Unit-1

Data Integration
Join and relate
 Join and relate spatial and attribute
data
There are two methods to associate data stored in table with geographic
features. They are join and relate.
Join:
- Joining is the process of appending the fields of
one table to other through an attribute common to
both tables.
- It combines two tables through key values. Values
in one or more keys are matched across tables and
the information is combined based on the matching.
- You can choose to define the join based on either
attributes or a predefined geodatabase relationship
class (also referred to as a spatial join)
Joining the attribute data from the
table
One-to-one and many-to-one relationships:
-When the Join Operation parameter is set to Join one-to-one, one row in the
output feature class is linked for each target feature.
- Below is the example of one population change for one country.
Joining the attribute data from the
table
One-to-one and many-to-one relationships:
- When the Join Operation parameter is set to Join many-to-one, many records
in the layer's attribute table join to the same record in the table of output
feature.
Joining the attribute data from the
table
One-to-many and many-to-many relationships:
- When the Join Operation parameter is set to Join one-to-many, there can be
more than one row in the output feature class for each target feature.
Joining the attribute data from the
table
One-to-many and many-to-many relationships:
- When the Join Operation parameter is set to Join many-to-many,
multiple records in a table are associated with multiple records in another table.
Joining data by location (spatially)
- Join by location, or spatial join, uses spatial associations
between the layers involved to append fields from one layer to
another.
- Some of the spatial associations in ArcGIS platform
includes
• Intersects
• Completely contains
• Completely within
• Within a distance of
- Spatial joins begin by selecting a target feature and comparing it spatially to
other feature layers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9vN0QAWueQ
 Joining data by Attribute
• Joining steps;
1.In the table of content right click the layer on the table you want to join, point to
the join and relate. Then click join
2.Click on what you want to join to this layer arrow and click join attributes from
the table
3.Click the field on which join will be based
4.Click the table to join the layer. If not currently part of map, click the browse
button to search for it.
5.Click the field in the table to base the join on.
6.Choose whether to keep records or only matching records
• NOTE :- If you want to permanently save joined data, export the data to new
feature class. Right click the layer or table of content, point to the data then click
export data
Relate:
An operation that establishes a temporary connection between the records in two
tables.
Eg; If you select the building, you can find all the tenants that occupy the building.
Relating steps:
1.In the table of content right click the layer or table you want to relate, point to join
and relate and
click relate
2. Choose the field in the layer on which the related will be based.
3. Choose the table or layer to relate or load table from disk
4. Choose the field in the related table on which to base the relate
5. Type the name for relate you will use to access the related data
6. Click OK. Relate is established
Coordinate Systems
- Data is defined in both horizontal and vertical coordinate systems. Horizontal coordinate systems
locate data across the surface of the earth, and vertical coordinate systems locate the relative
height or depth of data.
- Horizontal coordinate systems can be of three types: geographic , projected, or local.
◦Geographic coordinate systems (GCS) typically have units in decimal degrees, measuring degrees of
longitude (x coordinates) and degrees of latitude (y-coordinates).
◦In projected coordinate systems (PCS), linear measurements are used for the coordinates rather than
angular degrees.
◦Some data may be expressed in a local coordinate system with a false origin (0, 0 or other values) in an
arbitrary location that can be anywhere on earth. Local coordinate systems are often used for large-
scale (small area) mapping.

- Vertical coordinate systems are either gravity-based or ellipsoidal. Gravity-based vertical

coordinate systems reference a mean sea level calculation. Ellipsoidal coordinate systems
reference a mathematically derived spheroidal or ellipsoidal volumetric surface.
Projected coordinate system
• Some surface called developable surface wrapped around the reference globe.
• Shadow of the details from the globe transferred to developable surface.
• Surface then cut along line and straightened to get map
• Positions generally expressed in terms of linear units.

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Map Projection

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Map Projection
• Converts 3D to 2D i.e. globe to Map
• i.e. determining easting and northing for each latitude and longitude for each point.
• All the properties are not preserved
• i.e. while some properties are preserved some cannot be i.e. distortion occurs
• Extent of distortion varies from place to place

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Map Projection
• A spheroid can't be flattened to a plane any more easily than a piece of orange peel can be
flattened—it will rip. Representing the earth's surface in two dimensions causes distortion
in the shape, area, scale, distance of the data.

• A map projection uses mathematical formulas to relate spherical coordinates on the globe
to flat, planar coordinates.

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Map Projection
• E, N = f (Ω, λ) Forward Eqn
• Ω, λ = f-1 (E, N) Inverse Eqn

• The forward equations are used to transform geographic coordinates

o - latitude (Ω) and longitude (λ) - into rectangular coordinates (E,N)
• The inverse equations are used to transform Cartesian coordinates into geographic
coordinates
• These functions must be:
o Unique, so a particular point will appear only at one point on the map.
o Finite, so a particular point will not be infinite and hence potable.
o Continuous, so on stretching and shrinking of features, there will be no gaps.
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Projections
- A projection is the means by which you display the coordinate system
and your data on a flat surface, such as a piece of paper or a
digital screen.
- To produce a map, the curved surface of the Earth approximated by an
ellipsoid or a sphere, is transformed to the flat plane of the map by means
of a map projection.
- Since there is no perfect way to transpose a curved surface to a
flat
surface without some distortion, various map projections exist
that provide different properties.
-Some preserve shape, while others preserve distance. Some
preserve area or direction.
-There are more than 4,000 coordinate systems in the ArcGIS platform,
you can also create a custom coordinate system to display the data.
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
(UTM)
• Based on a transverse cylindrical projection (transverse mercator), in which
the cylinder touches the globe along a meridians that differ by 1800.
• Introduced by the US army map service in 1957

• Consists of 60 zones of longitude.

• Each zone has a width of six degrees longitude, three degrees in each direction from the
tangent meridian extending from 80 degrees south latitude to 84 degrees north latitude.

• Zones are numbered sequentially from west to east starting with 1 for the zone that
covers 1800w to 1740w, with central meridian 1770w. The zones are further divided into
rows with a height of 8°. These are assigned letters from south to north starting at 80°
south with the letter C.
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UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
(UTM)
• Coordinates are measured in meters from the central meridian as easting in the east-west
direction and northings in the north-south direction.

• To avoid negative numbers, 500,000 is added to the easting. For the same reason, 10000 km is
added to the northing, but only for coordinates in the southern hemisphere.

• The scale factor varies from 0.9996 at the central meridian to 1 at a distance of 180 km to the
east and west and larger than 1 beyond that.

• most common systems used for large-scale mapping around the world

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UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
(UTM)
• The scale distortions are so small in the UTM system that they can be ignored for mapping
up to a scale of 1:10,000
• at a scale of 1:10,000 a 1000m should measure exactly 10cm but would actually measure
10.012 cm ( a difference of 0.12 mm ) at its maximum scale factor

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Projection system in Nepal

• As per recommendation of UN
• Many countries have been using it to create base maps
• Being conformal, suitable for topographic mapping

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UTM projection for Nepal
• Scale factor of 0.9996 at the central meridian

• -40 cm for the distance of 1 km in the central meridian

• +68 cm for the distance of 1 km at the edge of zone (i.e. 30 west and east of the central
meridian)

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Modified UTM projection in Nepal
• Nepal has larger east west extension than north- south extent, so to obtain finer
results for base map, 30 zones are used for mapping
• To reduce the amount of distortion, scale factor of 0.9999 has been chosen
• 3 zones cover Nepal with central meridians 810, 840 and 870.

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Parameters we use here:
• Spheroid: Everest 1830 or Everest Bangladesh
• False Easting: 500000 m for each central meridian
• False Northing: 0 m (being in Northern Hemisphere)
• Central Meridian: 81°, 84°, 87°
• Scale factor: 0.9999
Transformations
-After defining the coordinate system that matches your data, you
may still want to use data in a different coordinate system. This is
when transformations are useful.
-Transformations are the means to convert data between different
geographic coordinate systems or between different vertical
coordinate systems.
-Most GIS software requires that data layers must be in the same
map projection for analysis. If your data have different projection
systems, you'll encounter difficulties and inaccuracies in any analysis
and mapping due to mismatched data.