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Definitions
• Incident wave-the incoming light wave.
• Reflected wave-the wave that is bounced away from the
surface.
• Refracted-light waves are bent.
• Total internal reflection- an optical phenomenon that occurs
when a ray of light strikes a medium boundary at an angle
larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the
normal to the surface.
• Critical angle- the angle of incidence above which total
internal reflection occurs.
• Normal- to a flat surface is a vector that is perpendicular to
that surface. To a non-flat surface at a point P on the surface
is a vector perpendicular to the tangent plane to that surface
at P.
• The production of an
image by or as if by a
mirror.
• Something, such as light,
radiant heat, sound, or an
image, that is reflected.
• The change in direction of
a wave, such as a light or
sound wave, away from a
boundary the wave
encounters. Reflected
waves remain in their
Reflection original medium rather
than entering the
medium they encounter.
Reflection
• According to the law of reflection, the angle of
reflection of a reflected wave is equal to its
angle of incidence.
Diffuse Reflection
• Light is reflected in all directions.
• This is caused by a surface that isn’t smooth.
Specular
reflection
• All the light
travelling in one
direction and
reflecting from
the mirror is
reflected in one
direction.
• This occurs on a
smooth surface.
Definitions
• Focal point- the single point where light from the object hits or
is focused. Located half the distance from the mirror to the
center of curvature.
• Focal length- the distance from the reflecting surface to the
focal point.
• Real- formed when the incident and reflected rays intersect in
front of the mirror.
• Virtual- does not actually exist (no light is produced). Occur at
points where extensions from incident and reflected rays
converge behind the mirror.
• Center of Curvature- the center of that original sphere.
• Radius of Curvature- the radius of the sphere.
• Vertex- the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis.
• Principal axis- a line drawn through the vertex, focus and center
Plane Mirrors
Just kidding
• A mirror with a flat surface
• Properties of an image in a plane mirror
– The image is upright
– The image is the same size as the object
– The image is the same distance from the mirror as the
object appears to be
– The image is virtual, not real, because the light rays do not
actually pass through the image.
Plane Mirrors
Spherical Mirrors
• A piece cut out of a reflective sphere.
• Focal length of a spherical mirror: f=R/2
• Either concave or convex.
onvex Mirrors or Diverging Mirror
• Image is virtual and upright.
• Used for security in stores and on the passenger side of many cars.
• Light rays that strike the mirror surface are reflected so that they
diverge, or “go apart,” and they never come to a point.
• The focal length is negative.
• The object and focus are on opposite sides of the mirror.
• All images are smaller than the object.
Rules of Reflection for
Convex Mirrors
• Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis on the way
to a convex mirror will reflect in such a manner that its extension
will pass through the focal point.
• Any incident ray traveling towards a convex mirror such that its
extension passes through the focal point will reflect and travel
parallel to the principal axis.
• Any incident ray which is directed towards the center of
curvature of the mirror is reflected back along its own path.
Concave Mirror or Converging
Mirror
• Can have either real or virtual images.
• Light rays that strike the mirror surface are
reflected so that they converge, or “come
together,” at a point.
• Focal length is positive.
• The object and the focus are on the same side of
the mirror.
Rules of
Reflection
for Concave
Mirrors
• Any incident ray traveling parallel to the
principal axis on the way to the mirror will
pass through the focal point upon reflection.
• Any incident ray passing through the focal
point on the way to the mirror will travel
parallel to the principal axis upon reflection.
The Mirror
Equation
• 1/do+1/di=1/f
– do is the distance from the
mirror to the object
– di is the distance from the
mirror to the image
– f is the focal length of the
mirror
Magnification
• In most cases the
height of the image
differs from the height
of the object. This
means that the mirror
has done some
magnifying or
reducing.
Magnification
• M=hi/ho=-di/do
– The ratio of the image
height to the object
height, which is closely
related to the ratio of
the image distance to
the object distance.
Magnification
• M=hi/ho=-di/do
– If magnification is 1 then
the object and the image
are the same size. If m>1
then the image is larger. If
m<1 then the image is
smaller. If m>0 then the
image is upright and if m<0
then the image is inverted.
Refraction
• The change of direction of a
ray of light, sound, heat, or
the like, in passing obliquely
from one medium into
another in which its wave
velocity is different.
• The change in the angle of
propagation depends on the
difference between the
index of refraction of the
original medium and the
medium entered by the
wave, as well as on the
• The speed of light
in a vacuum is Refraction
3.00x108 m/s.
• When light travels
through a different
material, it travels
at a different speed.
• The speed of light in a given Index of
material is related to a
quantity called the index of
Refraction
refraction, n.
• Index of refraction: n=c/v
– The ratio of the speed of
light (c) in a vacuum to the
speed of light in the medium
(v).
• The wavelength changes as
well.
• Index of refraction in terms
of wavelength
– N=λ/λm
• where λ is the wavelength in
vacuum and λm is the
Refraction
• Although the speed changes and wavelength
changes, the frequency will be constant.
• Frequency, wavelength, and speed are related
by:
– V=fλ
Snell’s Law
• The relationship between the angles of incidence and
refraction and the indices of refraction of the two
media.
– N1sinθ1=n2sinθ2 or sinθ1/sinθ2=v1/v2
Definitions
• Lens- a carefully ground or molded piece of
transparent material that refracts light rays in such a
way as to form an image.
• Principal axis- the horizontal axis.
• 2F point- the point on the principal axis that is twice
as far from the vertical axis as the focal point.
• A lens that
Converging Lenses converges
rays of light
that are
traveling
parallel to its
principal
axis.
Diverging Lenses
• A lens that diverges rays of light that are
traveling parallel to its principal axis.
Double Convex Lens
• The fact that a double convex lens is thicker
across its middle is an indicator that it will
converge rays of light that travel parallel to its
principal axis.
Double Concave
Lens
• The fact that the double concave lens is
thinner across its middle is an indicator that it
will diverge rays of light that travel parallel to
its principal axis.
Refraction Rules for
• a Converging Lens
Any incident ray • Any incident ray
traveling parallel traveling
to the principal through the
axis of a focal point on
converging lens the way to the
will refract lens will refract
through the lens through the lens
and travel through and travel
the focal point on parallel to the
the opposite side principal axis.
of the lens.
Refraction Rules for a Diverging Lens
• Any incident ray traveling • Any incident ray
parallel to the principal axis traveling towards the
of a diverging lens will focal point on the way
refract through the lens and to the lens will refract
travel in line with the focal through the lens and
point (i.e., in a direction travel parallel to the
such that its extension will principal axis.
pass through the focal
point).
A Third Rule of Refraction
• An incident ray that passes through the center
of the lens will in affect continue in the same
direction that it had when it entered the lens.
Converging Lens Image Formation
• Can produce real and virtual images.
Object-Image Relations for
Diverging Lens
Object-Image Relations for
Converging Lens
• If the object is located beyond 2F:
• If the object is located at 2F:
• If the object is located between 2F and F:
• If the object is located at F:
• If the object is located in front of F:
Diverging Lens Image Formation
• Can only produce virtual images.
Thanks to:
• http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=reflection+and+refraction
+of+light&view=detail&id=E4D2AA8D76FC3701A83E162D491416
A100BD1B55&first=0&FORM=IDFRIR
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/reflectionintro
.html
• http://uk.ask.com/wiki/Surface_normal
• http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reflection
• http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/Reflection.html
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/reflectionintro
.htmlhttp://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/2000spring/PHY232/lectur
es/mirrors/focal.html
• http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/mirrorsin
tro.html
• http://gbhsweb.glenbrook225.org/gbs/science/phys/Class/refln/u
13l4a.html
