN LAN LAN

Cable television
network
The Internet
 The Internet is a global area network that allows
computers connected over the network to share
resources and information using different protocols. It is
basically a network of networks across the globe.
 Users at different locations can very easily
communicate with each other via the Internet. The
Internet basically uses a set of protocols such as
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
for transferring the data over the network. The following
are the different types of services provided by the
Internet to the users:
 E-mail
 Online chat
 Online shopping
 …
The Internet
 There are various advantages of using the Internet:

 Information: The Internet allows users to access large

amount of information efficiently.
 Availability: The Internet is available continuously to
the users all the time without any delay. Users can
access the information from the Internet at any time.
 Cost: The Internet provides different facilities to the
users at a low cost. Users can access any website over
the Internet absolutely free. The cost of sending
messages through e-mail is also cheaper as compared
to postal messages.
The Internet
 The following are some of the disadvantages of using
the Internet:

 Hacking: The process of illegally accessing the

personal information stored over the Internet is called
hacking.
 Virus: The software program that itself gets activated in
our computer system and destroys the stored
information is called virus. Virus usually corrupts the
resources that are connected over the Internet.
 Bulk e-mail: It is the most common problem of the
Internet where the unwanted bulk messages such as
subscription mails, advertisement mails, job alert mails
etc. are received on the users account. These messages
are sometimes frustrating and irritating for the users
because the user simply does not require these mails.
The Intranet
 Intranet is a private network, which is confined at a
single organization only. This type of computer network
allows only the internal users of the organization to
share the resources. However, the users outside the
organization can also access the Intranet but they can
do so only if they are authorized.
 The concept of Intranet was used for sharing the
company’s information amongst the employees. Certain
protocols such as TCP/IP, HTTP, etc. are used by Intranet
for enabling the communication between the computer
systems.
 The website of the Intranet is provided with the firewall,
which is a layer that helps in ensuring the security of
the information and resources.
 The only disadvantage of Intranet is that it is relatively
insecure as compared to the other networks.
The Intranet
 The various advantages of using Intranet are as follows:

 It allows the employees of an organization to access the

organizations’ information easily and quickly
 Intranet users can easily communicate with each other
within the organization
 It is relatively easier to maintain and implement Intranet
than the Internet
Client Server Network
(CSN)
 CSN basically consists of two computers, client
computer and server computer. The client
computers are dummy computers, which simply
send requests to the server computer, whereas
the server computers receive and execute the
requests sent by the client computer.
Client
 CSN is also known as the client server
architecture. This architecture is a two-tier
architecture, which is divided into two layers.
The first layer comprises of the user interface
that is located on the client’s desktop. On the Client
other hand, the second layer is the database Server
management layer, which is located on the
server machine so as to provide services to the
clients. Client
 In CSN, a client computer sends a request
related to processing of data to the server. The
server receives the request from the client
computer and processes the data. It then sends
the output obtained after the processing of data
to the client computer as a response to its
request.
 Peer-to-peer Network
(PPN)
 In PPN, there is no separate
division as clients and servers.
Every computer in the PPN is
treated equally and can send Peer5
as well as receive the
messages directly.
 PPN architecture cannot work
under heavy load. This type of Peer1
Peer4
architecture is commonly used
for file sharing and chatting in
real time.
 Computers connected in this
network can easily share their Peer2 Peer3
resources with the other
computers. PPN is used in a
variety of fields such as
business, education,
telecommunications, military
etc.
Network Topologies
 Network topology refers to the arrangement of compute
rs connected in a network through some physical mediu
m such as cable, optical fibre etc. Topology generally de
termines the shape of the network and the communicati
on path between the various computers (nodes) of the n
etwork. The various types of network topologies are as f
ollows:

 Hierarchical topology
 Bus topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology
 Hybrid topology
 Hierarchical Topology
 The hierarchical topology is also
known as tree topology, which is
divided into different levels. Top level
 This type of topology is arranged
in the form of a tree structure in
which top level contains parent
node (root node), which is Second level
connected with the child nodes
in the second level of hierarchy
with the point-to-point link.
 The second level nodes are
connected to the third level Third level
nodes, which in turn are
connected to the fourth level
nodes and so on.
 Except the top-level node, each
level node has a parent node.
 Linear Bus Topology
 In the linear bus topology,
all the nodes are connected Cable end
to the single backbone or
bus with some medium.
 When a node wants to
communicate with the other
nodes in the network, it
simply sends a message to
the common bus. All the
nodes in the network then
receive the message but the
nodes for which it was
actually sent only processes Cable end
it. The other nodes discard
the message.
 Star Topology
 In the star topology, all the
nodes are connected to a
common device known as hub.
 When a node wants to send a
message to the other nodes, it
first sends the message to the
hub, which in turn forwards the
message to the intended node. Hub
 Each node in the network is
connected with a point-to-point
line to the centralized hub. The
task of hub is to detect the
faulty node present in the
network. On the other hand, it
also manages the overall data
transmission in the network.
 Ring Topology
 In the ring topology, the nodes
are connected in the form of a
ring. Each node is connected
directly to the other two nodes
in the network.
 The node, which want s to
send a message, first passes
the message to its consecutive
node in the network.
 Data is transmitted in the
clock wise direction form one
node to another.
 Each node incorporates a
repeater, which passes the
message to next node when
the message is intended for
another node.
 Mesh Topology
 In mesh topology, each
computer is connected to
every other computer in
point-to-point mode.
 For example, if we have four
computers, we must have
six links. If we have n
computers, we must have
n(n-1)/2 links.
 A message can take several
possible paths to reach a
destination.
 Hybrid Topology
 The hybrid topology is the combination of multiple
topologies, used for constructing a single large topology.
 The hybrid topology is created when two different network
topologies are interconnected. If two ring topologies are
connected then the resultant topology is not the hybrid
topology.
 On the other hand, if the ring topology is connected to the
bus topology then the resulting topology is called the hybrid
topology. This topology generally combines the features of
the two topologies and is therefore more effective and
efficient than the individual topologies.
Network Media
 Network media refers to the physical media used to con
nect the computer nodes together. There are many type
s of transmission media, the most popular ones are:

 Cables: Some of the commonly used cables are telepho

ne lines, twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables. Cable is one
of the easiest methods of transferring messages from on
e place to another.

 Optical fibre: A thin strand of glass that transmits pulsa

ting beams of light rather than electric current. These lig
ht pulses carry information. Fibre-optic cables can thus c
arry information in digital form. They can carry enormou
s amount of messages at extremely fast speed. These ar
e used for long distance communications. It is a highly s
ecured transmission medium.
Network Media
 Microwave: communication through microwave can be used
when the transmitting and receiving ends are located at a
large distance from one another. Microwaves are used to
transmit analogy signals. WANs often use microwave links to
connect LANs together. This mode of transmission is greatly
affected by the weather conditions.

 Satellite: Satellites are used for receiving and transmitting

analog signals globally. We can send data from one country to
another with the help of satellites. WANs that cover long
distances often use satellites for linking LANs.
Network Protocol
 In order to share data between computers, it is essential to
have appropriate network protocols and software. With the
help of network protocol, computers can easily
communicate with each other and can share data,
resources etc.
 Network protocols are the set of rules and regulations that
are generally used for communication between two
networks.
 Any two networks communicate with each other by sending
and receiving messages in the form of packets. The
techniques that is used separating a message into packets
is called packet switching.
 Each packet contains the address of the computer from
which the message was sent and also of the computer,
which will receive the message. In order to send the packet,
routers and switches are connected over the network path
that forwards, the packet to the intended receiver.
Network Protocol
 Using network protocol, the following tasks can be
performed:

 Identification of the type of the physical connection

used
 Error detection and correction of the improper message
 Initiation and termination of the communication session
 Message formatting

 Some of the commonly used network protocols are

Hyper Text Transfer protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP),
Telecommunications Network (Telnet), Domain Name
System (DNS) etc.
Network Software
 Network software refers to the set of instructions that are
given to the computers connected in a network to
perform different tasks. These instructions are given in
the form of a program, which is usually written in some
programming language such as C++, Java, C etc.
 The network software generally provides support to the
computers connected in a network so that they can
communicate with each other by exchanging
information.
 Network operating system software is the type of
network software that basically controls the network
traffic, access to the network resources such as printers,
files, etc. This type of software generally provides
multiuser, multitasking facilities so as to ensure effective
communication between the computers over the
network. It also establishes the communication between
multiple computers that are performing a single task.
Applications of Network
 Network is the system of computers generally linked
together to enable the flow of data between the
interconnected computers. With the help of network, we
can access the data remotely. Some of the applications
of a network are:

 Data sharing: In order to share the data among

multiple users, it is generally stored on the servers.
Different applications can therefore access the data
from these servers easily.

 Remote data access: Remote data access is the

process of accessing the data from remote location in
an efficient way. Different software programs are used
to provide an interface to the end users for accessing
the data remotely.
Applications of Network
 Resource sharing: It is the process of sharing the resources
such as storage devices, input/output devices, etc. over the
network. For example, printer can be shared among the
computers connected in a network by attaching it to the server
computer. When the users want their documents to be printed
they can simply give the print command from there computers
and get their document printed. The sharing of a printer on a
network is relatively cheaper than attaching separate printers to
the individual computer connected in the network.
 Personal communication: The far-reaching applications of
networks are electronic mail and teleconferencing. These
applications allow individuals as well as organizations to use
networks for exchanging messages (written, voice and video)
extensively. Emails enables a person to send and receive instant
messages over a computer network with the help of Internet. On
the other hand, teleconferencing enables real-time
communication over a distance by allowing people at different
locations to communicate with each other by seeing the video
picture of people at other sites.
The Internet and World
Wide Web
The Internet and World
Wide Web
 Internet is a popular buzzword among many people
today. Almost everyone working in government offices
and business organizations is using the Internet for
exchange of information in one form or the other.

 World Wide Web is another popular phrase among the

computer users. It is commonly referred to as the Web.
Most people consider the Internet and the World Wide
Web to be synonymous, but they are not. Although
these two terms are used interchangeably, they actually
describe two different but related things.
The Internet and World
Wide Web
 The Internet is a massive network of networks that links
together thousands of independent networks thus bringing
millions of computers on a single network to provide a global
communication system. It acts as a facilitator for exchange of
information between computers that are connected to the
Internet. It is like a network of roads in a country that
facilitates the movement of vehicles around the country.
 We can create special documents known as hypertext
documents containing text, graphics, sounds and video on a
computer. The storage location of these documents is known
as website. The World Wide Web is the network of all such
websites all around the world. It is popularly known as WWW
or Web. The websites are spread across the Internet and
therefore, the information contained in the websites can be
transmitted through the Internet. It is like transporting the
goods stored in the warehouses using the road network. So
the Web is just a portion on the Internet and not same as the
Internet.
Understanding the
World Wide Web
 WWW is a collection of web servers, which contain several
web pages pertaining to different websites. The web pages
contain hypertext, simple text, images, videos and graphics.
The web pages are designed with the help of HyperText M
arkup Language (HTML).
 To view the web pages provided by a web server, the softw
are known as web browser is required. To display the web p
ages, a web browser runs the HTML code segment written f
or a particular web page. Each web page on the Internet is
provided its own address known as Uniform Resource Identi
fier (URI or URL).
 This URL helps the web browser in locating a web page on t
he Internet. A URL string begins with the name of a protocol
such as http or ftp that represents the protocol through whi
ch a web page is accessed. The rest of the URL string conta
ins the domain server name of the web page being accesse
d and the location of the web page on the local web server.
Web Browsers
 Web browser is the software, which is used to access
the Internet and the WWW. It is basically used to access
and view the web pages of the various websites
available on the Internet. A web browser provides many
advanced features that help achieve easy access to the
Internet and WWW.

 When we open a web browser, the first page, which

appears in the web browser window, is the home page
set of that particular web browser.

 The most commonly used web browsers are Internet

Explorer (IE), Netscape Navigator and Mozilla Firefox.
Protocols Used for the
Internet
 Each computer on a network has a unique address, which
is known as the Internet Protocol (IP) address.

 An IP address is a group of four numbers and the numbers

are separated from each other by a dot. When any data is
sent from one computer to another computer over the net
work, it is divided into small modules known as packets or
datagrams. These packets are transmitted on the network
by the Internet Protocol.

 Each packet transmitted on the network contains the addr

esses of both source and destination computer. A gatewa
y present on the network reads the address of the destina
tion computer and sends the data to the specified address.
Gateway is a computer, which contains the software requ
ired for the transmission of data over different networks.
Protocols Used for the
Internet
 Each packet on the network is an independent entity, so
they are transferred through different routes to reach
the destination computer.
 The packets received at the destination are not in the
same sequence in which they were transmitted. As a
result, these packets are arranged in a right sequence
by a protocol known as TCP and then are merged at the
destination to form the complete data.
 TCP and IP work in coordination with other protocols
such as Telnet and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) but
are considered as the most fundamental of all protocols.
All these protocols are collectively known as TCP/IP
suite.
 A model known as TCP/IP model determines how the
protocols of the TCP/IP suite will work together for the
transfer of data between computers in a network.
TCP/IP Model
 The TCP/IP model was initially de
veloped by US Defence Advance Application
d Research Projects Agency (DA
RPA). This model is also known a Layer
s the Internet Reference model o
r DoD model. It consists of four l Transport Layer
ayers, namely application layer,
transport layer, network layer, a
nd physical layer.
 The physical layer in the TCP/IP Network Layer
model is responsible for interacti
ng with the medium of transmiss
ion of data, whereas the applicat
ion layer helps in interacting wit Physical Layer
h the users. The four layers of T
CP/IP and the functions performe
d by the these layers are as follo
ws:
TCP/IP Model
 Application layer: It is responsible for managing all th
e user interface requirements. Many of the protocols, su
ch as telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS, NFS, LPD, and DHCP work
on this layers.

 Transport layer: It is responsible for the delivery of pa

ckets or datagrams. It also hides the packet routing det
ails form the upper layer, i.e. the application layer. In ad
dition, the transport layer allows detection and correctio
n of errors and helps to achieve end-to-end communicat
ion between devices. The transport layer connects the a
pplication layer to the network layer through two protoc
ols , namely TCP and UDP.
TCP/IP Model
 Network layer: It contains three protocols that perform
different functions:
 Internet Protocol (IP): IP is a connectionless protocol
that is responsible for the delivery of packets. The IP
protocol contains all the address and control information
for each transmitted packet.
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): It is
responsible for reporting errors, sending error messages
and controlling the flow of packets. It is more reliable than
the IP as it is capable of determining errors during data
transmission
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): It is responsible
for determining the Media Access Control (MAC) address
corresponding to an IP address. It sends an ARP request
on the network for a particular IP address and the device,
which identifies the IP address as its own, returns and APR
reply along with its MAC address.
TCP/IP Model
 Physical layer: It is responsible for collecting packets
so that the frames, which are transmitted on the
network, can be formed. It performs all the functions
required to transmit the data on the network and
determining the ways for accessing the medium
through which data will be transmitted. This layer does
not contain any protocols but instead of protocols, it
contains some standards such as RS-232C, V.35 and
IEEE 802.3.