The Chemistry of Solutes
and Solutions
1
Some Terminology
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
– Uniform throughout.
• Solvent.
– Determines the state of matter in which the solution
exists.
– Is the largest component.
• Solute.
– Other solution components said to be dissolved in
the solution.
Solutions can be classified as
saturated or unsaturated.
A saturated solution contains the
maximum quantity of solute
that dissolves at that
temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains
less than the maximum amount
of solute that can dissolve at a
particular temperature
Table 14.1 Some Common Solutions
The Solution Process
• Consider NaCl (solute) dissolving in water (solvent):
– the water H-bonds have to be interrupted,
– NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-,
– ion-dipole forces form: Na+ … -OH2 and Cl- … +H2O.
H δ+
δ- Cl- O
Na + H
O
H H
5
The Solution Process
6
The Solution Process
• “Rule”: LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
• polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
• Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes.
Water is polar (because it’s bent).
It will therefore tend to dissolve other polar molecules or ions.
For example, most salts, alcohols and sugars dissolve in water.
Alcohols and sugars all contain the O-H part of a molecule which
makes them polar:
..
X . .O
H
7
Factors Affecting Solubility
Solute-Solvent Interactions
ethanol ---- ethanol ethanol ---- water
8
Factors Affecting Solubility
Solute-Solvent Interactions
• The number of -OH groups within a molecule
increases solubility in water.
Glucose – (a sugar)
9
Temperature effects
dissolving gases dissolving solids
opening pop bottles sugar dissolves better in warm
thermal pollution in lakes water
10
Ways of Expressing Concentration
• All methods involve quantifying amount of solute per
amount of solvent or solution.
• Amounts are masses, moles or liters.
• Qualitatively solutions are dilute or concentrated.
• Definitions:
Mass of component mass of component in soln
fraction total mass of soln
mass of component in soln 6
ppm of component 10
total mass of soln
Mass % = mass fraction 100
11
Ways of Expressing Concentration
Mole Fraction, Molarity, Molality and Normality
moles of solute
Mole fraction of solute
total moles of all components
X
moles of solute
Molarity
M liters of solution
moles of solute
Molality
m kg of solvent
12
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Dissolve
Dissolve 5.00
5.00 g
g of
of NiCl
NiCl22•6
•6 H
H22O
O
in
in enough
enough water
water to
to make
make 250
250 mL
mL of
of
solution.
solution. Calculate
Calculate the
the Molarity.
Molarity.
Step 1: Calculate moles of
NiCl2•6H2O
1 mol
5.00 g • = 0.0210 mol
237.7 g
Step 2: Calculate Molarity
0.0210 mol
= 0.0841 M
0.250 L
[NiCl2•6 H2O ] = 0.0841 M
USING
USING MOLARITY
MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M
solution?
moles = M•V
Step 1: Change mL to L.
250 mL * 1L/1000mL = 0.250 L
Step 2: Calculate.
Moles = (0.0500 mol/L) (0.250 L) = 0.0125 moles
Step 3: Convert moles to grams.
(0.0125 mol)(90.00 g/mol) = 1.13 g
Molality & % by mass
Dissolve
Dissolve62.1
62.1gg(1.00
(1.00mol)
mol)of
ofethylene
ethyleneglycol
glycolin
in250.
250.ggof
ofHH22O.
O.
Calculate
Calculatemm&&%%ofofethylene
ethyleneglycol
glycol(by
(bymass).
mass).
Calculate molality
Calculate molality
1.00
1.00 mol
mol glycol
glycol 4.00 molal
conc (molality) =
conc (molality) = 4.00 molal
0.250
0.250 kg
kg HH22O
O
Calculate weight %
62.1
62.1 gg
%glycol
%glycol == xx 100%
100% == 19.9%
19.9%
62.1 g + 250.
62.1 g + 250. gg
