Mechanical Vibration - MDP 3440
Instructors
Dr. Mostafa Gamal
T.A.
Eng. Kareem Enan
1
Contacts
E-mail: mostafa.morcy@ejust.edu.eg
Office : Building 10 – 3rd floor
Office Hours: Wednesday 8:00 – 10:00
Textbook
Rao, S. S., “Mechanical Vibrations,” Prentice-
Hall, Inc., 5th Ed., 2010.
Course Grade Distribution (75 Points)
Assignments : 15 Points
Participation and oral: 15 Points
Mid term exam: 20 Points
Final Exam: 75 Points
Homework
Problems are due the next week after they are assigned.
Problems will be graded only if they are written neatly.
Cooperation on understanding and doing the homework is
allowed, but the final presentation must be your own (no copying
of homework).
No late homework! But the lowest problem set grade will be
dropped.
Exams
Mid-Term exams:
Check the Calendar at Faculty site
Will be announced two weeks before the exam.
Will contain two or three problems.
Will be closed book and closed notes.
Exams
Final:
Will contain about six problems.
Will be comprehensive.
Will be closed book and closed notes.
Course Content
• Introduction and Fundamental of Vibrations
• Free Vibration of Single-DOF Systems
• Forced Vibration of Single-DOF Systems
• Vibration-Measuring Instruments
• Undamped Free Vibration of Two-DOF Systems
• Forced Vibration of Two-DOF Systems
• Vibration control
?What is Vibration
Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of
time (swinging of a pendulum)
?What is Vibration
The vibration of a system involves the
transfer of its potential energy to kinetic
energy and of kinetic energy to potential
energy, alternately. If the system is damped,
some energy is dissipated in each cycle of
vibration
?Why vibration happens
Vibrations can cause premature failure of many
Mechanical Systems.
Vibrations are usually due to:
faulty design, or
poor manufacturing, or
poor maintenance.
Elements of Vibrating Systems
1. means for storing potential energy (spring).
2. means for storing kinetic energy (mass or inertia).
3. means by which energy is gradually lost (damper).
Vibrating system elements
Spring element
Assumptions:
Negligible mass and damping.
Behaves in linear manner.
Spring force (F):
where k is a constant, known as the spring constant or spring
stiffness or spring rate
Vibrating system elements
Spring element
Work done (U):
work done in deforming a spring is stored as strain or potential
energy in the spring
Vibrating system elements
Spring element
Combination of Springs:
Springs in Parallel.
Vibrating system elements
Spring element
Combination of Springs:
Springs in Series.
Vibrating system elements
Spring element
Combination of Springs:
Springs in Parallel.
Springs in Series.
Classwork
Vibrating system elements
Damping Element
Assumptions:
Negligible mass and elasticity.
Behaves in linear manner.
Damper force (F):
where C is a constant, known as the damper constant.
Vibrating system elements
Damping Element
Types of damping:
Viscous Damping: In viscous damping, the damping force is
proportional to the velocity of the vibrating body.
Coulomb or Dry-Friction Damping: It is caused by friction
between rubbing surfaces that either are dry or have
insufficient lubrication.
Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping: The effect is
due to friction between the internal planes, which slip or slide
as the deformations take place
Vibrating system elements
Damper element
Combination of Dampers:
Dampers in Parallel.
Dampers in Series.
Number of Degrees of Freedom
The minimum number of independent coordinates
required to determine completely the positions of
all parts of a system at any instant of time
Number of Degrees of Freedom
Single degree of freedom
Number of Degrees of Freedom
Two degrees of freedom
Number of Degrees of Freedom
Three degrees of freedom
Number of Degrees of Freedom
Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom
are called discrete or lumped parameter systems.
Systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom
are called continuous or distributed systems.
Classification of Vibration
Free and Forced Vibration
Free Vibration Forced Vibration
Classification of Vibration
Damped and Undamped Vibration
Classification of Vibration
Linear and Nonlinear Vibration
spring, mass, and damper behave linearly
the resulting vibration is linear vibration
Any of basic components behave nonlinearly
the resulting vibration is nonlinear
vibration.
Classification of Vibration
Deterministic and Random Vibration
Value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion) acting on a
vibratory system is known at any given time
the resulting vibration is deterministic vibration
value of the excitation at a given time cannot be predicted
the resulting vibration is random
vibration.
Harmonic Motion
Periodic motion: motion is repeated after equal
intervals of time.
Harmonic motion: simplest type of periodic motion
Harmonic Motion
Scotch yoke mechanism.
Harmonic Motion
Displacement:
Velocity:
Acceleration:
Vectorial Representation of Harmonic
Motion
Harmonic motion can be
represented by means of a
vector () of magnitude (A)
rotating at a constant angular
velocity (ω)
on the vertical axis
projection on the horizontal axis
Complex Number Representation of
Harmonic Motion
Vector representation as complex number:
where:
Definitions and Terminology
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body
from its equilibrium position
Period of oscillation: The time taken to complete one cycle of
motion.
Frequency of oscillation. The number of cycles per unit time.
Definitions and Terminology
Natural frequency. the frequency with which the system
oscillates without external forces
Phase angle: is the angular difference between two
synchronous harmonic motions.
